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SWANSEA BLITZ
                                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................... 2

   How The Blitz started ........................................................................................................................................ 2

   Types of weapons used ................................................................................................................................... 2

   Precautions Taken ............................................................................................................................................ 3

      Shelters ........................................................................................................................................................... 3

      Blackouts ........................................................................................................................................................ 3

      Gas Masks ...................................................................................................................................................... 4

      Extra precaution ........................................................................................................................................... 4

   The Three Night Blitz.......................................................................................................................................... 4

   Wednesday 19th February 1941..................................................................................................................... 5

   Thursday 20th February 1941........................................................................................................................... 5

   Friday 21st February 1941 ................................................................................................................................ 5

      Ben Evans....................................................................................................................................................... 6

      Swansea Market ........................................................................................................................................... 6

      St. Mary’s Church.......................................................................................................................................... 6

   Witness Report................................................................................................................................................... 7

   The Impact/Aftermath..................................................................................................................................... 8

The Swansea Blitz.................................................................................................................................................. 9

   Deaths, Casualties and Injures ..................................................................................................................... 10

   Sources............................................................................................................................................................. 11

      Websites ....................................................................................................................................................... 11

      Books............................................................................................................................................................. 11

      Media - DVD ................................................................................................................................................ 11

      Other............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Created by: David Evans                 Project Swansea Blitz                 18th – 22nd March 2013




                                      INTRODUCTION
                                      IN TRODUCTION
I chose the Swansea Blitz as my project to educate myself and inform other people about events
which occurred during the Swansea Blitz and the impact of the devastation caused to buildings and
surrounding communities.




HOW THE BLITZ STARTED

In around 1100 Swansea was founded by a Norman lord. In 1800 it was known well for copper
smelting and for its heavy industry of shipping; this gave Swansea a name of ‘Copperopolis’ and
allowed the city to grow. Times were changing and the vast majority of materials were made in their
own country, however, by 1939 the city still produced tin plates and zinc in the lower Swansea Valley.
A train network ran just around the docks and very near were several grid like streets called St.
Thomas, what is now known as SA1. With such a heavy scene near the docks it was evident they
would be targets for attackers.

The Blitz occurred during World War II which operated between 1939 and 1945 consisting of two
teams. The Axis Power (enemies) was Germany, Italy & Japan and the allies were Britain, France,
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, the Soviet Union, China and the USA. Adolf Hitler was the
leader of Germany and the Nazi Party; he wanted Germany to rule Europe. Japan wanted to control
Asia and the Pacific. In 1937 Japan attacked China and two years later Germany invaded Poland.
Starting what we know now as World War II.




TYPES OF WEAPONS USED

      High Explosive (H.E) – Bombs which exploded with a huge bang and have the force to blow a
      single building apart.

      Incendiaries – Bombs which started fires, they had slow burning jets of phosphorous which
      were extremely dangerous to go near

      Parachute Mines – These mines were dropped from aircrafts during their flight and exploded
      before they touched the ground to maximise damage

      Oil bombs – These were in thin metal containers filled with flammable liquids which were
      dropped from an aircraft hurling to the ground; on impact exploded, shooting burning oil in
      the surrounding area.

Some of the bombs which landed did not go off but this could be due to a delayed action fuse. If a
bomb fell with a thud instead of a bang it was certainly a bomb which failed to explode and had to
be cornered off in case it went off; apparently 1 in every 10 fell with a thud.


                                            Page 2 of 11
Created by: David Evans                 Project Swansea Blitz                 18th – 22nd March 2013




PRECAUTIONS TAKEN

SHELTERS

In around 1937, before the outbreak of war, councils were giving out Anderson Shelters. For people
who wanted to stay at their own premises they needed to dig out an area in their garden and put
the corrugated steel together. Once built they put sandbags on top and covered it with turf to hide
the shelter; as these were known to be a magnet for the enemies to bomb. Not many people had
them and official archive information shows that by September 1939 just 6,500 of the 30,000
Anderson Shelters were actually given out.

Another type was called ‘Morrison Shelter’; this was an indoor shelter which looked like a steel table
with a wire mesh around all sides, they were quite strong and would have been adequate to save
the people inside from being crushed by falling bricks. While the ones who had Anderson Shelters
stayed within their gardens the ones without a shelter went to a public air raid shelter called
‘community Anderson Shelters’. These shelters consisted of beds, tables and some form of potty to go
to the toilet in.

My great grandmother Elizabeth Davies, often referred to as ‘Lizzie’ always blamed my great
grandfather Stanley Davies for apparently causing a bomb to explode. My great grandparents lived
near Brynhyfryd, Landore; being a heavy smoker he went outside of the Anderson Shelter during a
raid and lit a cigarette. As Germans flying overhead saw a light they decided it would be a good
enough target. They dropped a bomb and luckily due to their poor accuracy it landed four doors
down but went off; they survived with no injuries. My great, great auntie Alice who is now 100 years
old lived in the same street and is still alive today; however she was not available to comment.

BLACKOUTS

                                              The Air Raid Precautions (ARP) Department co-
                                              ordinated work of emergency services, enforced black-
                                              outs and set up sirens around the town. Blackouts meant
                                              that all lights at night had to be turned off or covered
                                              with blackout materials. Bicycle lamps had to have a
                                              cover, cars had to be adapted (lights had to be
                                              dimmed, reverse lights were prohibited and if a car was
                                              not going to be locked in a garage, part of the
                                              mechanism had to be removed or a locking device
                                              applied), and people’s houses had to have blackout
curtains on the windows. If they did not use the curtain an ARP warden came along telling you to put
the light out. These blackouts were so air bombers could not see the light and any targets; they
caused problems for anyone in the streets as you could hardly see but effectively in the long run
saved thousands of lives.




                                            Page 3 of 11
Created by: David Evans                   Project Swansea Blitz                18th – 22nd March 2013




GAS MASKS

The emergency services including ARP wardens were
given anti-gas training and gave gas masks to each
person living in Swansea where they had to carry them
every single second of the day. An interesting gas mask
is that of a baby; they were put into some kind of
quarantine looking item, this item is illustrated by a doll
in the picture to the right. This was a precaution due to
the Germans using gas in World War I; although no gas
attacks took place throughout World War II.

EXTRA PRECAUTION

To help prevent deaths some children were sent to other parts of the country. For example children
from Chatham, Kent went to Pontardawe in the Swansea Valley. Cities also used barrage balloons
which floated in the air and tied to the ground by steel; forcing enemy planes to go higher. The
advantage of using the barrage balloons were as the planes went higher they had less accuracy;
also the balloons were strong so any plane which went into them would be ruined.

Any buildings with windows had tape in a cross supporting the glass, ensuring it did not blow inwards
if they shattered. The government also took charge advertising how to put gas masks on, told people
to eat and grow more vegetables, the do’s and don’ts’ and a campaign named ‘Careless Talk
Costs Lives’ due to the fear of spies overhearing sensitive information.




THE THREE NIGHT BLITZ

The term Blitz comes from the German word ‘Blitzkrieg’ meaning ‘Lightning War’. A few nights before
the Blitz German pilots flew overhead and took aerial shots from high up in the sky to try and pin point
their targets; the images were very detailed. They marked potential targets such as where railway
lines were, coal being transported to King’s dock, the depots for Llandarcy with oil tanks clearly
marked out and food stores.

When the time came to bomb the city most of the bombers flew over Lundy Island (In Devon) and
approached Swansea from Worms Head, while more flew in from the east. The Luftwaffe (German
Air Force) was unable to get a precious target as they were flying high in the air. Quite shockingly if
the German Air Force dropped a bomb on a point target it could have landed anywhere in a 2 to
3km circle; the equivalent to approximately 1.8 miles. An example being if a bomb targeted
Sainsbury’s in Quay Parade that bomb could travel anywhere between Port Tennant & Cockett. Due
to their poor accuracy it is said that some bombers headed home dropping their bombs anywhere;
even on already lit fires making them a lot worse.




                                              Page 4 of 11
Created by: David Evans                 Project Swansea Blitz                 18th – 22nd March 2013

Swansea was a dangerous place during the blitz; when Lazerzone was once Castle Cinema an
incendiary bomb landed on the roof but dislodged itself and saved the cinema. On another
occasion a raid siren went off during a film; everyone hurried to get to a nearby shelter. One lady,
who was the last one out, saw that this shelter had become over packed and decided to go to
another. The all clear was sounded and the following day learned that the very same shelter which
was jam-packed had been a target and killed many people.

To try and hit British moral the German Air Force (often referred to as Luftwaffe) decided to bomb
offices, shops and homes. The bombs were so brutal that just one bomb could have destroyed just
one house; this happening on at least one occasion. These bombs were designed to burn so
throwing any water on them just made matters worse; their casings were made of magnesium so
throwing sand on them seemed to be the best way to burn them out.

The fire-fighters were faced with destroyed water pipes while fires were blazing throughout various
parts of the city; to combat this they had to gather water from the north dock and the Swansea
baths. When some of the fire-fighters were up ladders the enemy aircrafts would fire, wounding and
killing them. With all of this going on they still had to deal with containing a perimeter around
unexploded bombs and demolishing unsafe buildings. Swansea’s search lights were all beaming into
the sky trying to catch enemy aircrafts with artillery (known as ack-ack guns).




WEDNESDAY 19TH FEBRUARY 1941

This night saw the very first night of what we know as ‘Three Night Blitz’. Light snow was falling on
already icy streets at 7:30pm as a black-painted German aircraft held flares, nicknamed baskets of
onions, over Swansea Bay. These flares allowed other enemy aircrafts to drop high explosive bombs
over a lit up Swansea softening targets and destroying gas & water mains ensuring they created as
much damage as possible; this meant the fires were easier to start and harder to put out.




THURSDAY 20TH FEBRUARY 1941

The Germans (Often referred to as Nazis) copied the previous night holding flares in the sky, once
again lighting the city and uncovering what would become targets. The air force dropped
incendiaries and even land mines on parachutes, shattering glass as they exploded. 7 wardens were
on duty that night.




FRIDAY 21ST FEBRUARY 1941

The third night was one of the worst; the air raid sirens sounded at 7:50pm and lasted for five hours;
one firewatcher said “the incendiaries came down like snow”. The fires were so much out of control



                                            Page 5 of 11
Created by: David Evans                   Project Swansea Blitz                   18th – 22nd March 2013

that German pilots reported seeing approximately 7 extremely huge fires. On this night the market, a
department store named Ben Evans and St. Mary’s church were all targets.

BEN EVANS

A very well known and used department store was named Ben Evans. It was built in the 1890’s and
by the 1930’s the Carmarthenshire draper bought out small businesses and had a complex where 38
different departments were present; they consisted of clothes, china, haberdashery and more.
During the last night of the Three Night Blitz the department store which provided the people of
Swansea for 50 years was hit and now in its place stands castle square.

SWANSEA MARKET

One of the most known targets was the market; Swansea had
its original market at the end of Wind Street next to the castle in
the 18th century. Approximately 1830 the market was
relocated to a new site on Oxford Street. On this night the
incendiaries destroyed the interior causing metal girders to
twist, slates to crash and glass to smash. According to one
witness the girders were noticeably hot red. One of the most
distinctive effects about the market being hit was butter
melting in gutters and the smell of burning meat throughout the
town’s air.                                                           Courtesy of South Wales Evening Post

The Market was obliterated; traders had to trade off the back of trucks until new premises could be
found. After a short while the market was temporarily situated at United Welsh bus garage (where
Wilkinson’s is now) until the market was cleared where it then reverted back to its original site after a
short period of time. Between 1941 and 1959 it operated without a roof; it consisted of wooden stalls
with corrugated steel roofs but of course they rusted over time. The stalls were open to all weather
conditions; quite often water blown by the wind would fly off the roofs down onto ill-fated customers.
The market was rebuilt on the same site between 1959 and 1961 and traders were once again
temporarily moved to the south on Orange Street and where the clothes store Primark is today. At
one point a bomb fell near the market and bounced off a wall, sliding down some steps of a public
shelter blowing to bits; many people were killed.

ST. MARY’S CHURCH

                               St. Marys Church has been located at the site since around 1328; since
                               then it has been rebuilt several times; the last time being 1980 before
                               the war due to it needing a countless list of repairs. Elaine Kidwell
                               witnessed the tower of St. Marys Church exploding into a great big
                               fireball and the bells ringing, hitting each side of the tower as they
                               came crashing down. When the building was on fire a soldier on leave
                               ran through the flaming church to save the altar cross. The image to
                               the left shows how much of the church was still standing after the fire
                               had been extinguished; and the destruction caused.


                                              Page 6 of 11
Created by: David Evans                  Project Swansea Blitz                 18th – 22nd March 2013



Courtesy of South Wales Evening Post

The flames throughout the city were enormous and could be seen from up to 80 miles away. Places
such as: Cardigan, Pembrokeshire, Shropshire, Cornwall and Devon reported seeing fires. People
living around the coast of Devon had a view from across the sea; the fire was so bad they thought
Swansea was history. Although there was no fourth night the people of Swansea must have
expected one.




WITNESS REPORT

One lady who has influenced the reflection of the Swansea Blitz is Elaine Kidwell. She was the
youngest air raid woman warden in the country; just seventeen years and two months old. Her role
was to get people safely into shelters; she was the only girl in a team of 7. She explained:

       “I joined up as a civil defence messenger and when I was 17 years and two months old
       I asked to be an air raid warden even though you had to be 18”. “The man in charge
       could see I was young and when I told him my true age he said ‘In war we bend rules’.
       So I was in”.

One night the head warden Mr. Scott or ‘Scotty’ as she called him shouted at her to give him a
hand; as she got closer she could see he was kneeling over a man. This man tried putting out a
burning incendiary by stamping on it and blew up ripping his foot from his leg. They both tried
wrapping materials around his leg to stop the blood from escaping until the ambulance arrived (a
van with a piece of canvas in it). Arrived and ready to depart, Scotty threw the man’s shoe into the
ambulance splattering a trial of blood everywhere as his foot was still inside.

Another tale of Elaine’s experience was relatively personal. She had two cousins; two grownups with
two babies. Her father asked her to go and visit them to see if they were ok; she ran over but when
she got there two houses had disappeared, there was nothing. A lady appeared and said “they’re
quite safe now you know, they’re alright, not going to be hurt anymore”; she thought to herself that it
was strange the way she said it. The lady then said “I’ll come with you, they’re over the church”;
they went over to the church and walked inside. There were two coffins with ‘Mummy’, ‘Daddy’ and
another square white coffin with the two babies in.

The war was dangerous and no-one was safe. At one point Elaine saw a parachute mine fall towards
her. It exploded and she was blasted, rolling over and over until she was stopped by hitting a brick
wall; knocking the breath out of her. She went on to say she was so young she didn’t think it would
happen to her, only to other people. In addition to helping people get to safety, clearing bombs,
administrating first aid and rescuing people no-one had much sleep; in all she estimated to have
had around ten hours sleep, if even that, in those 72 hours. As part of her job she had to deliver bad
news, she was always told to smile no matter what was said or done.




                                             Page 7 of 11
Created by: David Evans                   Project Swansea Blitz                 18th – 22nd March 2013




THE IMPACT/AFTERMATH

It seems not all was done to protect Swansea from an attack and questions were raised; Cardiff and
other areas of the UK had more guns. Another major question asked is why there was no sound of
ack-ack guns being fired on the last night; one possibility is there were plans to take the Luftwaffe
head on by sending British Air Forces in and holding back fire just in case one of the British planes got
hit. Of course with the night Swansea had that never happened; Swansea was trapped while the
Luftwaffe had full control of the skies.

The morning of Saturday, 22nd February 1941 led to the Town Clerk and Chief Controller, H. Lang
Coath releasing the following statement:

       “We found roads impassable. Fifteen schools had been destroyed or severely
       damaged; telephones cut off; a causality list, providentially not so large as might be
       expected (227 people died and 254 were seriously injured. Over 6,537 people without
       a home.) The post office completely demolished and all papers, books and records,
       including thousands of food registrations, destroyed. The shopping centre, including
       the market, wiped out. A total of 171 food shops destroyed, 64 grocers, 61 butchers, 12
       bakers, and 34 hotels, restaurants, and café’s. Gas and water cut off causing cooking
       problems for those homes still standing.”

       “Dangerous buildings required immediate attention; the blitz area had to be cordoned
       off, rescue work had to go on, the dead had to be identified and buried. It just needed
       a match to cause panic and consternation and put everything in hopeless muddle
       and disorder.”

He also released information saying the ARP (Air Raid Prevention) control room had more than 8,000
messages and 561 incidents recorded during those three nights. Overall Swansea had 524 High Alerts
and everyone in the town spent a countless number of hours under threats of bombing; by the end
of it 41 acres of district has been engulfed.

                                                  The effect the war had on Swansea was horrific;
                                                  although the docks and industries were not majorly
                                                  hit approximately 857 properties were completely
                                                  destroyed while 11,000 were damaged making
                                                  8,000 people homeless. 395 shops, 107 offices and
                                                  82 industrial buildings were gone while many
                                                  families returning to rubble. The worst residential
                                                  areas consisted of Mayhill, Townhill, Brynmill,
                                                  Manselton, Brynhyrfed, Mount Pleasant and
                                                  St.Thomas. Ambulances had to pick up the injured
                                                  and the dead; sorting them at the hospital for
                                                  burial.
      Courtesy of South Wales Evening Post
                                             Page 8 of 11
Created by: David Evans                      Project Swansea Blitz                18th – 22nd March 2013

                                                             THE SWANSEA BLITZ

  1st September 1940                   Throughout World War II (1939-45) Swansea had 44 attacks, 5 being blitz:                     17th January 1941

 Blitz No.1 happened                                                                                                           Blitz No.2 was intended to hit
 when the Llandarcy             Blitz No.1                                                                Blitz No. 3, 4 & 5   the docks but all missed the
 oil refinery was                                                                                                              target; 178 high explosives
 attacked. It lasted       1st September 1940                                                             19th – 21st 1941     and 7000 incendiaries fell
 several hours where                                                                                                           either side of River Tawe
 251 High explosive                                                                                                            causing extensive damage
 bombs and over                     September        October         November   December      January         February         to St. Thomas. It started
 1000 incendiaries                                                                                                             around 8pm and finished
 were dropped; 33                                                                                                              around 12:50am. There
 People were killed                                                                                                            were three injures but no
 and 115 injured.                                                                            Blitz No.2                        deaths reported.

                                                                                         17th January 1941

A force of 60-70 enemy aircrafts releasing over 30,000 incendiaries and 800 high explosive bombs (66 failing to detonate) was used to wreck havoc
on the town; a higher concentration area than anywhere outside of London. To help with putting out fires other fire-fighters from South Wales were
travelling to Swansea to lend a helping hand. In addition twenty-two water tankers headed to Swansea to help with the wide spread issues.

A majority of buildings could not be rebuilt until the 1950’s due to there being a limited supply of materials. On top of burst water mains; sewers, gas
mains and electricity were off. All together forty-four water pipes were repaired within a fortnight; as fire-fighters struggled to contain the fires some
families had to use stirrup pumps to try and save their belongings.

A diary found written by The Rev James “Jimmy” Arter, aged 26 served churches in Townhill and at the time stated he put out incendiaries by using
sandbags and how homeless people were wandering the streets trying to salvage what they can from the rubble of their homes. He wrote:

           “Homeless everywhere and dead lying under ruins. People white and sick looking, self among them as this just bloody murder.”


                                                                         Page 9 of 11
Created by: David Evans                   Project Swansea Blitz                    18th – 22nd March 2013

Some buildings survived the devastation of the town:

       The ‘Bonmarché’ building just opposite
       Peacocks survived and still has the lions on top

       Old Swansea Police Station (However it has
       Indentations from flying shrapnel)

       Swansea Museum

       Swansea Castle

       Cross Keys Inn

       Swansea Castle

       Glynn Vivian Art Gallery

       The Palace Theatre, just up from the train station         Courtesy of South Wales Evening Post
       (Unfortunately it is now left deteriorated)

       Mount Pleasant Chapel/Baptist Church (Seen in the background of the image)




DEATHS, CASUALTIES AND INJURES

  Three         Men        Women        Under 16       Air-         Messengers      Rescue        Firemen
Night Blitz                                          Wardens                        Workers


  No of         122           68            37              3            3              4            3
 deaths:


As seen in the table above during those three nights 227 people died; 122 men; 68 women and 37 of
them under the age of 16; while more than 400 people were injured. 3 air-wardens; 3 messengers; 4
rescue workers and 3 firemen were among those killed as they struggled to control 192 fires.

387 civilian and military personal died during all the air raids. Swansea saw The Three Night Blitz as a
total failure from the Germans. The docks and industries were largely untouched and quickly
reopened. The British moral increased as there was much support towards the city after such
devastating events. To commemorate the fallen service men a memorial statue is present at
Swansea sea front. A small plaque is also present near the marina remembering the many civilians
who had a tragic ending.




                                             Page 10 of 11
Created by: David Evans                        Project Swansea Blitz           18th – 22nd March 2013

During the whole of World War II Swansea had the highest Deaths throughout Wales and Injuries after
Cardiff in WWII:



                              Air Raid Casualties - Wales 1939-45

                     Anglesey

                      Flintshire

               Caernarfonshire

               Carmarthenshire
   Locations




                      Denbigh
                                                                                      Injuries
                Monmouthshire
                                                                                      Deaths
                Pembrokeshire

                   Glamorgan

                      Newport

                       Cardiff

                     Swansea


                                   0   100     200       300       400   500
                                             Number of casualties




SOURCES

WEBSITES

Websites I used can be seen at: https://www.diigo.com/user/devansitec/ICTProject1

BOOKS

‘When Wales went to war 1939-45’ – John O’Sullivan (2005)

‘Images of Swansea’ – South Wales Evening Post (1998). (Images used with permission)

MEDIA - DVD

‘The three nights blitz: February 19th, 20th & 21st’ – Swansea Museum

OTHER

Pictures of ‘blackout curtain’ and ‘baby gas mask’ taken at ‘1940’s Swansea Bay’ by me.

                                                  Page 11 of 11

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Swansea Blitz Project

  • 1. SWANSEA BLITZ TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction........................................................................................................................................................... 2 How The Blitz started ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Types of weapons used ................................................................................................................................... 2 Precautions Taken ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Shelters ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 Blackouts ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Gas Masks ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Extra precaution ........................................................................................................................................... 4 The Three Night Blitz.......................................................................................................................................... 4 Wednesday 19th February 1941..................................................................................................................... 5 Thursday 20th February 1941........................................................................................................................... 5 Friday 21st February 1941 ................................................................................................................................ 5 Ben Evans....................................................................................................................................................... 6 Swansea Market ........................................................................................................................................... 6 St. Mary’s Church.......................................................................................................................................... 6 Witness Report................................................................................................................................................... 7 The Impact/Aftermath..................................................................................................................................... 8 The Swansea Blitz.................................................................................................................................................. 9 Deaths, Casualties and Injures ..................................................................................................................... 10 Sources............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Websites ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Books............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Media - DVD ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Other............................................................................................................................................................. 11
  • 2. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 INTRODUCTION IN TRODUCTION I chose the Swansea Blitz as my project to educate myself and inform other people about events which occurred during the Swansea Blitz and the impact of the devastation caused to buildings and surrounding communities. HOW THE BLITZ STARTED In around 1100 Swansea was founded by a Norman lord. In 1800 it was known well for copper smelting and for its heavy industry of shipping; this gave Swansea a name of ‘Copperopolis’ and allowed the city to grow. Times were changing and the vast majority of materials were made in their own country, however, by 1939 the city still produced tin plates and zinc in the lower Swansea Valley. A train network ran just around the docks and very near were several grid like streets called St. Thomas, what is now known as SA1. With such a heavy scene near the docks it was evident they would be targets for attackers. The Blitz occurred during World War II which operated between 1939 and 1945 consisting of two teams. The Axis Power (enemies) was Germany, Italy & Japan and the allies were Britain, France, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, the Soviet Union, China and the USA. Adolf Hitler was the leader of Germany and the Nazi Party; he wanted Germany to rule Europe. Japan wanted to control Asia and the Pacific. In 1937 Japan attacked China and two years later Germany invaded Poland. Starting what we know now as World War II. TYPES OF WEAPONS USED High Explosive (H.E) – Bombs which exploded with a huge bang and have the force to blow a single building apart. Incendiaries – Bombs which started fires, they had slow burning jets of phosphorous which were extremely dangerous to go near Parachute Mines – These mines were dropped from aircrafts during their flight and exploded before they touched the ground to maximise damage Oil bombs – These were in thin metal containers filled with flammable liquids which were dropped from an aircraft hurling to the ground; on impact exploded, shooting burning oil in the surrounding area. Some of the bombs which landed did not go off but this could be due to a delayed action fuse. If a bomb fell with a thud instead of a bang it was certainly a bomb which failed to explode and had to be cornered off in case it went off; apparently 1 in every 10 fell with a thud. Page 2 of 11
  • 3. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 PRECAUTIONS TAKEN SHELTERS In around 1937, before the outbreak of war, councils were giving out Anderson Shelters. For people who wanted to stay at their own premises they needed to dig out an area in their garden and put the corrugated steel together. Once built they put sandbags on top and covered it with turf to hide the shelter; as these were known to be a magnet for the enemies to bomb. Not many people had them and official archive information shows that by September 1939 just 6,500 of the 30,000 Anderson Shelters were actually given out. Another type was called ‘Morrison Shelter’; this was an indoor shelter which looked like a steel table with a wire mesh around all sides, they were quite strong and would have been adequate to save the people inside from being crushed by falling bricks. While the ones who had Anderson Shelters stayed within their gardens the ones without a shelter went to a public air raid shelter called ‘community Anderson Shelters’. These shelters consisted of beds, tables and some form of potty to go to the toilet in. My great grandmother Elizabeth Davies, often referred to as ‘Lizzie’ always blamed my great grandfather Stanley Davies for apparently causing a bomb to explode. My great grandparents lived near Brynhyfryd, Landore; being a heavy smoker he went outside of the Anderson Shelter during a raid and lit a cigarette. As Germans flying overhead saw a light they decided it would be a good enough target. They dropped a bomb and luckily due to their poor accuracy it landed four doors down but went off; they survived with no injuries. My great, great auntie Alice who is now 100 years old lived in the same street and is still alive today; however she was not available to comment. BLACKOUTS The Air Raid Precautions (ARP) Department co- ordinated work of emergency services, enforced black- outs and set up sirens around the town. Blackouts meant that all lights at night had to be turned off or covered with blackout materials. Bicycle lamps had to have a cover, cars had to be adapted (lights had to be dimmed, reverse lights were prohibited and if a car was not going to be locked in a garage, part of the mechanism had to be removed or a locking device applied), and people’s houses had to have blackout curtains on the windows. If they did not use the curtain an ARP warden came along telling you to put the light out. These blackouts were so air bombers could not see the light and any targets; they caused problems for anyone in the streets as you could hardly see but effectively in the long run saved thousands of lives. Page 3 of 11
  • 4. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 GAS MASKS The emergency services including ARP wardens were given anti-gas training and gave gas masks to each person living in Swansea where they had to carry them every single second of the day. An interesting gas mask is that of a baby; they were put into some kind of quarantine looking item, this item is illustrated by a doll in the picture to the right. This was a precaution due to the Germans using gas in World War I; although no gas attacks took place throughout World War II. EXTRA PRECAUTION To help prevent deaths some children were sent to other parts of the country. For example children from Chatham, Kent went to Pontardawe in the Swansea Valley. Cities also used barrage balloons which floated in the air and tied to the ground by steel; forcing enemy planes to go higher. The advantage of using the barrage balloons were as the planes went higher they had less accuracy; also the balloons were strong so any plane which went into them would be ruined. Any buildings with windows had tape in a cross supporting the glass, ensuring it did not blow inwards if they shattered. The government also took charge advertising how to put gas masks on, told people to eat and grow more vegetables, the do’s and don’ts’ and a campaign named ‘Careless Talk Costs Lives’ due to the fear of spies overhearing sensitive information. THE THREE NIGHT BLITZ The term Blitz comes from the German word ‘Blitzkrieg’ meaning ‘Lightning War’. A few nights before the Blitz German pilots flew overhead and took aerial shots from high up in the sky to try and pin point their targets; the images were very detailed. They marked potential targets such as where railway lines were, coal being transported to King’s dock, the depots for Llandarcy with oil tanks clearly marked out and food stores. When the time came to bomb the city most of the bombers flew over Lundy Island (In Devon) and approached Swansea from Worms Head, while more flew in from the east. The Luftwaffe (German Air Force) was unable to get a precious target as they were flying high in the air. Quite shockingly if the German Air Force dropped a bomb on a point target it could have landed anywhere in a 2 to 3km circle; the equivalent to approximately 1.8 miles. An example being if a bomb targeted Sainsbury’s in Quay Parade that bomb could travel anywhere between Port Tennant & Cockett. Due to their poor accuracy it is said that some bombers headed home dropping their bombs anywhere; even on already lit fires making them a lot worse. Page 4 of 11
  • 5. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 Swansea was a dangerous place during the blitz; when Lazerzone was once Castle Cinema an incendiary bomb landed on the roof but dislodged itself and saved the cinema. On another occasion a raid siren went off during a film; everyone hurried to get to a nearby shelter. One lady, who was the last one out, saw that this shelter had become over packed and decided to go to another. The all clear was sounded and the following day learned that the very same shelter which was jam-packed had been a target and killed many people. To try and hit British moral the German Air Force (often referred to as Luftwaffe) decided to bomb offices, shops and homes. The bombs were so brutal that just one bomb could have destroyed just one house; this happening on at least one occasion. These bombs were designed to burn so throwing any water on them just made matters worse; their casings were made of magnesium so throwing sand on them seemed to be the best way to burn them out. The fire-fighters were faced with destroyed water pipes while fires were blazing throughout various parts of the city; to combat this they had to gather water from the north dock and the Swansea baths. When some of the fire-fighters were up ladders the enemy aircrafts would fire, wounding and killing them. With all of this going on they still had to deal with containing a perimeter around unexploded bombs and demolishing unsafe buildings. Swansea’s search lights were all beaming into the sky trying to catch enemy aircrafts with artillery (known as ack-ack guns). WEDNESDAY 19TH FEBRUARY 1941 This night saw the very first night of what we know as ‘Three Night Blitz’. Light snow was falling on already icy streets at 7:30pm as a black-painted German aircraft held flares, nicknamed baskets of onions, over Swansea Bay. These flares allowed other enemy aircrafts to drop high explosive bombs over a lit up Swansea softening targets and destroying gas & water mains ensuring they created as much damage as possible; this meant the fires were easier to start and harder to put out. THURSDAY 20TH FEBRUARY 1941 The Germans (Often referred to as Nazis) copied the previous night holding flares in the sky, once again lighting the city and uncovering what would become targets. The air force dropped incendiaries and even land mines on parachutes, shattering glass as they exploded. 7 wardens were on duty that night. FRIDAY 21ST FEBRUARY 1941 The third night was one of the worst; the air raid sirens sounded at 7:50pm and lasted for five hours; one firewatcher said “the incendiaries came down like snow”. The fires were so much out of control Page 5 of 11
  • 6. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 that German pilots reported seeing approximately 7 extremely huge fires. On this night the market, a department store named Ben Evans and St. Mary’s church were all targets. BEN EVANS A very well known and used department store was named Ben Evans. It was built in the 1890’s and by the 1930’s the Carmarthenshire draper bought out small businesses and had a complex where 38 different departments were present; they consisted of clothes, china, haberdashery and more. During the last night of the Three Night Blitz the department store which provided the people of Swansea for 50 years was hit and now in its place stands castle square. SWANSEA MARKET One of the most known targets was the market; Swansea had its original market at the end of Wind Street next to the castle in the 18th century. Approximately 1830 the market was relocated to a new site on Oxford Street. On this night the incendiaries destroyed the interior causing metal girders to twist, slates to crash and glass to smash. According to one witness the girders were noticeably hot red. One of the most distinctive effects about the market being hit was butter melting in gutters and the smell of burning meat throughout the town’s air. Courtesy of South Wales Evening Post The Market was obliterated; traders had to trade off the back of trucks until new premises could be found. After a short while the market was temporarily situated at United Welsh bus garage (where Wilkinson’s is now) until the market was cleared where it then reverted back to its original site after a short period of time. Between 1941 and 1959 it operated without a roof; it consisted of wooden stalls with corrugated steel roofs but of course they rusted over time. The stalls were open to all weather conditions; quite often water blown by the wind would fly off the roofs down onto ill-fated customers. The market was rebuilt on the same site between 1959 and 1961 and traders were once again temporarily moved to the south on Orange Street and where the clothes store Primark is today. At one point a bomb fell near the market and bounced off a wall, sliding down some steps of a public shelter blowing to bits; many people were killed. ST. MARY’S CHURCH St. Marys Church has been located at the site since around 1328; since then it has been rebuilt several times; the last time being 1980 before the war due to it needing a countless list of repairs. Elaine Kidwell witnessed the tower of St. Marys Church exploding into a great big fireball and the bells ringing, hitting each side of the tower as they came crashing down. When the building was on fire a soldier on leave ran through the flaming church to save the altar cross. The image to the left shows how much of the church was still standing after the fire had been extinguished; and the destruction caused. Page 6 of 11
  • 7. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 Courtesy of South Wales Evening Post The flames throughout the city were enormous and could be seen from up to 80 miles away. Places such as: Cardigan, Pembrokeshire, Shropshire, Cornwall and Devon reported seeing fires. People living around the coast of Devon had a view from across the sea; the fire was so bad they thought Swansea was history. Although there was no fourth night the people of Swansea must have expected one. WITNESS REPORT One lady who has influenced the reflection of the Swansea Blitz is Elaine Kidwell. She was the youngest air raid woman warden in the country; just seventeen years and two months old. Her role was to get people safely into shelters; she was the only girl in a team of 7. She explained: “I joined up as a civil defence messenger and when I was 17 years and two months old I asked to be an air raid warden even though you had to be 18”. “The man in charge could see I was young and when I told him my true age he said ‘In war we bend rules’. So I was in”. One night the head warden Mr. Scott or ‘Scotty’ as she called him shouted at her to give him a hand; as she got closer she could see he was kneeling over a man. This man tried putting out a burning incendiary by stamping on it and blew up ripping his foot from his leg. They both tried wrapping materials around his leg to stop the blood from escaping until the ambulance arrived (a van with a piece of canvas in it). Arrived and ready to depart, Scotty threw the man’s shoe into the ambulance splattering a trial of blood everywhere as his foot was still inside. Another tale of Elaine’s experience was relatively personal. She had two cousins; two grownups with two babies. Her father asked her to go and visit them to see if they were ok; she ran over but when she got there two houses had disappeared, there was nothing. A lady appeared and said “they’re quite safe now you know, they’re alright, not going to be hurt anymore”; she thought to herself that it was strange the way she said it. The lady then said “I’ll come with you, they’re over the church”; they went over to the church and walked inside. There were two coffins with ‘Mummy’, ‘Daddy’ and another square white coffin with the two babies in. The war was dangerous and no-one was safe. At one point Elaine saw a parachute mine fall towards her. It exploded and she was blasted, rolling over and over until she was stopped by hitting a brick wall; knocking the breath out of her. She went on to say she was so young she didn’t think it would happen to her, only to other people. In addition to helping people get to safety, clearing bombs, administrating first aid and rescuing people no-one had much sleep; in all she estimated to have had around ten hours sleep, if even that, in those 72 hours. As part of her job she had to deliver bad news, she was always told to smile no matter what was said or done. Page 7 of 11
  • 8. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 THE IMPACT/AFTERMATH It seems not all was done to protect Swansea from an attack and questions were raised; Cardiff and other areas of the UK had more guns. Another major question asked is why there was no sound of ack-ack guns being fired on the last night; one possibility is there were plans to take the Luftwaffe head on by sending British Air Forces in and holding back fire just in case one of the British planes got hit. Of course with the night Swansea had that never happened; Swansea was trapped while the Luftwaffe had full control of the skies. The morning of Saturday, 22nd February 1941 led to the Town Clerk and Chief Controller, H. Lang Coath releasing the following statement: “We found roads impassable. Fifteen schools had been destroyed or severely damaged; telephones cut off; a causality list, providentially not so large as might be expected (227 people died and 254 were seriously injured. Over 6,537 people without a home.) The post office completely demolished and all papers, books and records, including thousands of food registrations, destroyed. The shopping centre, including the market, wiped out. A total of 171 food shops destroyed, 64 grocers, 61 butchers, 12 bakers, and 34 hotels, restaurants, and café’s. Gas and water cut off causing cooking problems for those homes still standing.” “Dangerous buildings required immediate attention; the blitz area had to be cordoned off, rescue work had to go on, the dead had to be identified and buried. It just needed a match to cause panic and consternation and put everything in hopeless muddle and disorder.” He also released information saying the ARP (Air Raid Prevention) control room had more than 8,000 messages and 561 incidents recorded during those three nights. Overall Swansea had 524 High Alerts and everyone in the town spent a countless number of hours under threats of bombing; by the end of it 41 acres of district has been engulfed. The effect the war had on Swansea was horrific; although the docks and industries were not majorly hit approximately 857 properties were completely destroyed while 11,000 were damaged making 8,000 people homeless. 395 shops, 107 offices and 82 industrial buildings were gone while many families returning to rubble. The worst residential areas consisted of Mayhill, Townhill, Brynmill, Manselton, Brynhyrfed, Mount Pleasant and St.Thomas. Ambulances had to pick up the injured and the dead; sorting them at the hospital for burial. Courtesy of South Wales Evening Post Page 8 of 11
  • 9. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 THE SWANSEA BLITZ 1st September 1940 Throughout World War II (1939-45) Swansea had 44 attacks, 5 being blitz: 17th January 1941 Blitz No.1 happened Blitz No.2 was intended to hit when the Llandarcy Blitz No.1 Blitz No. 3, 4 & 5 the docks but all missed the oil refinery was target; 178 high explosives attacked. It lasted 1st September 1940 19th – 21st 1941 and 7000 incendiaries fell several hours where either side of River Tawe 251 High explosive causing extensive damage bombs and over September October November December January February to St. Thomas. It started 1000 incendiaries around 8pm and finished were dropped; 33 around 12:50am. There People were killed were three injures but no and 115 injured. Blitz No.2 deaths reported. 17th January 1941 A force of 60-70 enemy aircrafts releasing over 30,000 incendiaries and 800 high explosive bombs (66 failing to detonate) was used to wreck havoc on the town; a higher concentration area than anywhere outside of London. To help with putting out fires other fire-fighters from South Wales were travelling to Swansea to lend a helping hand. In addition twenty-two water tankers headed to Swansea to help with the wide spread issues. A majority of buildings could not be rebuilt until the 1950’s due to there being a limited supply of materials. On top of burst water mains; sewers, gas mains and electricity were off. All together forty-four water pipes were repaired within a fortnight; as fire-fighters struggled to contain the fires some families had to use stirrup pumps to try and save their belongings. A diary found written by The Rev James “Jimmy” Arter, aged 26 served churches in Townhill and at the time stated he put out incendiaries by using sandbags and how homeless people were wandering the streets trying to salvage what they can from the rubble of their homes. He wrote: “Homeless everywhere and dead lying under ruins. People white and sick looking, self among them as this just bloody murder.” Page 9 of 11
  • 10. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 Some buildings survived the devastation of the town: The ‘Bonmarché’ building just opposite Peacocks survived and still has the lions on top Old Swansea Police Station (However it has Indentations from flying shrapnel) Swansea Museum Swansea Castle Cross Keys Inn Swansea Castle Glynn Vivian Art Gallery The Palace Theatre, just up from the train station Courtesy of South Wales Evening Post (Unfortunately it is now left deteriorated) Mount Pleasant Chapel/Baptist Church (Seen in the background of the image) DEATHS, CASUALTIES AND INJURES Three Men Women Under 16 Air- Messengers Rescue Firemen Night Blitz Wardens Workers No of 122 68 37 3 3 4 3 deaths: As seen in the table above during those three nights 227 people died; 122 men; 68 women and 37 of them under the age of 16; while more than 400 people were injured. 3 air-wardens; 3 messengers; 4 rescue workers and 3 firemen were among those killed as they struggled to control 192 fires. 387 civilian and military personal died during all the air raids. Swansea saw The Three Night Blitz as a total failure from the Germans. The docks and industries were largely untouched and quickly reopened. The British moral increased as there was much support towards the city after such devastating events. To commemorate the fallen service men a memorial statue is present at Swansea sea front. A small plaque is also present near the marina remembering the many civilians who had a tragic ending. Page 10 of 11
  • 11. Created by: David Evans Project Swansea Blitz 18th – 22nd March 2013 During the whole of World War II Swansea had the highest Deaths throughout Wales and Injuries after Cardiff in WWII: Air Raid Casualties - Wales 1939-45 Anglesey Flintshire Caernarfonshire Carmarthenshire Locations Denbigh Injuries Monmouthshire Deaths Pembrokeshire Glamorgan Newport Cardiff Swansea 0 100 200 300 400 500 Number of casualties SOURCES WEBSITES Websites I used can be seen at: https://www.diigo.com/user/devansitec/ICTProject1 BOOKS ‘When Wales went to war 1939-45’ – John O’Sullivan (2005) ‘Images of Swansea’ – South Wales Evening Post (1998). (Images used with permission) MEDIA - DVD ‘The three nights blitz: February 19th, 20th & 21st’ – Swansea Museum OTHER Pictures of ‘blackout curtain’ and ‘baby gas mask’ taken at ‘1940’s Swansea Bay’ by me. Page 11 of 11