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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1081 Opportunity of Analysis and Assessment of CDM Potential in Residential Area Vishnu Dutt Sharma1, Sonali Chadha2, L.Senthil3 Poonam gupta4 1,2,3,4 Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, JECRC, Jaipur, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The paper deals with the analysis of CDM in residential area .Its purpose is to spot out and investigate different opportunities like solar heating, energy efficient lighting, air conditioning etc. to reduce green house gas emissions. Retrofitting of Solar water heating proved to be best method to reduce green house gas emissions.(GHG) Key Words: Clean Development mechanism (CDM), Solar water heater (SWH),Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) INTRODUCTION Due to increase in pollution there is increase of emissions of green house gases, which is the primary cause of climate change. Developing countries are also playing significant part in climate change because of emission of large number of greenhouse gases. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate change as ‘A change of climate which is attributeddirectlyor indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. Its main aim is to soothe atmospheric concentrations and sustainable development. Joint implementation, emission trading and clean development mechanism are the three mechanisms for reduction of emission.Outofthethree,CDM has been on the top priority for assessment and analysis of emission as it is cost effective. To diminish green house gas emissions, the Kyoto protocol has been employed with the objective to combat global warming. In technologically advanced countries, the protocol is based on the principle of differentiated responsibilities to reduce recent emissions. It has commitment with revelries to diminish green house gas emissions In order to meet the objectives of the protocol; revelries are required toformulatepoliciesandmeasuresfor reduction of greenhouse gases. In order toberewardedwith credits it is essential to employ the mechanismssuchasjoint implementation, the clean development mechanism and emissions trading. CDM consists of a bilateral agreement between two entities to complete a GHG mitigation project. Guidelines for the projects are as: (i)Project design document: It clearly elaborates all the technology and methodology applicableandalsotheamount of emissions. (ii) Approval of report by designated authority. (iii)Validation. (iv) Registration. (v)Final report has to be prepared regarding emissions and submitted to authorities. Case Study A residential area of 260 households was taken up for the study. The CDM opportunities defined in the town ship are as follows (i) Energy efficient lighting (ii) Replacing electric rods/geysers with solar water heater (iii) Energy efficient water pumps. The scope of this paper is to just consider the CDM opportunities which include: (i)installation of solar water heater (ii)installation of energy efficient lighting (iii)installation of energy efficient air conditioners (iv)installation of energy efficient water pumps Methodology And Development Of Baseline The annual energy saving from the CDM project activity is less than 60GWh so the project activity falls under the small scale project activity and there are two baseline methodologies that areapplicableforthedevelopmentof the baseline. AMS I.C. Thermal Energy for the user with or without electricity [4]. (For estimating the baseline emissionfromtheinstallationof SWH). AMS II.C. Demand side Energy efficiency programs for specific technology [5]. (For estimating the baseline emission from retrofitting the incandescent bulbs and air conditioners and submersible desert cooler pumps)
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1082 Development ofBaselineforSolarWaterHeatingSystem electric rods and electric geysers are used for water heating from all the residential chores The activity is to install the energy efficient solar waterheatingsystemforheatingwater for residential chores.. For thissystem,the baselineemission is the amount of electricity taken from the grid multiplied by the CO2 emission factor of the grid. The data and assumptions for estimation of baseline emission reductions are given in the Table 1. In order to calculate the baselineelectricityconsumption, we need to know the amount of electricity required to deliver the same quantity of hot water from an electric rod/geyser that is delivered by solar waterheatingsystem.Wetherefore need to know the amount of energy needed to heat the available warm water delivered by the project, as well asthe efficiency of the electric hot water system. Table 1 : Data/assumptions for solar water heating system Items Details Hot water required for a person to take bath 15 liters Efficiency of conversion of electrical energy to heat energy 95% Total number of persons in the township (approx.) 1400 No. of persons taking bath on a day 1260 Winter months November to February Efficiency of conversion of electrical energy to heat energy, conv 95% Hot water required for a person to take bath =15 liters Efficiency of conversion of electrical energy to heat energy=95% Total number of persons in the township (approx.)=1400 No. of persons taking bath on a day=1260 Winter months=November to February Efficiency of conversion of electrical energy to heat energy =95% Calculation of baseline for electricity consumption forwater heating: Heat Energy required for heating water for a person TCmE pelec where, m = mass of water required for a person for bathing (kg) Cp = specific heat capacity of water (4.18 kJ/kg.K) ΔT = Temperature difference (K) The water is required to be heated from 283 K to 338 K, so the heat energy required, = 15 × 4.18 × (338-283) = 3448.5 kJ Electrical energy required = conv p elec TCm E 3600 kWh Therefore, elecE = 1.008 kWh/person Total number of persons residing in the township = 1400 Considering 90% persons take bath on a day, So the no. of persons taking bath on a day = 0.9×1400 =1260 Considering 4 months (November to February) of winter = 120 days The institute draws the electricity from the northern grid. The CO2 emission factor (EFy) calculated as perAMSI.D.and published by Central Electricity Authority India is 0.83 tCO2/MWh for the northern grid [7] For 4 months, total amount of CO2 emitted = Eelec × No. of persons × EFy = 1.008×1400×0.9×120×0.83 = 126.499 tCO2/ year Development of Baseline for Energy Efficient Lighting: For this project activity, the fluorescent lamp will be replaced by the compact fluorescentlamps(CFLs)toprovide the equal lumens. For this project, the baseline technology replaced is a Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). In each house every 55W fluorescent lamp will be replaced by one CFL of rating 25W (as per market survey approximate cost is $6.27). Every incandescent lamp (bulb) of 60W is being replaced by 13W CFL (as per market survey approximate cost is $ 4.54). As per the small scale project activity methodology AMS II.C [5], if the energy displaced is electricity, the energy baseline is calculated as follows: ( )B i i i iE n p o where, EB = annual energy baseline in kWh per year. Σi = the sum over the group of “i” devices replaced (e.g. 40W incandescent bulb), for which the replacement is operating during the year, implemented as part of the project.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1083 ni =the number of devices of the group of “i” devices replaced (e.g. 40W incandescent bulb) for which the replacement is operating during the year. pi=the power of the devices of the group of “i” devices replaced (e.g. 40W). In the case of a retrofit activity, “power” is the weighted average of the devices replaced. In the case of new installations, “power” is the weighted average of devices on the market. oi =the average annual operating hours of the devices of the group of “i” devices replaced. The energy baseline is multiplied by an emission coefficient (measured in kg CO2e/kWh) for the electricity displaced calculated in accordance with provisions under category AMS I.D [6]. For calculation of the wattage of the CFL lamp to be retrofitted, the lumens are equated. The retrofit will be perfect if the lumens provided by the fluorescent bulb are equal to the lumens provided by the CFL. The luminous efficacy of the 40W fluorescent bulb is 35 lumens/Wandthe luminous efficacy for a CFL lamp is 55 lumens/W. On equating the lumens, W1 × L1 = W2 × L2 Where, W1 wattage of existing fluorescent lamp L1 luminous efficacy of fluorescent lamp W2 wattage of CFL to be retrofitted L2 luminous efficacy of CFL So, 40W × 35 Lumens/W = W2 × 55 Lumens/W W2 = 25.45W The data and assumptions used for calculating the baseline emission from retrofitting the CFL is given in Table 2: (1) There are 260 houses in the township (A-D, F, H, MSH & BSH type). There are total 620 separate latrines and bathrooms, each fitted with 60W Incandescent lamp (bulb), operating for 3 hours daily round the year. These bulbs are being replaced with 620 CFL’S of 13W rating. (2) There are 260 houses in the township (A-D, F, H, MSH & BSH type). There are total 260 Porch lights, each fitted with 60W Incandescent lamp (bulb), operating for 10 hours daily round the year. These bulbs are being replaced with 260 CFL’S of 13W rating. (3) There are 120 houses in the township (A-D type). There are total 230 Main gate pillar lights, each fitted with 60W Incandescent lamp (bulb), operating for 3 hours daily round the year. These bulbs are being replaced with 230 CFL’S of 13W rating. (4) There are 255 houses in the township (A-D, F, H, MSH & BSH type). There are total 255 Kitchens; each fitted with 55W Fluorescent tube light, operating for 6 hours daily round the year. These bulbs are being replaced with 255 CFL’S of 25W rating. (5) There are 115 houses in the township (A-D type). There are total 460, 55W Fluorescent tube lights (2 in Dining hall and 2 in Bedrooms being used mostly), operatingfor6hours daily round the year. These Fluorescent tube lights being replaced with 460 CFL’S of 25W rating. (6) There are 140 houses in the township (F, H, MSH & BSH type). There are total 280, 55W Fluorescent tube lights (2 rooms in each house), operating for 6 hours daily round the year. These Fluorescent tube lights are being replaced with 460 CFL’S of 25W rating. (7) The average daily operating hours for CFL’S of 13W rating replacing 60W incandescent lamps (bulbs) are 6 hours per day. Life of CFL as per the specifications is 10000 hours (5 years approximately). (8) The average daily operating hours for CFL’S of 25W rating replacing 55W Fluorescent tube lightsare6hoursper day. Life of CFL as per the specifications is 10000 hours (5 years approximately). The electricity saved by the replacement of energy efficient CFL’S is: ECFL = 88.85 + 69.64 MWh/yr = 158.49MWh/yr The CO2 emission factor for the northern grid is 0.83 tCO2/MWh. So, the emission reduction = electricity saved×CO2 emission factor = 158.49MWh/yr × 0.83 = 131.54 tCO2/yr Development of Baseline for Energy Efficient Air Conditioners: The air conditioners (ACs) that are currently used in township are overrated than the actual capacity required. In the project activity, the old air conditioners will be retrofitted by the energy efficient air conditioners. The baseline estimation for the electricity consumption for the air conditioner can be done as per the formula stated for the baseline estimation of lighting. The data and assumptions used for calculating the baseline emission from retrofitting the Energy Efficient air conditioners is given in the table
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1084 Table 4 : Data/Assumptions for retrofitting the ACs Items Details Number of ACs in township (approx.) 40 Tonnage of existing ACs 1.5 ton Tonnage of retrofitted ACs 1.0ton EER of existing ACs 1.1 kWh/ton-hr EER of retrofitted ACs 3.07 kWh/ton-hr Operating hours 8 hrs/day for 6 months The electricity saved by the replacement of energy efficient air conditioner is calculated as: EAC = No. of ACs × Difference in rating of ACs × Average annual operating hours = 40 × (3.07 – 1.1) × 8 × 30 × 6 = 113.47MWh/yr So, the emission reduction = Electricity saved × Emission coefficient = 113.47 ×0.83 =94.18 tCO2/yr Development of Baseline for Energy Efficient Desert Cooler Submersible Water Pumps The data and assumptions used for calculating the baseline emission from retrofitting the Energy Efficient Desert Cool Table 5: Data/Assumptions for retrofitting the Energy Efficient Desert Cooler Submersible Water Pumps Items Details Number of Desert Coolers in township (approx.) 500 Rated power of existing pumps 35 W Rated power of retrofitted pumps 10 W % of pumps to be retrofitted 90 % Operating hours of existing pumps 16hrs/day for 6 months Operating hours of retrofitted pumps (with automatic ON/OFF timer) 08hrs/day for 6 months Automatic ON/OFF timer is an electronic circuit which allows the pump to work intermittently i.e. for a period of 5 minutes the pump works and for next 5 minutes it does not operate. So the actual hours of operation are just halved. The electricity saved by the replacement of Energy Efficient Desert Cooler Submersible Water Pumps(with automatic ON/OFF timer) calculated as: Total energy consumption of existing pumps Ewpo = 500 × 0.9 × 35× 16 × 180 = 45360 kWh/yr Total energy consumption of retrofitted pumps Ewpn= 500 × 0.9 × 10 × 08 × 180 =6480 kWh/yr The net electricity saved from adopting the energy efficient pumps Ewp = Ewpo - Ewpn = 45360 – 6480 kWh/yr = 38880 kWh/yr = 38.80 MWh/yr So, the emission reduction = Electricity saved × Emission coefficient = 38.80 × 0.83 = 32.22 tCO2/ year Additionally and Investment Analysis CDM as such does not reduce the net global greenhouse gas emissions .For every ton of emissions reduced in a host country, an investor is allowed to emit 1 ton in Annex I country. If a CDM project does not reduce emissions compared to what would have happened anyway (business as usual), then the net effect would be an increase in the global emissions. Therefore business-as-usual projects do not just contribute to overall greenhouse gas emission reduction; they actually will increase the net emissions. The additionally principle is thus of fundamental importance in the CDM context. A CDM project is additional only if
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1085 greenhouse gas emissions are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity. The tool for demonstration of additionally provides a stepwise approach to demonstrateandassessthe additionally for the project activity. These steps include: Identification of alternatives to the project activity Investment analysis Barrier analysis Common practice analysis The project falls under the small-scale project activity as annual energy saving is lessthan60GWhesotheadditionally can be proven by any of these steps. In our case, the additionally has been proved by carrying an investment analysis and common practice test for the project. Under investment analysis, a suitable financial indicator is chosen and compared against the relevant industry regional/national benchmark. The appropriate analysis method chosen for the investment analysis is by conducting a benchmark analysis for each oftheprojectactivity wherein a financial indicator (here IRR (internal rate of return)) will be compared against established value for respective technology. The appropriate analysis method chosen forthe investment analysis is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). In case of solar water heater, the IRR obtained without the CDM revenue is 8 % and with CDM revenue it is 12 % (just above the benchmark of 10%). It can be seen that the technology used by the CDM project is not the economically most attractive option and therefore not the baseline. Therefore, on the basis of economic rationale, the project developers do not install this solar energy technology without the CDM benefit. The financially most attractive option without the CDM is to generate hot water by electric geysers. In case of energy efficient lighting, the IRR for installing the energy efficient lighting is calculated whichis 125%without CDM revenue and 149% with CDM revenue. So it can be said that adopting energy efficient lighting is highly profitable as is seen by the higher value of the IRR and does not require the additional revenue from the CDM. The project activity is viable even without the CDM. The IRR for installing the AC of 1.0 ton capacity is calculated as 92 % without CDM benefits and 109 %withCDMbenefits. In this case also, the IRR is high enough to make the project activity attractive without the benefitfromthe CDM.Alsothe sensitivity analysis is done with the retrofittingof1.5ton AC. In this case the IRR obtained from the project activityis84% and 103% without CDM benefit and with CDM benefit respectively. The IRR in this case is less because of the less saving of electricity by adoption of AC with higher rating. The IRR for installing the SWP is calculated as 123 % without CDM benefits and 147 % with CDM benefits So it can be said that retrofitting of SWP is highly profitable as is seen by the higher value of the IRR and does not require the additional revenue from the CDM. The projectactivitycango ahead even without the CDM. Conclusions Assessment of CDM potential was carried out considering the adoption of renewable energy technology and energy efficiency measures. Out of the four cases analyzed for theCDMopportunities,the solar water heating system requires the CDM benefits to go ahead. The adoption of energy efficiency measures through the lighting and air conditioning and submersible desert cooler water pumps does not require the CDM revenue as is seen from their higher rates of return S.n o. Type of house Place where retrofitting is being done No. of incandescent lamps to be replaced Average Operating hours Electrical Energy saved by retrofitting ( kWh) Cost involved with retrofitting ($) Emission reduction = Electricity saved × Emission factor (tCO2 per year) 1 A- D,F,H,MSH&BSH Latrine & bathroom 620 3 =620 x (60 – 13) x 3 x 365 =319083.00 kWh =31.90 MWh = 620x 4.54 = 2814.8 = 31.909 x 0.83 = 26.47 2 A-D,F,H,MSH & BSH Porch light 260 10 =260 x (60 – 13) x 10 x 365 =446030 kWh =44.60 MWh = 260 x 4.54 =1180.4 = 44.60 x 0.83 = 37.01 3 A - D Main gate pillar lights 240 03 =240 x (60 – 13) x 3 x 365 =123516 kWh =12.35 MWh = 240 x 4.54 = 1089.6 = 12.35 x 0.83 = 10.25 Total 1120 = 88.85MWh = 5084.8 = 73.73 (tCO2 per year) Table 2 : Number of Incandescent lamps to be retrofitted and energy saved
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1086 S.N. Type of house Place where retrofitting is being done No. of fluorescent lamps to be replaced Average Operating hours Electrical Energy saved by retrofitting ( kWh) Cost involved with retrofitting ($) Emission reduction = Electricity saved × Emission factor (tCO2 per year) 1 A-D,F,H,MSH&BSH Kitchen 260 6 =260 x (55 – 25) x 6 x 365 =170820 kWh =17.08 MWh = 260 x 6.27 = 1630.2 = 17.08 x 0.83 = 14.17 2 A-D Dining hall, Bed rooms 500 6 =500 x (55 - 25) x 6 x 365 =32850kWh =32.85MWh = 500x 6.27 = 3135 = 32.85 x0.83 =27.26 3 F,H,MSH & BSH Rooms 300 6 =300 x (55 - 25) x 6 x 365 =197100kWh =19.71 MWh = 300x 6.27 = 1881 = 19.71 x0.83 = 16.35 4 Total 1060 = 69.64 MWh = 6646.2 = 57.78 (tCO2 per year) Table 3 : Number of Fluorescent Tube Lights to be retrofitted and energy saved REFERENCES [1] Jorgen Fenhann,KirstenHalsnæs,RomeoPacudan,Anne Olhoff, CDM Informationand Guidebook,Second edition, UNEP Riso Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development, Risø National Laboratory Roskilde, Denmark, ISBN: 87-550-3339-3, June 2004. [2] Yuji Mizuno, CDM in Charts, Version 9.0, November 2009, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Ministry of Environment, Japan [3] Ram M. Shrestha, Sudhir Sharma,Govinda R Timilsina,S. Kumar. Baseline Methodologies for Clean Development Mechanism Projects UNEP Riso Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development, Risø National Laboratory Roskilde, Denmark, ISBN: 87-550-3483-7, November 2005 [4] Approved small scale methodology AMS I.C. Thermal energy for the user with or without electricity. Version 12, 27th July 2007 http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/SSCmethodologie s/approved.html [5] Approved small scale methodology AMS II.C. Demand- side energy efficiency activitiesforspecific technologies. Version09,27thJuly 2007 http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/SSCmethodologie s/approved.html [6] Approved small scale methodology AMS I.D. Grid connected renewable electricity generation. http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/SSCmethodologie s/approved.html [7] The CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector, Ministry of Power: Central Electricity Authority India (CEA),Version3.0,15December,2007 http://www.cea.nic.in/planning/c%20and%20e/Gover nment%20of%20India%20website.htm [8] IPCC 2006, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme,EgglestonH.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T., and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan, 2006 [9] Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality. Version 03, 16th February 2007 . http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies /approved.html BIOGRAPHIES Vishnu Dutt Sharma received the B.tech degree in Electrical engineering from university ofRajasthan,Rajasthan,India in 2009, and pursuing M.tech in power systems from the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan, India.
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