The Greek miracle.....

2. “Our constitution is called a
democracy because power is in the
hands not of a minority but of the
whole people.
We alone regard a man who takes no
interest in public affairs not as
harmless, but as a useless character.”
--Pericles’ 431 B.C.

3.  Golden age of art,
science, and literature.
 Athens becomes the
center of education
and culture of the
ancient world.
 Strongly supported
other democracies.
 The Delian League
frees more cities in
Ionia from the
Persians.

4.  What made famous men like Themistocles better
than others?
 Not wealth, or birth, but wisdom “sophia” and
virtue.
 The Athenians believed that all men could become
wise no matter what their social class.
 They believed the wisest should govern.

5. • The "Father of History.
• First person to collect
stories and write narrative
history.
• He wrote the 7 Wonders of
the World
• He used Gods, magic, and
curses for causes and effect.
Herodotus
484-425 BC

6. • The greatest ancient
historian.
• Cause and effect by
rational human factors,
governments, economics,
culture and institutions.
applied reason, observation, and logic to
the study of history.
Thucydides
460-395 BC

7.  The Greeks separated sciences from other
studies like philosophy and art.

8.  Pythagoras started a great school.

 It made great advances in math.
 and thought everything could be
explained by math and music.
 First mathematical proof
 A2 + B2= C2
 The golden ratio 570-495 BCE

9.  Talis improved geometry of Babylon and Egypt.
So Greeks could predict eclipses and star
positions.

10.  Greek physicists explained the origins of the
world.
 Xenosophies taught that fossils were the
remains of extinct animals.

11.  Anaximander taught that “fish were the
ancestors of man and fish had evolved into man
after several stages from the sea.

12.  Greeks taught fundamental elements made up
matter.
 Thales thought everything started with the Element
water which evolved into all matter.
 Others thought perhaps fire or some other element.

13. • The father of medicine.
• Opened the first
school of scientific
medicine.
Hippocrates
460-370 BC

14.  I will give regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment
and never do harm to anyone.
 I will not give lethal drugs to anyone, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not
give a woman a pessary.
 I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.
 In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself
far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and from the pleasures of love with
women or with men, be they free or slaves.
 All personal information that may come to my knowledge I will keep secret and will never
reveal.
 If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men
and in all times; but if I violate it, may the reverse be my lot.

15. Greek developed theater from religious festivals,
Festival of Dionysus
Athens

16.  Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides wrote tragedies.
They were written as trilogies. These tell of human
suffering that end in disaster.
 Aristophanes wrote comedies. Plays that made fun of
Politicians, people or customs.

18. Song writers composed the first pop music. LYRAVLOS 4-
nemesis.wma.mp3

19. The best romantic poet was
Sappho who lived on the
Island of Lesbos.

20. Overall, Classical Greek artists and architects use
balance, order, and beauty. Harmony and
Idealism are found in the paintings, buildings
and sculptures.

21. Pottery, sculpture, and architecture

22.  Repeating patterns of balanced lines.

23.  Rounder lines characterize Archaic painting , along
with more realism. Influenced by Egypt and
Mesopotamia, i.e. lotus, lion, and sphinx.

24.  More realistic. Started in Corinth. Greek mythology
and everyday life.

25.  reversed the colors, pots painted black and figures red.
 Classical art captures a perfect moment in time.

27. C 1000BCE, Geometric typified by bronzes
and marble Cycladic figures.

28. Archaic sculpture is influenced by Egypt and
Mesopotamia.

29. Greek sculptors used marble and completed the
pieces from all sides.

30. During the Classical period, sculpture became
realistic and captures an ideal moment.

31. During the late Classical period, Praxiteles warmed
up the sculpture capturing motion.

32.  The largest was the Colossus at Rhodes over 30
meters tall, and one of Herodotus’ 7 wonders
of the ancient world.

34. Columns are part of Post and Lintel construction.

36. The Greeks modified the Egyptian, developing
their own style of column, called “order
decoration”.
Three types of Greek columns--still used
today.

37.  The first of the Greek orders (the oldest)

38.  The second Greek order (the middle)

39.  The third type of the Greek order

40.  The Greeks also carved the Lintel.

44. Pediment: statues of the Gods

49.  Pericles rebuilt the burnt acropolis using
money from the Delian League.

50. Built the Parthenon in 10 years, perfected classical
Sculpture, made the statue of Zeus at Olympia.

51. Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon.
Built between 447 BC and 438 BC.

52. Built the Parthenon in 10 years, perfected classical
Sculpture, made the statue of Zeus at Olympia.

62.  The largest was the Temple of Artemis at
Ephesus, another of Herodotus' 7 wonders.

64. The Lincoln Memorial
Washington DC USA
Ancient Greek Temple
The Lincoln Memorial’s
architecture was based
on the architecture of
ancient Greek temples.

65. Beijing Olympic StadiumAncient Greek Stadium
Ancient Greek
Stadiums inspire Modern
Day Stadiums

66. Illustration of a Greek Dome
Dusti Throne Hall
Bangkok, Thailand
Ancient Greek
domes cap the US
capital buildings.
Us Capital
Washington DC

68.  Interior US Capital

69.  Pediment US Capital.

70.  George Washington as Zeus

71.  Thomas Jefferson Memorial Washington DC

72. Ancient Greek Aqueduct
( Ah- kwah- duck-t)
Modern Day Sewer
The Greeks built aqueducts, which led
to modern day sewers and sewage.

73. Different Ancient
Greek Columns
The White House
Dusit Thai detail.

74.  In the 5th C BCE, many philosophers called the
Sophists taught across Hellas.
 Professional teachers charging money teaching
debate club.

75.  In the 5th C BCE, many philosophers called the
Sophists taught across Hellas.
 Trasimaxis taught “rulers and governments
made laws to their own advantage. No justice
exists except for the strong”.
 Caliclus taught that “institutions and moral
standards were not made by Gods but by
men.”

77.  Socrates believed “ the unexamined life is
not worth living.
 He was the most famous Sophists, yet he
claimed not to be a Sophist and never
charged money.

78.  He taught by asking questions and answers called
the Socratic method.
 Rational questions and answers would uncover
facts or truths, which is not always popular.
 Socrates taught people to use their own brains
and come to their own decisions by observing
things and reasoning.

79.  Is your first duty to civil law or conscious?
 If public and private duty clash which is more
important?
 What is more important the individual or
state?

80.  He questioned everything, even the Gods.
 The Greek Gods kidnapped, lied, raped, if this
was bad in a man, how could it be good in a
God?

81.  Socrates taught people to use their own brains
and come to their own decisions by observing
things and reasoning.

82.  Socrates taught it is better to listen to your
conscious.
 Your inner voice to tell you what is truly right
and wrong.
 If you are not sure, keep asking questions of
yourself and others until you are sure.

83.  Plato, his best student , wrote down his
teachings in Dialogues.

84.  Plato born around 420 BCE
founded The Academy which
became the first real
University.
 He is best known for writing
down Socrates’ teachings.

86.  He did not agree with
Anaximander's “man is the
measure of all things”.
 Plato taught that perfect forms
of all things exist, which
humans only can perceive their
shadows.

88.  Therefore universal truths
existed and could be found
out by reason.
 Philosophers who found
them out should rule.

89.  In The Republic he argued that
a philosopher king would be
best supported by an oligarchy
class of warriors. Everyone
else a third class without
political rights.
 This anti democratic position
made him popular with rulers
of anti democratic countries.

90.  He also reformed religion.
 He saw the stars as an
example of unchanging
perfect forms.
 As the stars moved he
deduced a celestial god that
moved them or ordered
them.

91.  This God was a universal all
powerful celestial God.
 The souls of enlightened
people would join him in a
celestial city in the stars.
 This idea made Plato
popular much later in the
Christian world.

92.  Plato’s philosophy would be
the bases of European
thought for more than 1500
years.

93. Did not agree …
 Plato’s student.
 Knowledge of facts/forms by
what we can observe with our
senses.
 Major influence in today’s
science
 Outlawed during the Middle
Ages.
 Alexander the Great’s teacher

94.  Aristotle's theory of logic is the base of modern
science .
 Founded Zoology and Botany, and made advances in
Physics, optics, and elemental chemistry.

95.  Socrates' free thinking became unpopular
because Athens was at war and the war was
going badly.
 He was put on trail for impiety and corrupting
young people.

96.  Convicted by a close vote, he took hemlock
instead of ostracism to die as a martyr to free
thinking.

97.  He was put on trial because of what was
happening to Athens. Athens was at war and the
war was going badly.

98.  He was really sentenced to death for asking too
many questions during a time of war.

99.  133 1-7
 Bonus 8 or 9

100. 431 to 404 BC

101. 1. Athens VS Sparta
2. Sparta leads the
Peloponnesian League.
3. Oligarchy VS
Democracy

103.  Pericles decides not to
fight the Spartans on land.
 Sparta had no navy
 All citizens of Athens to
stay behind the long wall.
 Athens depends on its
 navy for food supplies

104. "long wall" strategy of Pericles

106.  It kills 1/3 of Athens’ population
including Pericles.
 Typhus: high fever and rash
 The disease comes 3 times during
the war.

107. Pericles gives a speech at the annual
funeral of Athenians slain in battle.
Its one of the earliest and greatest
expressions of democratic ideals.

108. Pericles dies of plague.

109.  Athens was winning the war.
 However, it was weakened greatly by a war in Sicily.
 The citizens of Syracuse completely destroy 3 Athenian
armies and most of their fleet.

110.  The Persian King seeing an opening financed a
navy for Sparta.
 In return, Sparta promises to give Ionian polis
back to Persia.

111.  The Athenian navy won many times against the
inexperienced Spartan navy.

112.  In one battle the Spartan fleet lost 70 ships, the
Athenians 25 ships.
 Due to a storm, the Athenian admirals could not
rescue some sailors,
 The Athenians put the admirals on trail and
executed them.

113.  In 405 BCE, King Lysander of Sparta defeated
the Athenian fleet.

114.  Athens surrenders, Sparta
sets up oligarchies
throughout the Greek
world.

115. 1. Persia gained control of
many city-states
2. Defeated democracy in
Athens
3. Athens ruled by 30
tyrants
4. Athens’ cultural
influence continues

116.  Sparta supported Prince Cyrus the Younger against the
Persian King.
 Cyrus died in battle of Cunaxa.

117.  The Persian King supported Thebes, Athens, and
Corinth against Sparta.

118.  In 371 BCE, the Thebans defeated Sparta at the battle
of Leuctra, mostly due to the elite Sacred Band of
Thebes .

119.  Best warriors of ancient Greece, matched pairs of
boyfriends.

120. Leuctra
July [?], 371 BC
Strategic Context
Spartan King Cleombrotus launches a sudden invasion of Thebes due to its rising
influence in the Boetian League. Sparta tries to negotiate on the matter by organizing a
peace conference but Theban King Epaminondas walks out in protest when his claim to
represent all of Boetia is rejected. The Thebans are capable of defeating Sparta on land
and sea but these victories are usually won with the help of Athens. Cleombrotus is
understandably overconfident and has been drinking with his men all afternoon.
Stakes
+ A Spartan victory would limit Theban
influence and confirm Spartan’s
reputation as the premier military force.
+ A Theban victory would weaken
Spartan dominance on land and further
its own political dominance.
By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©
No Image
Available

121. Spartans & allies
Mildly intoxicated
Thebans & allies
Well
Cleombrotus
6,500 hoplites8,500 hoplites
Epaminondas
1,000 cavalry
1,100 peltasts 1,000 peltasts
1,500 cavalry
By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

123. Thebans
(Epaminondas)
Spartans
(Cleombrotus)
Cleombrotus deploys his hoplites in ranks 12 men deep with his peltasts guarding the flanks. He places his cavalry and veterans on his right wing so that the
Theban left wing can be turned and the army routed. Epaminondas expects this tactic as it is the traditional tactic of this region and time period. To counter this
tactic and Spartan numbers, he weights his left wing with hoplites 48 men deep, including his elite Sacred Band, and angles his line so that his weakened center
and right wing are refused from battle. Epaminondas deploys his peltasts on his flanks and his cavalry ahead of his left wing to mask his radical deployment.
NN
Epaminondas sends his cavalry forward while his hoplite phalanx advances, his overloaded left wing edging ahead of the other units.
The Spartan cavalry is driven from the field by the more numerous and highly trained Theban cavalry. Cleombrotus is not too worried
though as he possesses the finest hoplites in all of Greece which now close the distance between the Thebans.
The Theban left wing and Spartan right wing collide, Theban peltasts and cavalry joining in to assail the Spartan
flank. The Spartan right is stunned by the sheer weight of the Theban left and stumbles back. Meanwhile,
Epaminondas keeps his weakened center and right away from Cleombrotus’ stronger center and left.
The pressure on the Spartan right from the combined attack of the heavy hoplite phalanx, cavalry and harrowing peltasts proves too much. As
the Spartan right is pushed back stiffly, Cleombrotus is killed. The defeat of their leader and finest soldiers causes panic while the Theban left
wing wheels to attack the Spartan center’s flank. The Spartans and their allies therefore flee the battlefield, hotly pursued by the Theban cavalry.
Thebans & allies
(Epaminondas)
6,500 hoplites
1,500 cavalry
1,000 peltasts
Spartans & allies
(Cleombrotus)
8,500 hoplites
1,000 cavalry
1,100 peltasts
The Sacred Band of Thebes
The Sacred Band of Thebes is an elite unit
comprised of 150 homosexual couples. The
rationale behind this is that lovers will fight
more aggressively and bravely when by their
lover’s side, never dishonouring themselves
and their lover by fleeing.

124. Spartans & allies: Thebans & allies:
1,000
or
9%
300
or
3%
By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©
The Spartans retreated to a fortified camp where they negotiated a withdrawal,
ceding north and central Greece to Theban control. Thebes grew so powerful in
the following years that Athens allied itself with Sparta in 362 BC to check
Theban aspirations. The resulting war consequently weakened all Greek states.

125. The Art of Battle:
Animated Battle Maps
http://www.theartofbattle.com
By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

126. Alexander of
Macedonia

129.  History after politics

131. Geometric from about 900 BC.
Archaic from about 750 BC.
Black Figure from the early 7th century BC.
Classical Red Figure from about 530 BC.