1. BIG IDEAS OF SCIENCE
-Space & TIme: Universe - 13,700,000,000
years old +
700,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
meters
-Matter & Change: Matter has volume and
mass (Solid, Liquid, Gas), Matter made up of
atoms (Electrons, Protons, Neutrons)
-Forces & Motion: Force causes change in
motion, laws of physics allow movements to
be calculated exactly
-Energy: Exists in many forms (Kinetic
Energy, Potential Energy) Energy exists in
matter itself, Energy cannot be destroyed

2. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
-The main purpose of scientific method is to
comprehend and/or solve an unknown
-Steps:
1. Making Observations
2. Forming Hypothesis
3. Testing Hypothesis
4. Drawing Conclusion
5. Developing Theory
(Repeating scientific method leads to Scientific Laws)

3. MEASUREMENT
-Scientific Notation: Expressing a value as a
product of a number between 1-10 & a power of
10
-SI Units: SI Units (International System of Units)
are a set of measuring units used by scientists
to readily interpret one another’s measurements
-Metric Prefixes: Kilo, Hecto, Deca [] Deci, Centi,
Milli
-Precision Vs. Accuracy: Limits of Measurment

4. PRESENTING SCIENTIFIC DATA
-Organizing Data:
1. Data Table
2. Bar Graphs
3. Line Graphs
4. Pie Chart

5. CLASSIFYING MATTER
-Pure Substances: Fixed uniform composition
-Elements: Substance that can not be broken
down into a simpler substance
-Compounds: Made up of elements or
another compound with two or more simpler
substances, always joined in a fixed
proportion
-Mixtures: Heterogeneous (Different parts are
noticeable) Homogeneous (Same parts make
up mixture)
-Solution/Suspension/Colloid: Solution:
Dissolved substance Suspension:
Heterogeneous mixture Colloid: In-between
Solution/Suspension (Cloudy)

6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
-Viscosity: Liquids resistance to flow
-Conductivity: Materials ability to transfer heat
-Malleability: Ability of solid to be hammered
without shattering
-Hardness
-Melting/Boiling points
-Density: Ratio of the mass of a substance to
its volume
Uses: Identify materials, using properties to
choose materials, using properties to
separate mixtures (filtration/distillation)

7. Separation Techniques
Evaporation: A process used to isolate
solid dissolved in a liquid property:
solubility

8. Separation Techniques
Filtration: a process that separates
materials based on the size of particles or
solubility

9. Separation Techniques
Distillation: a process that separates the
substances in a solution based on their
boiling points

10. Classifying Matter
Pure Substances: A matter that has
exactly the same composition is a pure
substance. Every sample of a given
substance has the same properties
because it has a fixed uniform
composition.
Elements: An element is a substance that
cannot be broken down into simpler
substances. Elements have a fixed
composition because they only have one
type of atom.

11. Classifying Matter Cont’d
Compounds: A compound is a substance
that is made of two or more simpler
substances. Compounds always have to
or more elements joined in a fixed
proportion, ex: H2O (Hydrogen + Oxygen)
Mixtures: A mixtures property can vary
because the composition of their mixture
is never fixed. The amount of materials in
a mixture will never be evenly distributed.

12. Classifying Matter Cont’d
Heterogeneous Mixtures: The materials in
a heterogeneous mixture are noticeably
different from one another. Made of
different substances.
Homogeneous Mixtures: The substances
in a Homogeneous Mixtures are so evenly
distributed that it is hard to distinguish
their differences. Made of the same
substances.

13. Classifying Matter Cont’d
Solutions: Dissolved substances form a
homogeneous mixture, the mixture that is
formed is a solution.
Suspensions: Suspensions are a
heterogeneous mixture that separates into
layers over time.
Colloids: Colloids contain some particles
that are intermediate in size and small in
size creating a suspension.

14. Physical Properties
Viscosity: A liquids resistance to flow
Conductivity: A materials ability to allow
heat to flow through it
Malleability: The ability for a solid to be
hammered without being shattered.
Hardness: A materials density compared
to another’s
Melting+Boiling points: Melting point - the
temp. when a solid changes to a liquid.
Boiling point - the temp. that a substance
boils
Density: A way of measuring a substances
purity

15. Physical Properties Cont’d
Filtration: A process that seperates
materials based on the size of their
particles
Distillation: A process that separates a
substances solution based on their boiling
points

16. Chemical Properties
Flammability: A materials ability to burn in the presence of oxygen
Reactivity: A property that describes how readily a substance combines chemically with
other substances
Change in Color: A change in color is a clue that a chemical change has produced at
least 1 new substance
Production of Gas: The combination of 2 or more substances creating a gaseous
substance
Formation of a Precipitate: A precipitate is when a solid separates from a liquid mixture