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GOAT CARE AND MANAGEMENT,[object Object],IRSHAD A,[object Object],COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, MANNUTHY. KERALA,[object Object],INDIA,[object Object]
GOAT CARE AND MANAGEMENT,[object Object],Goat care and management depend on the animal's age, health, nutrition and pregnancy status, as well as production needs, the environment, and facilities. The young kid has needs for basic care very different from the older, mature goat.,[object Object]
Goats are bred and maintained for,[object Object],milk,[object Object],milk products, meat, brush control, mohair,,[object Object],cashmere, skins for leather, commercial,[object Object],antibody production, packing,[object Object],companionship.,[object Object]
Worldwide, there are more 460 million goats producing 4.5 million,[object Object],tons of milk and 1.2 million tons of meat.,[object Object],As browsers, goats utilize land too rough in terrain for sheep and cattle. ,[object Object],Goat milk is digested than cow milk.,[object Object]
valued for the elderly, sick, infants, and those with allergic reactions to cow milk.,[object Object],Many goats provide multiple uses, milk for home consumption and offspring for meat, or, in the case of fiber goats, brush control and meat production in addition to mohair or cashmere.,[object Object]
GOAT HOUSING,[object Object],provided with simple shelter,[object Object],protect from rain or snow in winter and from heat in summer.,[object Object],There are two main housing types, which include confinement,[object Object],(intensive) and loose, dry lot or pasture systems (extensive).,[object Object],A combination of housing types is employed on some farms.,[object Object]
The housing should allow groups of milking does, dry(non-lactating) does, newborn kids, growing kids, and bucks to be housed apart from each other.,[object Object]
Confinement housing -a few animals are tethered during the day and put into a protective shelter at night.,[object Object], Extensive-the flock/herd grazes over large areas of marginal land unsuited to agriculture. The flock is usually shut into a yard at night.,[object Object],Intensive- animals are confined to yards and shelters and feed is brought to the flock. offers the greatest protection for the flock from both predators and parasites. also increase labour and the capital investment required for facilities.,[object Object]
House for 2 to 4 sheep-goats in intensive dairy production.,[object Object]
Slats shall be 70 to 100mm wide, 25 to 30mm thick and laid with 25mm spaces. Individual lambing pens should be 1.5m depending on the weight of the ewe and number of lambs expected.,[object Object],A feed trough of 0.3 to 0.4m deep front to back and have a 0.5 to 0.6m high front wall facing the feed alley . Areas of high rainfall it may be desirable to keep the animals off the ground. ,[object Object],Stilted houses with a slatted floor which is raised 1 to 1.5m above the ground to facilitate cleaning and the collection of dung and urine.,[object Object]
Milking can be facilitated by providing a platform along the feeding fence where the animals can stand while being milked from behind. Such a platform should be 0.8m deep and elevated 0.35 to 0.5m above the floor where the milker stands.,[object Object]
FENCING,[object Object],Woven wire, called 'wire net' in some areas, represents the most common conventional goat fence.,[object Object],Posts can be either wood or steel are set usually one rod apart, frequently closer, with care taken that a post be set at all abrupt changes in grade. Relatively flat terrain is best for a tight installation.,[object Object],Barbed wire fencing for goats ,[object Object],Electrical fencing for goats holds promise. It is fairly new, but expanding rapidly,[object Object]
FEEDING,[object Object],Goats require energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber (bulk) and water.,[object Object], Energy (calories) is the most limiting nutrient, protein is the most expensive. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances of vitamins and minerals lead to various health problems. ,[object Object],Fiber  maintain a healthy rumen environment and prevent digestive disturbances. ,[object Object],Water is the cheapest feed ingredient and often the most neglected.,[object Object]
As a general rule of thumb, goats will consume at least 3% of their body weight on a dry matter basis in feed. ,[object Object]
REQUIRMENTS……,[object Object],Animal	Protein	Energy,[object Object],Bucks	11% CP	60% TDN,[object Object],Dry doe	10% CP	55% TDN,[object Object],Late gestation	11% CP	60% TDN,[object Object],Lactation (avg. milk)	11% CP	60% TDN,[object Object],Lactation (high milk)	14% CP	65% TDN,[object Object],Kid (30 lbs, >.4 lbs/day)	14% CP	68% TDN,[object Object],Yearlings (60 lbs.)	12% CP	65% TDN,[object Object]
FEED,[object Object],Goats are natural browsers and have the unique ability to select plants when they are at their most nutritious state.,[object Object],PASTURE,[object Object],Pasture and browse are usually the primary and most economical source of nutrients for meat goats. Pasture tends to be high in energy and protein when it is in a vegetative state. it has a high moisture content, and it is difficult for a high-producing doe or fast-growing kid to eat enough grass to meet its nutrient requirements. ,[object Object]
 As pasture plants mature, palatability and digestibility decline it is important to rotate pastures to keep plants in a vegetative state. ,[object Object],During the early part of the grazing season, browse (woody plants, and brush) and forbs (weeds) tend to be higher in protein and energy than ordinary pasture,[object Object]
HAY,[object Object],primary source of nutrients for goats during the winter or non-grazing season. ,[object Object],moderate source of protein and energy for goats. Legume hays – alfalfa, clover, lespedeza – tend to be higher in protein, vitamins and minerals, especially calcium,[object Object],The energy, as well as protein content of hay depends upon the maturity of the forage,[object Object],curing and storage is also necessary to maintain nutritional quality.,[object Object]
Silage ,[object Object],Made from forage or grain crops has been successfully fed to goats ,[object Object],Moldy silage can cause listeriosis or "circling disease" in goats. As with fresh forage, the high-producing goat cannot consume enough "wet" silage to meet its nutritional needs.,[object Object],Silage is typically fed on large farms, due to the need for storage and automated feeding equipment.,[object Object]
Concentrates (grain) ,[object Object],There are two types of concentrate feeds: carbonaceous and proteinaceous. ,[object Object],Carbonaceous concentrates or "energy" feeds include the cereal grains – corn, barley, wheat, oats, milo, and rye – and various by products feeds, such as fat, soybean hulls and wheat middlings. It is not necessary to process grains for goats unless they are less than six weeks of age. ,[object Object],problems with cereal grains is that they are high in phosphorus content, but low in calcium. Feeding a diet that is high in phosphorus and low in calcium can cause urinary calculi (kidney stones) in wethers and bucks. Inadequate calcium can lead to milk fever in pregnant or lactating does. ,[object Object]
Proteinaceous concentrates,[object Object],"protein supplements" may be of animal or plant origin and include soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and fish meal. Ruminant-derived meat and bone meal may not be fed to goats.. Protein quantity is more important than protein quality (amino acid content) in ruminant livestock since the microorganisms in the rumen manufacture their own body protein. ,[object Object],Goats do not store excess protein; it is burned as energy or eliminated (as nitrogen) by the kidneys. ,[object Object]
Vitamins and minerals ,[object Object], The most important are salt, calcium, and phosphorus. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus should be kept around 2:1. ,[object Object],Vitamins are need in small amounts. Goats require vitamins A, D and E, whereas vitamin K and all the B vitamins are manufactured in the rumen.,[object Object]
Coccidiostats and antibiotics can also be added to the mineral mix or supplement.,[object Object],Water ,[object Object],Goats should have ad libitum access to clean, fresh water at all times. A mature goat will consume between ¾ to 1 ½ gallons of water per day. Inadequate water intake can cause various health problems. In addition water and feed intake are positively correlated.,[object Object]
Newborn Kids and ColostrumManagement,[object Object],kids depend on the immunoglobulins absorbed from colostrum for protection from infectious agents in their environment.,[object Object],If kids are not suckling on their dams,colostrum to be provided within the first 24 hours of birth,[object Object],kids should be fed a minimum of 4 ounces, but preferably 12-2ounces, of high quality colostrum by bottle or esophageal tube within the first few hours after birth.,[object Object]
A milk replacer should contain a,[object Object],minimum of 20 percent crude protein and 20 percent fat on a dry matter basis. Acid,[object Object],detergent fiber should be a maximum of 1 percent. The milk replacer should dissolve readily in water and stay in solution.,[object Object]
Growing Kids,[object Object],Kids should be started on solid foods early to be ready for weaning beginning about 8 weeks of age.,[object Object],Kid starter should be palatable, easily digested, and high in digestible.,[object Object],protein. Rations should allow for bodyweight gains between 0.3 to 0.5 pounds per day, depending upon the breed.,[object Object]
Kid starter should contain 16-18percent crude protein. ,[object Object],Cottonseed contains a component called gossypol, which is toxic to kids. ,[object Object],Goodquality alfalfa hay or high quality pasture isthebest forage choice for kids, and should be soft stemmed and palatable with a crude protein of at least 20 percent and a totaldigestiblenutrient content (TDN) of at least 54 percent on a dry matter basis.,[object Object],Kids may be weaned as early as possible.,[object Object]
Dry Does, Fiber Goats, and Bucks  At the end of lactation, does ,[object Object],be fed an all forage diet, which will provide  the necessary nutrients for maintenance fetalgrowth. As compared to the ration of the milking doe, reduction in both nutrient quality and quantity will help stop milk production. For adult dairy, meat, or fiber  goats, maintaining body condition and health are the primary goals of a feeding program. ,[object Object]
Non-Lactating Does and GrowingYearling Does,[object Object],Between breeding and kidding, does should be on a high forage diet, as long as their protein, energy, mineral, and other nutrient levels are met for their age and growth requirements.,[object Object],A few weeks prior to kidding, the does can be gradually reintroduced to grain feeding,[object Object],The total intake of calcium phosphorous, and potassium during this time is critical.,[object Object]
Excessive mineral quantities will predispose the doe to metabolic disorders, such as milk fever. ,[object Object],Metabolic disorders may lead to other health problems such as retained placenta, dystocia, or prolapsed uterus.,[object Object]
Kidding and Lactation                                         Rapid changes in diet at kidding should be avoided. ,[object Object],If the doe is fed a total mixed ration, feeding long stem hay with it will help stimulate feed intake.,[object Object]
Breeding Management,[object Object],Seasonal breeders,[object Object],Flushing (3-4 wks prior to introduction of bucks–BCS:5 and 6),[object Object],Pecking order ( 2 to 3 weeks),[object Object],Avoid over fed   bucks      ,[object Object],Deworming,[object Object],Trimming hooves,[object Object],Vaccinations,[object Object],Breed a female goat as soon as she is 7 to 10 months old, regardless of size and weight.,[object Object],A doe kid should be at 70 to 75% of her mature weight before breeding.,[object Object]
Pregnant does,[object Object],Body condition score of 7 or below,[object Object],Does should not be dewormed during the first 20 to 60 days of pregnancy because the stress associated with handling and deworming may cause the animal to abort .,[object Object],Dewormed  2 to 3 weeks prior to kidding or at kidding ,[object Object]
 Kidding Management,[object Object],Supplement your does with a concentrate or hay, feed it at night,[object Object],Well drained floor and put in a pack of clean, dry straw.,[object Object],kidding box (paper towels, a roll not one or two towels, 7% tincture of iodine, a dipping cup, lubricating gel, a small box for jewelry, a flashlight, an aspirator for a child, scissors, OB loop and the local vet's phone number.) ,[object Object],Cleaning the kid.,[object Object],Trim the navel to about 3 inches and dip it in the 7% iodine.,[object Object]
Nutrition of Newborn Kids,[object Object],Colostrums feeding  within the first ½ hour -hour after birth.,[object Object],Make a "creep" area in the pen for kids,[object Object],Dis-bud kids at 1 to 2 weeks of age depending on the horn growth.,[object Object],This doe and her twin kids were moved to a small pen to allow them to bond. The doe should lick each kid to clean and dry it off.,[object Object]
 BODY CONDITION SCORING CHART,[object Object]
Recommendation,[object Object],End of pregnancy   5 to 6 ,[object Object],Start of breeding season  5 to 6 ,[object Object],Animals should never have a body condition score of 1 to 3 .,[object Object],Pregnant does should not have a body condition score of 7 or above toward the end of pregnancy because of the risk of pregnancy toxemia. ,[object Object]
Goat Care And Management Irshad
HEALTH,[object Object],To improve the herd's productivity through general husbandry, nutrition management, parasite control, vaccination, and environmental management.  ,[object Object],Careful recordkeeping ,[object Object],Appropriate rations and provide shelter,[object Object],Hooves must be trimmed regularly ,[object Object],Feed ammonium chloride along with grain prevent formation of calculi.,[object Object],A constant source of fresh water. ,[object Object],Test for brucellosis and tuberculosis annually. ,[object Object],Develop a herd health program. ,[object Object]
Weaned Kids,[object Object],Examined for intestinal parasites one month after weaning.,[object Object],Polled kids -rechecked for any genital abnormalities.,[object Object],Feet must be trimmed before kids are turned out. ,[object Object],Examine for polioencephalomalacia, for any kid with neurologic signs, such as blindness or opisthotonos. ,[object Object],BucksVaccines and parasite treatments,[object Object],. Bucks must be given plenty of exercise.,[object Object],Feet must be trimmed at least four times yearly. ,[object Object],Before the breeding season, bucks must have adequate body condition and should be examined for genital abnormalities. ,[object Object]
 Signs  and control of Disease,[object Object],Separate sick animals from the herd and provide appropriate treatments.,[object Object],Remove dead animals immediately and compost or burn the carcass.,[object Object],Examine aborted goats and submit to a veterinarian for necropsy if needed.,[object Object],Trim feet on regular basis to minimize risk of footrot or other foot deformities.,[object Object],Adopt mastitis control measures.,[object Object],Avoid handling of goats in case zoonotic disease is suspected, especially  Orf,  Toxoplasmosis .,[object Object]
 Feed adequate colostrum to kids in the first 82 hours of birth,[object Object],Disinfect the navel at birth with tincture of Iodine .,[object Object],Administer preventative medicine to 2 week old kids ,[object Object],Vaccinate does during dry period for passing maximum maternal antibodies to the kids.,[object Object],Pastures are the major source of internal parasite infestation.,[object Object],Closed confining in barns or overcrowding is main reason. ,[object Object]
Pereventive measures,[object Object],Provide clean, dry and draught free environment,[object Object],Provide drainage from the yard,[object Object],Control rats, mice and insects,[object Object],Provide fresh and clean water,[object Object],Clean waterers weekly,[object Object],during summer avoid overcrowding ,minimize transport and ,[object Object],handling stress Provide ventilation in barns,[object Object],Keep record of all treatments,[object Object],Record mortalities,[object Object],Follow withdrawal times,[object Object],Cull goats with frequent treatments,[object Object],Record vaccinations and dewormings,[object Object],Record breeding and kidding data,[object Object]
General Deworming Schedule,[object Object],Before turning goats onto a new spring pasture.,[object Object],Several weeks after turning onto a pasture.,[object Object], Early winter (broad spectrum medication),[object Object], Another deworming may be necessary during long winters.,[object Object]
Detection and Monitoring,[object Object],Regular fecal examinations and veterinarian consultation ,[object Object],Fecal material attached to the hind end, no weight gains or gains at levels less thanexpected ,pale gums and conjunctiva are clear signs of parasitic infestation.,[object Object], Eye membrane colour matching with FAMACHA card for diagnosing anemia,[object Object],Examine withers and brisket/shoulder area to find biting and sucking lice respectively.,[object Object],Papules, pustules, wheals and ulcer formation indicate tick presence.,[object Object],Pruritic nodules on the head, and dermatitis around eyes, ears, neck, thorax, innerthighs and udder are signs of mange (scabies). ,[object Object]
Castration and Disbudding/Dehorning,[object Object],Avoid strong flavour in the meat, to avoid odors, ,[object Object],Control aggressive behavior in male goats,[object Object],Avoid injuries to the herdmates, to the owner, and, Kids from polled parents are likely polled and do not requireDisbudding.,[object Object]
vaccination,[object Object],For prevention only.,[object Object],No vaccines approved for goats. ,[object Object],The vaccines approved for sheep and cattle can  be used for goats off label with a veterinary prescription.,[object Object],Vaccines in Common Use,[object Object],Caseous D-T: overeatingVaccines in Common Use,[object Object],Caseous D-T: overeating disease (type D), lumps/abscesses (Caseous Lymphadenitis),[object Object],and tetanus.,[object Object],Vision CD-T: overeating disease/enterotoxaemia (type C&D) and tetanus.,[object Object]
Case-Bac: or Caseouslymphadinitis(CLA or abscesses ).,[object Object],Tasvax 7 or Vision 7 (7 way vaccine): overeating disease and/or enterotoxaemia (type,[object Object],C & D), tetanus, black leg, malignant edema, infectious necrotic hepatitis (black,[object Object],disease) and lamb dysentery.,[object Object],Covexin 8 or Tasvax 8 (8 way vaccine): overeating disease or enterotoxaemia (type C,[object Object],& D), tetanus, black leg, malignant edema, infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease),,[object Object],lamb dysentery, and baciliaryhaemoglobinuria.,[object Object],It is important to keep epinephrine or antihistamine on hand as some adverse reactions,[object Object]
may occur after giving vaccine to the goats.,[object Object],Vaccination Schedule for Enterotoxaemia and Tetanus,[object Object],Breeding or mature does: 4-6 weeks before kidding, annually.,[object Object],Kids: If breeding does were vaccinated 4-6 weeks before kidding then kids should get their first shot at 8 weeks of age. If not ,first shot by 2 weeks of age ,booster shot 4 weeks after first shot ,2nd booster 6 months after their first shot.,[object Object]
Vaccination schedule for sheep and goats-,[object Object]
Cleaning of a goat barn.,[object Object],The walks and yardcleared of manure and debris on a daily basis. The walks and grass are washed with a mixture of Listerine mouthwash, Dawn dish soap, and ammonia.  The Listerine kills bacteria, Dawn dish soap controls insects, and the ammonia fertilizes the yard.,[object Object]
1)  remove all straw from the floors,,[object Object],2) Wash the barn floor and rubber mat beds with a mixture of Listerine mouthwash and Dawn dish soap.,[object Object],3) After the barn is completely dry  add clean straw.   replace clean barn mats and use a large base of straw in  barn because straw will protect the joints of the goats and pulls urine away from them where they lay.,[object Object]
Baby Care,[object Object],The general rule in feeding colostrum is to give 5 percent of body weight (or 6 - 8 ounces) within the first 6 hours of birth,[object Object], (as much of this as possible within the first hour) and 24 - 30 ounces within the first 24 hours. ,[object Object],The mother continue to produce colostrum for about 18 hours after delivery, but beyond 12- 15 hours, the gut of the newborn has pretty well lost its ability to absorb the beneficial contents of colostrum. ,[object Object]
If you are unable to obtain any colostrum from the mother, the freezer, the neighbor's cow or any other source, you can buy powdered (or in bolus form) colostrum from better feed stores.,[object Object]
IDENTIFICATION,[object Object],Tattooing  - This is  the preferred method of permanent identificationThe small sized tattoo plier works best on goats, especially goat kids.,[object Object],The numbers will grow bigger along with the kid’s ear as it grows.,[object Object]
Eartagging,[object Object],Try to avoid using metal tags as they infect easily. ,[object Object],avoid using tags that must be applied along the edge of the ears as goats like to bite each other’s ears and in grabbing these tags may rip the goat’s ear.,[object Object]
marketing,[object Object],price for chevon/mutton has risen from Rs 60 per kg to Rs 130-160 per kg over a decade,[object Object],huge expected increase in the demand for meat in developing countries.,[object Object],slowly moving from extensive to intensive system of management for commercial production.,[object Object]
The commercial goat farmers can earn best profit by producing and marketing pure breed goats and festive sale during Eid.,[object Object],Small size modern slaughter houses need to be established near the production centres.,[object Object]
In Dashara fest honoring the goddess Durga.  Goats  generally slaughtered from the 7th to the 10th day of the holiday after which families meet together and celebrate with curried goat while receiving family blessings. ,[object Object], Female goats  not acceptable for this holiday.  Relatively tender male goats are generally used.  ,[object Object]
QUESTIONS……………....???????????,[object Object],SreeragJayan K S,[object Object]
THANK YOU…….,[object Object]

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