Analysis of Plastic Brick Wall as Load Bearing Construction and Framed Structures

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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Analysis of Plastic Brick Wall as Load Bearing Construction and
Framed Structures
B. Indravathi1, A. Avinash1, D. Chakriraj1, G. Vamsi Krishna Reddy1, G. Arun Babu1, Sk. Arshiya2
1B. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Pace Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Ongole. 523001, India.
2AssistantProfessor Department of Civil Engineering, Pace Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Ongole. 523001, India.
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Abstract - Ancient civilization consists of the critical a part
of improvement works as modern works. Humans built
initially, as a civil engineer, the load-bearing walls. In order to
decorate the brilliant of constructing and its sustainability
except sacrificing strength, stability, performance, the
lifestyles of the shape and environmentally niceproperties, the
usage of precise green substances is considered in a load-
bearing masonry shape. Later as an advent of framed
buildings and development of operating strain technique and
restriction country technique has been built. But the cutting-
edge discover approximately reintroduces load-bearing walls
with a plastic brick wall if you want to be sporting greater
load-bearing capacity with affordable financial system whilst
in assessment to that of the framed shape of the equal load.
Key Words: Framed structures, Plastic bricks, fly ash,
Environmental, load bearing walls, Economy.
1.INTRODUCTION
Energy saving and energy performance of buildings are
currently of themaximumimportanttroubleswithinsidethe
international due to every monetary and environmental
worries [1]. Energy intake in homes bills for approximately
32% of general intake, approximately 1/2 of of that's
misplaced thru the walls [2]. The plastic bricks are precise
cloth for constructing. It istypicallyusedatnumeroushomes
and compound walls. It’s very cost-effective, stable and
available in any respect nearby constructing cloth shops.
Many humans had been the usage of those hole bricksdue to
the fact they lessen warmth and maintain the constructing
cool. There is a want and big scope on this usa ofintensifying
experimental, studies and have a look at withinside the
subject of load-bearing masonry a good way to make better
and least high-priced use of this great and flexible building
cloth, the brick. In India, we had been making an try and
hold pace to a degree with the trends taking place in
different international locations in regard to masonry [3].
Bricks have to be of excessive energy anddenseinorderthat
the moisture absorption be less, otherwise the life
expectancy of reinforcement may be lowered [4].
Plastic is a completely not unusual place fabric this is now
extensively utilized by all of us withinside the world. Plastic
performs a major position in reusable on this era, as it's
miles compact and mild in weight. Common plastic gadgets
which might be used are covers, bottles,and mealspackages.
The awesome trouble with plastic is its decomposition.
Plastic is fabricated from polymer chemical substances and
they may be non-biodegradable. This manner that plastic
will now no longer decompose while it's miles positioned in
earth. Though plastic is a completely beneficial fabric this is
flexible, sturdy and inflexible they end up waste after their
use and that they pollute the air and land. Recycling is
processing use waste substances into new merchandise to
save you waste of doubtlessly beneficial substances.
The boom withinside the reputation of the usage of eco-
friendly, low value and light-weight production substances
in constructing enterprise has introducedapproximatelythe
want to analyze how this may be completed via way of
means of reaping benefits to the surroundings in addition to
retaining the cloth necessities and theirstandards. Fromthe
benefits of plastic recycling process is used. For the
manufacturing of plastic bricks is an premier technique for
controlling the trouble via way of meansofdecompositionof
plastic waste and additionally it fees least expensive for the
manufacturing of constructing substances. In this observe,
plastic waste from factories can be used to include with
cement and sand to provide sand bricks. Thebrickswill then
be examined to observe the compressive electricity,
efflorescence and water absorption. In the current beyond
research, the alternative and addition had been executed
with the direct inclusion of polyethylene, polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) bottles in shredded shape, chemically
dealt with polyethylene-fiber, PET in small debris shape via
way of means of changing herbal coarse aggregate. Most of
replacements had been executed via way of means of extent
calculation, and confirmed the reduced in compressive
electricity because the elevated plastic waste. In this
observe, recycled plastic waste had been added withinside
the shape of crushed. The alternative of plastic waste cloth
has been executed via way of means of weight.

Fig 1: Plastic polluted waste in the world
1.1 Present Scenario of Waste Generation in India:
Growth of populacehasacceleratedoururbanizationasaend
result growing preferred of residingbecauseoftechnological
improvements have contributed to an boom each in the
amount and style of stable wastes generated through
business, agricultural activities, mining and domestic.
Globally the predicted amount of wastes technology become
12 billion tones withinside the 12 months 2002 of which
eleven billion tones havebeenbusinesswastesand1.6billion
tones have been municipal stable wastes (MSW). About 19
billion heaps of stable wastes are anticipated to begenerated
yearly through the 12 months 2020. Annually, Asia on my
own generates four.four billion heaps of stable wastes and
MSW incorporate 795 million heaps of which approximately
forty eight (6%) MT are generated in India. MSW technology
in India, is anticipated to attain three hundred million tones
and land requirement for disposal of this waste might be
169.6 km2 as towards which most effective 20.2 km2 have
been occupied in 1997 for control of fortyeightMilliontones.
As it's miles studied that aside from municipal wastes, the
natural wastes from agricultural reasserts by myself make
contributions greater than 350 million lots in line with year.
However,it'smilessuggestedthatapproximatelysixhundred
million lots of wastes had been generated in India from
agricultural reasserts by myself. The amount of wastes
generated from agriculturalreassertsaresugarcanebaggage,
paddy and wheat strawandhusk,wastesofvegetables,meals
products, tea, oil production, wood mill waste, coconut husk,
jute fiber, groundnut shell, cotton stalk etc. In the
commercial zone inorganic strong waste should are coal
combustion residues, bauxite crimson mud, tailings from
aluminum, iron, copper and zinc number one extraction
processes. Generation of some of these inorganic
commercial wastes in India is expected to be 290 million
Tons in line with annum. In India, 4.five million lots of
dangerous wastesarebeinggeneratedyearlyatsomestagein
unique commercial system like electroplating, diverse
metallic extraction processes, galvanizing, refinery,
petrochemical industries, pharmaceutical and pesticide
industries.
1.2 Research Literature
M. T. S. Lakshmayya (2016) concluded as, having
numerous benefits like low water absorption, excessive
thermal insulation, excessive hearthplace protection,
excessive sound insulation and green to surroundings
Cellular Lightweight Concrete blocks may be used for block
paintings constructions. From the above statements,iffeeis
the issue Fly Ash bricks are counseledtoapplyforthereason
that it's miles inexpensive and effectively to be had all over.
Also counseled with the aid of using many businesses and
Government to apply Fly Ash in creation quarter for the
reason that, it's miles to be had in huge portions or even
green in nature [3]. Finally, complete content and
organizational editing before formatting. Please takenoteof
the following items when proofreading spelling and
grammar:
Rafiq Ahmad and Mohammad Iqbal Malik (2014)
concluded a brick wall failure takes placeononefactorofthe
wall via a crack formation, handiestthepinnaclelayerfailure
takes place withinside the case of a hollowblock maceration.
The concrete hollow introduction of the masonry shows a
quicker building method than the brick building. Block
makers use a great deal much less mortar than brick
labyrinth due to their thickness [5].
Lingeshwaran N (2019) confirmed the effects of the
deserves and demerits of the axial and lateral load
reinforcement partitions of various forms of factor ratios
from peak to width, as proven in gift case studies, ought to
deliver higher effects withinside the seismic overall
performance of homes fabricated from macerated fabric
with an growth in structural safety and competitiveness [4].
Shashank B S (2014) concluded the evaluation and
layout accomplished via way of means of the usage of
structural evaluation software. By evaluating the fabric
required for the each constructing about it's far observed
that the weight bearing masonry shape is considerablyextra
affordable than RC framed shape [6].
As in India, due to the blessings of the development of
load bearing masonry, IIM Ahmadabad is a profound
instance of such systems in India [3]. In this situation study,
the hole brick wall as load bearing production is in
comparison with framed systems the use of a few records
like Clay bricks (IS 2212: 1991), Fly ash bricks (IS
12894:2002). Also, the layout paintings records taken from
Hand ee-e book on Masonry layout and Construction (SP
20(S&T): 1991). Also the use of the assist of a few code
books like Cause and prevention of cracks (SP 25: 1984),
Earthquake resistant (IS 4326: 1976),Building materials(SP

21: 1983), Unreinforced masonry (IS 1905:1987) [7], and
Construction exercise for hole block (IS 2572:2005).
1.3 Objective
o The new era usage of hole bricks for the burden bearing
partitions. To evaluate the partitions with power and
least expensive factor of view.
o The developing reputation of billiards had positioned a
stress at the deliver of herbal ivory, received thru the
slaughter of untamed elephants.
o By treating cellulose, derived from cotton fiber, with
camphor, Hyatt observed a plastic thatwouldbecrafted
into quite a few shapes and made to mimic herbal
materials like tortoiseshell, horn, linen, and ivory.
o Plastic’s recognition fell similarly withinside the
Nineteen Seventies and Eighties as tension
approximately waste increased. Plastic have become a
unique goal because, at the same time as such a lot of
plastic merchandise are disposable, plastic lasts all the
time withinside the environment.
1.4 Scope of Project
o Plastics are essential to fashionable existence in spiteof
developing distrust. Plastics enabled the improvement
of computers, mobileular phones, and maximum of the
existence-saving advances in cutting-edge medicine.
o Plastics are mild and properly insulators. They assist to
shop fossil fuels for heating and transport. Perhaps
maximum importantly, reasonably-priced plastics
raised residing requirements and made the abundance
of substances extra extensively available.
o Without plastic, many possessions we take with no
consideration is probably out of attain for all however
the wealthiest of Americans. Replacing herbal
substances withplastichasmadelotsofourpossessions
cheaper, lighter, safer, and stronger.
o Others are running to make plastics which might be
honestly biodegradable. Some innovators are seeking
out methods to make recycling extra efficient, even
hoping to best a method that couldflipplasticsreturned
into the fossil fuels they have been derived from.
o All of those innovators apprehend that plastics aren't
best, however that they're an vital and important a part
of our future.
2. MATERIALS USED
2.1. Cement
Cement is a binding agent that units and hardness to match
onto production gadgetsinclusiveofblocks,bricks,walls,and
so on, is a huge production material. In this case, a preferred
fifty three-grade Portland K.C.P cement is used. Ordinary
Portland cement is through a long way the maximum crucial
sort of cement. Prior to 1987, there had been simplest one
Table 1: Properties of cement
S.NO. Physical property Test result
1. Compressive
Strength(Mpa)
48.35
2. Fineness (%) 6
3. Specific Gravity 3.06
2.2. Coarse aggregate
The strength take a look at hires granite stone aggregates of
20 mm and much less than 20 mm. By comparable grit, sieve
checking and fineness phase are the special assessments
accomplished on aggregates.Whentheyexceedathicknessof
4.seventy five mm, such aggregates are taken into
consideration as coarse as in step with IS 2386-1: 1963 [8].
2.3. Fine aggregate
The great mixture used changed into smooth river sand as in
step with and primary gravity, sieve analysis, and fineness
modulus assessments had been finished at the sand. In
Guntur, a company offered great (10 mm) and great clay
aggregates. The aggregates have an incomparable thickness
of much less than 4.seventy five mm. Particulatesand should
be freed from clay or naturalsterile as in step withIS2386-1:
1963 [8].
2.4. Water
Potable, acid-unfastened water and impurities in
combination need to be used. Water exceptional and amount
should be checked obligatorily. The PH priceofwaterneedto
be in among 6.zero and 8.zero in step with IS 456 –2000
2.5. Five Plastic
LDPE is described through a density variety of 0.918–0.931
g/cm3. It isn't always react at room temperatures, besides
through sturdy oxidizing agents, and a few solvents reason
swelling. It can face up to temperatures of 80 °C constantly
grade of OPC that's ruled through IS 269-1976.After 1987
better grade cements had been brought in India.
The OPC turned into labeled into 3 grades, particularly 33
grade, forty three grade, fifty three grade relying upon the
energy of the cement at 28 days while examined as in step
with IS 4031-1988. If the 28 days energy isn'tmuchlessthan
33 N/mm2, it's miles known as 33 grade cement. If the
energy isn't much less than forty three N/mm2, it's miles
known as forty three grade cement. If the energy isn't much
less fifty three N/mm2, it's miles known as fifty three grade
cement. But the values of real energy received through those
cements on the manufacturing facility are a lot better than
BIS specifications.

and 90 °C (194 °F) for a brief time. Made in translucent or
opaque variations, it's miles pretty bendy and tough.
LDPE has greater branching (on approximately 2% of the
carbon atoms) than HDPE, so its intermolecular forces
(instantaneous-dipoleinduced-dipoleattraction)areweaker,
its tensile electricity is lower, and its resilience is higher.
Also, due to the fact its molecules are much less tightly
packed and much less crystalline because of the aspect
branches, its density is lower.
2.6 Fly ash
Fly ash is usually finely divided residue ash particle because
of the combustion of coal withinside the furnaces which
blows at the side of flue fueloline of the furnace. Theses ash
are gathered with the assist of electrical precipitators and
termed as fly ash. Fly ash is the maximum extensively used
pozzolanic fabric everywhere in the world. In UK it's far
termed as pulverized gasoline ash i.e. PFA. Although it's far a
residue of coal howeveritincorporatechemicaladditiveslike
silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide in primary
excellent and aside from those substance reactive silica,
magnesiumoxide,sodiumoxide,calciumoxide,titanium,lead
oxide alsoare discovered in primaryamountwhichmarksfly
ash appropriate for use in aggregate with cement withinside
the manufacturing of concrete.
Fig 2: Fly ash
2.7 Waste Plastic for Bricks
Pavement in creation isan outsidegroundorsuperficialfloor
covering. Paving substances encompass asphalt concrete,
stone inclusive of flag stone, cobblestone, and sets, synthetic
stone, bricks, tiles, and once in a while wood. Inland scape
structure pavements are a part of the difficult scope and are
used onside walks, street surfaces, patios, courtyards. Paver
block generation has been brought in India in creation a
decade in the past for a particular requirement specifically
footpath and parking regions etc. Now paver block is being
followed significantly in exceptional use. In this research
diverse homes inclusive of compressive energy, break up
tensile energyandwaterabsorptionofpaverblocksincluding
plastic wastes,unconventionalsubstancesinclusiveofquarry
dirt and best mixtureof diverse percent alternative are used.
Cement-concrete tiles and paving blocks are precast stable
merchandiseconstructedfromCementconcrete.Theproduct
is made in diverse configurations and dimensions viz.
rectangular, rectangular and spherical blocks of various
dimensions with designs for interlocking of adjoining tiles
blocks.
3. METHODOLOGY
 Literature Review.
 Materials Used.
 Experimental Works.
 Mix Design.
 Results and Discussion.
 Conclusion.
4. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
4.1 Properties of substance
In this work, a few assessments were carriedouttolocatethe
mechanicalhousesi.e.compressivepowerofsubstancesused
consistent with ASTM standards. For this investigation, a
mortar ratio of 1:three changed into chosen. The beams are
blended in keeping with IS 10262: 2009 [9] and IS 456: 2000
respectively [10]. With the help of mason, brick length
partitions with 1:three of the mortar ratio of 230 mm x one
zero five mm x 70 mm are built. The hole brick compressive
power changed into acquired from ASTM C67-11. Table 1
indicates the compressive power of brick taken from the
usual ASTM.
4.2. Mix proportions
M40 concrete grow to be produced with severa W/C of 0.5,
0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 respectively. The focused recommend
compressive power grow to be 45MPa and a workability of
25mm-100mm.
The concretegrow to be produced formild exposureandACI
211.1-91 aggregate format proportioning approach grow to
be completed for designing the concrete aggregate.
The smooth concrete grow to be allowed to treatment for
24hrs in advance than it grow to be demolded and stored in
water to undergo deeply as it remedies in quantities curing
for 7, 14, 21, and 28days respectively (ASTM C 192, 2002).
All the aggregates were completed in their ground saturated
condition.

Five specimens were produced for each test and then now
not unusual place results will be displaced in concretecubes.
A stylish amount of 240 samples of concrete were produced
for the work.
4.3 Design Mix Proportion for the Fresh Concrete
Mix
Table 2: Design Mix Proportion for the Fresh Concrete Mix
S.
N
W/
C
Cement
(CMT)
Content
(kg/m3)
Water
content
(kg/m3)
Sand
Content
(kg/m3)
Course
aggregate
(kg/m3)
1 0.5 520 280 501.08 1087.4
2 0.6 520 336 501.08 1087.4
3 0.7 520 393 501.08 1087.4
4 0.8 520 453 501.08 1087.4
5 0.9 520 501 501.08 1087.4
4.4. Fabrication of beams
Deflections withinside the beam is basically because of
bending. The forces hookedupatthebeamoutcomesineffect
forces on the beam help levels. The popular has an impact on
of all of the hundreds acting at the beam is to create bending
moments in the beam and shear forces, in turn, spark off
internal stresses, strains, and deflections of the beam [11].
The dimensions taken for the beams are 230 x 230 mm of
1500 m duration is designed as according to code IS
456:2000 [10].
4.5. Detailed reinforcement of beam
All the four (for beams) are bolstered with sixteen mm and
eight mm diameter of Fe 500grade excessiveyieldelectricity
deformed metallic bars showed to IS 1786: 1985.Tablethree
informs the beam detailing of reinforcement and the cross-
sectional info of beam are proven in Fig. three.
Table 3: Brick strength properties
S. No. Materials Proportion of
brick (kg/m3)
Average
strength
1 Compressive
strength of
brick
ASTM C109-11 9.58 N/mm2
Table 4: Detailing of reinforced beams
Specimen Longitudin
al
Reinforceme
nt
Shear
Reinforcem
ent
Beam (1-
4)
Top
2No-16 mm
Bottom
4No-16 mm
10No-8 mm
Fig 3: Beam Brick
4.4. Fabrication of beams
Deflections withinside the beam is basically because of
bending. The forces hookedupatthebeamoutcomesineffect
forces on the beam help levels. The popular has an impact on
of all of the hundreds acting at the beam is to create bending
moments in the beam and shear forces, in turn, spark off
internal stresses, strains, and deflections of the beam [11].
The dimensions taken for the beams are 230 x 230 mm of
1500 m duration is designed as according to code IS
456:2000 [10].
4.5. Detailed reinforcement of beam
All the four (for beams) are bolstered with sixteen mm and
eight mm diameter of Fe 500gradeexcessiveyieldelectricity
deformed metallic bars showed to IS 1786: 1985.Tablethree
informs the beam detailing of reinforcement and the cross-
sectional info of beam are proven in Fig. three.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this work, Experimental evaluation became done with the
degree of load vs deflecting curve on hole brick wall and
framed shape wall.
5.1. For Plastic brick wall
From this unreinforced hole brick wall, the burden is carried
out to decide a few crack failure styles as proven in Fig. 11.
Discussion: The first crack resisted at 198kN and the burden
deflection curvehasacquired.Thecrackdeflectionreachesas
much asa mostload of 388kN. The graph values receivedare
proven in Fig. 12.
5.2. For framed shape wall
The crack failurestyles of framed shapeare proveninFig.13.
Discussion: In this wall, the primary crack resisted at 225kN
and the burden deflection curve has acquired. The crack
deflection reaches as much as a most load of 405kN. The
graph values received are proven in Fig. 14.

Fig 4: Load deflection curve for Plastic brick wall.
Fig 5: Load deflection curve for framed structure wall.
6. CONCLUSION
As consistent with theconsequences,theflexuralcapabilityis
extra for framed shape wall at the same time as evaluating
with hole brick wall. The evaluation amongst traditional
framed shape to that of plastic brick wall determines that,
withinsidethe power factor of view plastic brick wall maybe
very lots appropriatefor low-cost factor of view than framed
shape. Since the fee pertained consistent withunitforplastic
brick wall is much less while in comparison to that of framed
shape. It consequences inprogressedstructuralperformance
of macerated homes with a lift in each production protection
and competitiveness.
REFERENCES
[1] Eurostat and U.e.C. européenne, Energy, transport and
environment indicators. Vol. 2. 2011: Office for Official
Publications of the European Communities.
[2] E. Recast, Directive 2010/31/EU of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy
performance of buildings (recast), Off. J. Eur. Union 18 (06)
(2010) 2010.
[3] M. Lakshmayya, R. Chiranjeevi Rahul, Comparative study
of load bearing block masonry work in housing, Int. J. Eng.
Technol. 8 (5) (2016) 2137–2148.
[4] N. Lingeshwaran, P. Poluraju, Experimental Analysis of
Seismic Performance on bed Joint Reinforced Solid Brick
MasonryWalls–aStateoftheArt,InternationalConferenceon
Advances in Civil Engineering, ICACE-2019 2019.
[5] R. Ahmad et al., Brick masonry and hollow concrete block
masonry–A comparative study, Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng. Res.
(IJCSER) 1 (1) (2014) 14–21.
[6] B. Shashank, S. Raghunath, Analysis and design of multi-
storeyed load bearing reinforced masonry structure and
framed Rc structure, Int. J. Adv. Technol. Civ. Eng. (3) (2013).
[7] Standards, B.o.I., Code of Practice for Structural use of
Unreinforced Masonry. 1987, Bureau of Indian Standards
New Delhi.
[8] IS: Methods of test for aggregates for concrete–Part 1:
Particle size and shape. 1963,BureauofIndianStandardNew
Delhi.
[9] M. Nataraja, L. Das, Concrete mix proportioning as per IS
10262: 2009– Comparison with IS 10262: 1982 and ACI
211.1-91, Indian Concr. J. (2010) 64– 70.
[10] BIS, I., 456 (2000) Plain and reinforcedconcrete-Codeof
Practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India,2000.
[11] A. Anthoine, G. Magonette, G. Magenes, Shear-
compression testing and analysis of brick masonry walls,
Proceedings of the 10th EuropeanConferenceonEarthquake
Engineering, 1995.
[12] M.M. Gram, Load frame crosshead construction. 1984,
Google Patents.
BIOGRAPHIES
B. Indravathi
B. Tech, Civil Engineering, Pace
Institute of Technology and
Sciences.
G. Arun Babu
Sciences.

A. Avinash
Sciences.
G. Vamsi Krishna
Sciences.
D. Chakri Raj
Sciences.
Sk. Akshiya
As Civil Engineering, Pace
Sciences.

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