1. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Born October 24, 1632
Delft, Netherlands
Died August 26, 1723 (aged 90)
Delft, Netherlands Residence Netherlands
Nationality Dutch
Fields Microscopist and Biologist Known for Discovery of protozoa
First red blood cell description
Van Leeuwenhoek's interest in microscopes and a familiarity with glass processing led to one of the
most significant, and simultaneously well-hidden, technical insights in the history of science. By placing
the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, Van Leeuwenhoek could pull the hot section
apart to create two long whiskers of glass. Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, he
could create a very small, high-quality glass sphere. These spheres became the lenses of his
microscopes, with the smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications. An experienced
businessman, Leeuwenhoek realized that if his simple method for creating the critically important lens
was revealed, the scientific community of his time would likely disregard or even forget his role in
microscopy. He therefore allowed others to believe that he was laboriously spending most of his nights
and free time grinding increasingly tiny lenses to use in microscopes, even though this belief conflicted
both with his construction of hundreds of microscopes and his habit of building a new microscope
whenever he chanced upon an interesting specimen that he wanted to preserve.

2. William Harvey
Born 1 April 1578
Folkestone
Died 3 June 1657 (aged 79)
Roehampton
Nationality English
Fields Medicine Anatomy Doctoral advisor Hieronymus Fabricius
Known for Systemic circulation

3. Harvey continued to participate in the Lumleian lectures while also taking care of his patients at
St. Bartholomew's Hospital; he thus soon attained an important and fairly lucrative practice,
which climaxed with his appointment as 'Physician Extraordinary' to King James I on 3 February
1618. He seems to have similarly served various aristocrats, including Lord Chancellor Bacon.
In 1628 he published in Frankfurt his completed treatise on the circulation of the blood, the De
Motu Cordis. As a result of negative comments by other physicians Harvey "fell mightily in his
practice",[8] but continued advancing his career. He was re-elected 'Censor' of the College of
Physicians in 1629, having been elected for the first time in 1613 and the second time in 1625.
Eventually, Harvey was also elected Treasurer of the College.
Louis Pasteur
Born December 27, 1822
Dole, Jura, Franche-Comté, France
Died September 28, 1895 (aged 72)
Marnes-la-Coquette, Hauts-de-Seine, France
Residence France
Nationality French
Fields Chemistry Microbiology Institutions Dijon Lycée University of Strasbourg Université Lille Nord de
France École Normale Supérieure
Alma mater École Normale Supérieure

4. Notable students Charles Friedel[1]
Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in Dole in the Jura region of France, into the family of a
poor tanner. Louis grew up in the town of Arbois.[2] This fact probably instilled in the younger Pasteur
the strong patriotism that later was a defining element of his character. Louis Pasteur was an average
student in his early years, but he was gifted in drawing and painting. His pastels and portraits of his
parents and friends, made when he was 15, were later kept in the museum of the Pasteur Institute in
Paris. He earned his bachelor of arts degree (1840) and bachelor of science degree (1842) at the École
Normale Supérieure. After serving briefly as professor of physics at Dijon Lycée in 1848, he became
professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg,[2] where he met and courted Marie Laurent,
daughter of the university's rector, in 1849. They were married on May 29, 1849, and together had five
children, only two of whom survived to adulthood; the other three died of typhoid. These personal
tragedies inspired Pasteur to try to find cures for diseases such as typhoid.
Aristotle
Born 384 BC
Stageira, Chalcidice
Died 322 BC (age 61 or 62)
Euboea
Nationality Greek

5. Era Ancient philosophy
Region Western philosophy
School Peripatetic school
Aristotelianism
Main interests Physics, Metaphysics, Poetry, Theatre, Music, Rhetoric, Politics, Government, Ethics,
Biology, Zoology
Notable ideas Golden mean, Reason, Logic, Syllogism, Passion
Aristotle "says that 'on the subject of reasoning' he 'had nothing else on an earlier date to speak of'".[15]
However, Plato reports that syntax was devised before him, by Prodicus of Ceos, who was concerned by
the correct use of words. Logic seems to have emerged from dialectics; the earlier philosophers made
frequent use of concepts like reductio ad absurdum in their discussions, but never truly understood the
logical implications. Even Plato had difficulties with logic; although he had a reasonable conception of a
deductive system, he could never actually construct one and relied instead on his dialectic.[16] Plato
believed that deduction would simply follow from premises, hence he focused on maintaining solid
premises so that the conclusion would logically follow. Consequently, Plato realized that a method for
obtaining conclusions would be most beneficial. He never succeeded in devising such a method, but his
best attempt was published in his book Sophist, where he introduced his division method.[17]
Ronald Ross

6. Born 13 May 1857
Almora, India
Died 16 September 1932 (aged 75)
London, England, United Kingdom
Nationality British
Fields Medicine
Alma mater St. Fratbore Hospital
Known for Malaria parasite discovery
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1902)
Ross studied malaria between 1882 and 1899. He worked on malaria at the Presidency General
Hospital, Calcutta. Ross built a bungalow with a laboratory at Mahanad village, where he used to stay
from time to time collecting mosquitoes in Mahanad and adjoining villages and conducting research. In
1883, Ross was posted as the Acting Garrison Surgeon at Bangalore during which time he noticed the
possibility of controlling mosquitoes by controlling their access to water.
In 1897, Ross was posted in Ooty and fell ill with malaria. After this he was transferred to Secunderabad,
where Osmania University and its medical school is located. He discovered the presence of the malarial

7. parasite within a specific species of mosquito, of the genus Anopheles. He initially called them dapple-
wings.He was able to find the malaria parasite in a mosquito that he artificially fed on a malaria patient
named Hussain Khan.
In 1902, Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his remarkable work on malaria. His Indian
assistant Kishori Mohan Bandyopadhyay was awarded a gold medal.In 1899, Ross went back to Britain
[2][3]
and joined Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine as a professor of tropical medicine. In 1901 Ross
[4]
was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons and also a Fellow of the Royal Society, of which
he became Vice-President from 1911 to 1913. In 1902 he was appointed a Companion of the Most
Honourable Order of Bath by King Edward VII, and discovered how malaria was transmitted. In 1911 he
was elevated to the rank of Knight Commander of the same Order.
During his active career Ross advocated the task of prevention of malaria in different countries. He
carried out surveys and initiated schemes in many places, including West Africa, the Suez
Canal zone, Greece, Mauritius, Cyprus, and in the areas affected by the First World War. He also initiated
organisations, which have proved to be well established, for the prevention of malaria within the planting
industries of India and Ceylon. He made many contributions to the epidemiology of malaria and to
methods of its survey and assessment, but perhaps his greatest was the development of mathematical
models for the study of its epidemiology, initiated in his report on Mauritius in 1908, elaborated in his
Prevention of malaria in 1911 and further elaborated in a more generalised form in scientific papers
published by the Royal Society in 1915 and 1916. These papers represented a profound mathematical
interest which was not confined to epidemiology, but led him to make material contributions to both pure
and applied mathematics.
Through these works Ross continued his great contribution in the form of the discovery of the
transmission of malaria by the mosquito, but he also found time and mental energy for many other
pursuits, being a poet, playwright, writer and painter. Particularly, his poetic works gained him wide
acclamation which was independent of his medical and mathematical standing.
Honors and awards
Ross received many honours in addition to the Nobel Prize, and was given Honorary Membership of
learned societies of most countries of Europe, and of many other continents. He got an honorary M.D.
degree in Stockholm in 1910 at the centenary celebration of the Caroline Institute and his 1923
autobiography Memoirs, Etc. was awarded that year's James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Whilst his
vivacity and single-minded search for truth caused friction with some people, he enjoyed a vast circle of
friends in Europe, Asia and the United States who respected him for his personality as well as for his
genius.
In India Ross is remembered with great respect. Because of his relentless work on malaria, the deadly
epidemic which used to claim thousands of lives every year could be successfully controlled. There are
roads named after him in many Indian towns and cities. In Calcutta the road linking Presidency General
Hospital with Kidderpore Road has been renamed after him as Sir Ronald Ross Sarani. Earlier this road
was known as Hospital Road. In his memory, the regional infectious disease hospital at Hyderabad was
named after him as Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases in recognition of
his services in the field of tropical diseases. The building where he worked and actually discovered the

8. malarial parasite, located in Secunderabad near the old Begumpet airport, is a heritage site and the road
leading up to the building is named Sir Ronald Ross Road.
In Ludhiana, Christian Medical College has named its Hostel as "Ross Hostel". The young doctors often
call themselves "Rossians".
[6]
The University of Surrey, UK, has named a road after him in its Manor Park Residences.
Ronald Ross primary school near Wimbledon Common is named after him. The school's coat of arms
[7]
includes a mosquito in one quarter.
Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology is established in memory of Ronald Ross in Hyderabad,
[8]
under Osmania University.
James Dewey Watson
Born April 6, 1928 (age 84)
Chicago, United States
Nationality American
Fields Genetics
Institutions Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Harvard University
University of Cambridge
National Institutes of Health
Alma mater University of Chicago
Indiana University
Known for DNA structure

9. Molecular biology
Notable awards Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1962)
Copley Medal (1993)
James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist,
best known as a co-discoverer of the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick. Watson, Crick,
and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"for their discoveries
concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living
material".
Yellapragada Subbarao
Born 12 January 1895
Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh,India
Died 9 August 1948 (aged 53)
Nationality Indian
Fields Medicine
Institutions Lederle Laboratories, a division of American
Cyanamid(Acquired by Wyeth in 1994, now Pfizer)

10. Alma mater Madras Medical College
Harvard University
Known for
Discovery of the role
ofPhosphocreatine and Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP) in muscular activity
Synthesis of Folic Acid
Synthesis of Methotrexate
Discovery of Diethylcarbamazine
M. S. Swaminathan
M. S. Swaminathan
Born 7 August 1925 (age 86)
Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
Residence Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Nationality India

11. Fields Agricultural science
Institutions MS Swaminathan Research Foundation
Alma mater Maharajas College
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
University of Cambridge
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Known for High-yielding varieties of wheatin India
Influences Dr. Norman Borlaug
Notable Padma Shri (1967)
awards
Padma Bhushan (1972)
Padma Vibhushan (1989)
World Food Prize (1987)
Har Gobind Khorana

12. Born January 9, 1922
Raipur, Punjab, British Raj (now part of Pakistan)
Died November 9, 2011 (aged 89)
Concord, Massachusetts, U.S.
Residence India, United States, United Kingdom
Nationality American[1]
Fields Molecular Biology
Institutions MIT (1970–2007)
University of Wisconsin, Madison (1960–70)
University of British Columbia(1952–60)
Cambridge University (1950–52)
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Zurich (1948–49)
Alma mater University of the Punjab
University of Liverpool
Known for First to demonstrate the role
ofNucleotides in protein synthesis
Notable Nobel Prize in Medicine (1968),Gairdner
awards
Foundation International Award, Louisa Gross
Horwitz Prize, Albert Lasker Award for Basic
Medical Research, Padma Vibhushan
Birbal Sahni

13. Birbal Sahni
Born 1891
Behra, Saharanpur District, West
Punjab
Died 1949
Lucknow
Citizenship India
Nationality Indian
Fields Paleobotany
Institutions Lucknow
Alma mater Government College University,
Lahore,
Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Doctoral advisor Professor Seward

14. Other
Goebel
academic advisors
Known for Bennettitalean plant, Homoxylon - a
new type of petrified wood
Honors
Sahni was recognized by several academies and institutions in India and abroad for his research. He was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (FRS) in 1936, the highest British scientific honor,
awarded for the first time to an Indian botanist. He was elected Vice-President, Palaeobotany section, of
the 5th and 6th International Botanical Congresses of 1930 and 1935, respectively; General President of
the Indian Science Congress for 1940; President, National Academy of Sciences, India, 1937–1939 and
1943-1944. In 1948 he was elected an Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences. Another high honor which came to him was his election as an Honorary President of
the International Botanical Congress, Stockholm in 1950, but he died before he could serve.
After his demise, Sahni's samadhi was placed within the Institute of Paleobotany as a reminder of his
groundbreaking work.
Sir.T.S. VENKATARAMAN
Sir.T.S. VENKATARAMAN: Venkataraman was the head of the imperial cane breeding station
at Coimbatore. He produced hybrid variety of sugar cane by crossing sugar cane with jowar. This sugar
cane produced a lot of sugar. The Queen of England gave him in 1942
Honors and Awards
Recipient of College of Engineering Excellence in Teaching Award-TDEC (1999)

15. Christian R. and Mary F. Lindback Excellence in Teaching Award (1993)
Laura S. Campbell Excellence in teaching award (1985)
Panchanan Maheshwari
Born In November 190 in Jaipur (Rajasthan). During his college days, he was inspired bu Dr. W Dudgen,
American missionary teacher, to devlop interest in botany and especiallly morphology. he pursued his
postgraduate university education in botany at Allahabad University.
He worked on ebryological aspects, especially the embryo sac of many plants belonging to more than
1000 families. He popularised the use of embryological characters in taxonomy. He estalished the
department of Botany, University of Delhi as an important center of reseaech in embryology and tissue
culture. The department was recognised by University Grand Commmision as center of advanced study
in Botany. Panchanann Maheshwari was assisted by his wife in preparation of slides in addition to her
household duties. Way back in 1950 he talked of contacts between embryology, physiology and
genetics. He also emphasised the need of initiation of work on artificial culture of immature embryos.
These days tissue culture has become a landmark in science. His work on test tube fertilisation and intra-
ovarian pollination won worldwide acclaim. The book considered "magnum opus",the Introduction to
the Embryology of Angiosperms was completed by him in 1950. He also founded an international
research journal 'Phytomorphology' and popular magazine 'The Botanica' in 1950. Volume on recent
advances in embryology of angiosperms (1963), edited by Maheshwari, became a refferal for
researchers in embryology.
he dovoted his life to science. Many of his wellwishers and studnts felt pride in naming their new
findings after him, such as Panchanania jaipurensis (fungus), Oldenlandia maheshwarii(Rubiaceae
member).
he was honoured with fellowship of Royal society of London (FRS), Indian national Science Academy and
several other insitutions of excellence. His interest in science also made a significant contribution to
school education in the form of textbooks of Biology for secondary schools published by NCERT in 1964

16. Salim Ali
Born November 12, 1896
Mumbai, British India
Died July 27, 1987 (aged 90)
Mumbai, India
Nationality India
Fields ornithology
natural history
Influences Erwin Stresemann
Notable awards Padma Vibhushan (1976)
Sálim Moizuddin Abdul Ali [saːl əliː (November 12, 1896 – July 27, 1987) was an Indian ornithologist
ɪm ]
and naturalist. Known as the "birdman of India", Salim Ali was among the first Indians to conduct
systematic bird surveys across India and his bird books helped develop ornithology. He became the key
figure behind the Bombay Natural History Society after 1947 and used his personal influence to garner
government support for the organization, create the Bharatpur bird sanctuary (Keoladeo National Park)
and prevent the destruction of what is now the Silent Valley National Park. He was awarded India's
second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan in 1976.