2. Sains
Kajian yang sistematik tentang fenomena alam.
Contoh fenomena semulajadi
•Letupan gunung berapi.
•Pertumbuhan bayi
•Gerhana matahari
•Peleburan ais
• Pembentukkan pelangi
3. Bidang – bidang Sains
Kajian tentang benda hidup
1 Biologi
2 Fizik
Kajian tentang tenaga dan kesannya ke atas jirim
3 Kimia
Kajian tentang jirim dan tindak balas antaranya.
4 Geologi
Kajian tentang batuan, tanih dan mineral
5 Astronomi
6 Meteorologi
Kajian tentang planet, bintang, dan
objek lain dalam alam semesta
Kajian tentang perubahan cuaca dan iklim
5. Kepentingan Sains
• Sains membantu kita memahami alam
sekitar
• Sains meningkatkan taraf kehidupan
• Sains menawarkan kerjaya yang
berasaskan sains
• Sains meyumbang kepada penemuan dan
penciptaan baru.
12. COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS
Test tube holder
Filter funnel
Gas jar
Crucible
For heating
To hold
ToTo contain
filter mixtures
test tubes
gas
of solids and liquids
chemicals
15. COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS
Pipette
Thermometer
An
To measure a
Burette
Measuring of
Stop
ammeter
fixed volume
cylinder
watch
solutions
An instrument to
To measure a small
accurately
volume of solutions
To measure
Tomeasure electric
measure the volume
accurately
of solutions accurately
To measure time
current
temperature
Suction pump
17. BUNSEN BURNER
.
Air-hole open
2.
Non-luminous
does not give out light
3. Does not give out soot
[Gas is completely burn]
4. Suitable for heatingvery hot
1. Air-hole close
2. Luminous-gives
out light
3. Gives out a lot of soot
4. Not suitable for
heating-not very hot
Just remember one side only
19. Steps in lighting a Bunsen burner
1
Close the air hole by turning the collar
2
Light a match and bring it near the barrel
3
Turn on the gas pipe
4
Adjust the collar on the Bunsen burner
21. Steps in a Scientific Investigation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Identify the problem
Making a smart guess/ hypothesis
Plan the experiment
Control the variables
Carry out the experiment
Recording/Collect data
Analysing the data
Interpreting the data
Making conclusions
Writing reports
23. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & THEIR UNITS
Quantity
Unit
Symbol of unit
Length
Mass
Time
metre
kilogram
second
m
kg
s
Temperature
kelvin
K
Electric current ampere
A
24. Physical quantity
Measured by using
1. Length
A metre rule
2. Mass
Beam balance
Lever balance
3. Time
4. Temperature
5. Electric current
A stop watch
A thermometer
An ammeter
Electronic
balance
28. 1. The amount of
matter in the object
1. The pull of the Earth
on the object
2. Always the same
2. Not always the same-
WEIGHT IS NOT
3. Measured by using a
3. Measured by using a
THE SAME AS MASS
spring balance or a
lever balance or a tripleanywhere
depends on the force of gravity
beam balance
4. Measured in kilograms
compression balance
4. Measured in newtons
34. Measurement of Length
●
to measure the length of
short straight line
●
to measure the length of
long straight line
●
to measure the length of
a curved line
●
to measure the length of a
4. An opisometer (map measurer)
crooked line
36. Measurement of Length
Measuring the thickness of a beaker
External diameter = 2.2 cm
Internal diameter = 2.1 cm
Thickness of the beaker = External diameter – Internal diameter
2
= 0.1 = 0.05 cm
2
42. Measuring the volume of liquids
To measure the
volume of liquids
To measure a small volume
of liquids accurately
To measure a fixed volume
of liquids accurately
Use a suction pump to suck
liquid into a pipette. Do not use
your mouth
43. Measuring the volume of liquids
The correct way to read the scale on a
measuring cylinder
44. Measuring the volume of liquids
The correct way to read the scale on a measuring cylinder
45. Measuring the volume of liquids
To improve the accuracy of the reading
.
.
use a hand lens to read the scale
put a piece of white paper behind the scale
