This document discusses biodiesel production and use in India. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils. Testing shows biodiesel blends up to B100 can be used in diesel engines with some increase in fuel consumption but decrease in emissions. Jatropha is presented as a suitable oilseed crop for India that requires minimal inputs and can produce 2500-3000 liters of biodiesel per hectare. The document advocates developing small-scale biodiesel units to provide energy security and electrification in rural areas.

1. Biodiesel

2. Biodiesel
• Biodiesel , a fuel composed of mono-alkyl
esters of long chain fatty acids derived from
variety of vegetable oils and animal fats,
designated as B-100, and conforming to
different quality standards e.g. ASTM D 6751,
EN14214 or IS 15607.

3. Biodiesel
The biodiesel processor mainly consists of
• 1. Transesterfication vessel
• 2. Sodium or potassium methoxide mixing pot
• 3. Stirring arrangement
• 4. Settling arrangement
• 5. Bubble wash arrangement.

4. • In this process triglyceride oils are converted
under heat to methyl or ethyl esters and
glycerine by alcohol and a strong base catalyst
(eg., hydroxide or lye).

5. 1 triglyceride + 3 alcohol
catalyst
• Transesterification Reaction
O =
O O
O =
O
O =
Triglyceride
3 MeOH
KOH
Catalyst
3 ester alcohol + 1 glycerine
Glycerol
Me Me Me
O O O
O = O = O =
HO
HO
HO
Biodiesel
(Methyl Ester Alcohol)

6. Crude glycerine Crude Biodiesel
Glycerine
Biodiesel
Oil Pretreatment
Transesterification
Glycerine refining Refining
Methanol + catalyst
Methanol
recovery
Vegetable oil

8. Feed Stocks for India

9. Feed stocks used in different Countries
Feedstock Countries
Rape seed , Sunflower EU
Soya bean U.S.A.
Palm Oil Malaysia
Coconut Philippines
Linseed & Olive oil Spain
Cotton Seed Oil Greece
Jatropha Curcas Oil Nicaragua
Used Cooking Oil Japan
Beef Tallow Ireland , USA
Used frying Oil Australia

10. WHY JATROPHA THE SUITABLE
CHOICE ?
• Thrives on any type of soil
• Needs minimal inputs or management

11. Target Output per Hectare
Estimated Biodiesel production
per Hectare = 3,000 litres/700Gal
Potential yields of 12 tonnes per
hectare and 55% oil Extraction are
also attainable
2500 trees per hectare
produces
Seed 6.9 tonnes
Seedcake 4.2 tonnes
Vegetable Oil 2.7 tonnes
Glycerol 0.27 tonnes

12. Anti-Erosive Properties
Reduces wind and water erosion of soil
Improved absorption of water by soil

13. Quality
seedling
preparation
•10 x 20 cm bag
•Germination -3 days
•3-6 months old
seedlings

14. VIEW OF JATROPHA PLANT
NURSERY

16. Intercropping with Jatropha

17. Available potential of tree-borne
oilseeds in India
Sr. No. TBOs Seed yield (lakh
tonnes)
Oil content (%) Oil yield (lakh
tonnes)
1. Sal (Shorearobusta) 62.0 12 7.44
2. Mahua
(Madhucaindica)
5.2 35 1.82
3. Neem
(Azadirachtaindica)
5.0 20 1.0
4. Rubber
(Heveabrasiliensis)
0.79 45 0.35
5. Karanja
(Pongamiapinnata)
1.11 27 0.30
6. Kusum
(Schleicheraoleosa)
0.45 33 0.15
7. Khakan
(Salvadoraoleoides)
0.44 33 0.14
8. Undi
(Calophyllaminophyllu
m)
0.11 60 0.07
9. Dhupa (Vateriaindica) 0.13 19 0.02
10. Other* 2.0
Total 77.34

18. Indian Biodiesel Program
• Name of Biodiesel started making appearance at Indian
Conferences, Workshops & Seminars in 1999
• ͚‘eport of the Coŵŵittee oŶ DevelopŵeŶt of Biofuel͛ – Planning
Commission, GOI in 2003
• Stage I ͚DeŵoŶstratioŶ Project͛ use Jatropha curcas oŶ 400,000 ha
(0.5 MMT BD) Nation-wide investment $ 300mn
• Stage II – 11 mill ha (13 MMT biodiesel) for 20% blend.
• Demonstration project started with initial grant of $11mn for
nursery raising rest is expected to be sanctioned late this year
• First 10,000 TPA plant in Hyderabad about to start production
• Garware100,000 TPA DMT plant modified for biodiesel production
• A 250,000 TPA plant is being setup in Vishakhapatnam , A.P.
• A 100,000 TPA plant is coming up in Kakinada , A.P.

19. Land requirement for different
blending percentages

20. Product Quality
• Product quality is important – modern diesel
engines are very sensitive to fuel.
• It is not biodiesel until it meets Quality Standards.
• Reaction must be >98% complete.
• Acid number – for degrading, oxidized fuel
• Flashpoint – for residual methanol
• Water & sediment – fuel fouling, deposits
• Sulfated ash – for residual catalyst
• Total glycerin – for incomplete conversion,
detects residual mono, di and tri glycerides
• Free glycerin – inadequate fuel washing

21. Testing In RDSO
• Bio diesel was teste d on the test bed at
Engine Development Directorate of RDSO
3100 hp engine under test at RDSO

22. Characterization of ALCO and EMD engines
with different biodiesels at RDSO.
Following biodiesels have been chosen for
Engine Characterisation: -
• WFFAME (Waste Fish fatty acids Methyl Esters)
• WCFAME (Waste Cottonseed fatty acids Methyl
Esters)
• MFAME (Mahua fatty acids Methyl Esters)
• PFAME (Pongamia fatty acids Methyl Esters)
• JFAME (Jatropha fatty acids Methyl Esters)
• CPFAME (Crude Palm oil fatty acids Methyl Esters)

23. Test Procedure
• Necessary instrumentation was provided for measuring
the exhaust gas temperature, engine oil temperature,
fuel consumption and various other engine
parameters.
• The performance of biodiesel was evaluated in terms
of fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, and power.
• Fuel consumption and power was measured for each
of the engine operating notch.
• The engine was run for a sufficiently long duration to
ensure thermal stabilization before taking the specific
fuel consumption and the emission measurements.

24. Performance studies on
different blends of biodiesel
on 3100 hp ALCO Engine

25. Summary of results for critical
parameters at 8th Engine Notch
Biodiesel blends with Normal HSD
PARAMETERS Normal High
Speed Diesel
B10 B20 B50 B100
Horsepower(HP) 3105 3114 3117 3104 3109
BSFC(gm/bhp-hr)
153.48 155.49 157.62 162.04 170.43
Exhaust gas
temperature (°C)
409.45 402.22 418.16 405.28 406.01
Firing pressure
(bar)
112.99 111.71 111.59 113.36 107.52

26. • The engine maintained full horsepower with all
the biodiesel blends including pure biodiesel, i.e.
B100.
• The specific fuel consumption increased from
153.48 gm/bhp-hr to 170.43 gm/bhp-hr, an
increase of 11 %. This is in agreement with the
lower heating value of biodiesel, about 10-11%.
• The exhaust gas temperature in general showed a
downward trend. This will be discussed
graphically also.
• The firing pressure did not change significantly
and are therefore not discussed.
• Since testing was carried out at different ambient
temperatures, this may have affected the test
results to some extent.

27. • There is no change in power for various blends of biodiesel.
Even B100 i.e. pure biodiesel is capable of developing full
horsepower on the ALCO DLW engine.
• In general the bsfc showed an increased trend with higher
blends of biodiesel. No optimisation of injection timing was
carried out, but from previous experience it can be said
that the bsfc can be reduced with optimised timing.
• The NOx emissions in general increase with higher blends
of biodiesel.
• The hydrocarbon emissions also revealed a decreasing
trend with higher blends of biodiesel with as much as 44 %
reduction with B100 as compared to Normal HSD.
• The CO emissions also showed a decreasing trend with
higher blends of biodiesel with as much as 89.3 % reduction
with B100 as compared to Normal HSD.

28. • The Smoke Opacity of the exhaust also showed a
decreasing trend with higher blends of biodiesel with as
much as 20 % reduction with B100 as compared to Normal
HSD.
• Average Cylinder head exhaust temperatures are lesser
than Normal HSD for B10 blend and highest for B20 blends.
B20 tests were carried out at the highest ambient
temperatures. However all the temperatures are below the
upper limit of 450°C. Exhaust gas temperatures for B100
blend are very close to the plain diesel.
• Based on above results, it is concluded that WFFAME and
its blends upto B100 can be used as a fuel on ALCO DLW
diesel engines. Some adjustments to the injection timings
and change of natural rubber component parts to synthetic
rubber and bronze parts to stainless steel parts may be
required.

29. Engine development studies
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with biodiesel blends Thermal Efficiency with biodiesel blends
NOx emissions with biodiesel blends

30. Summary
 Biodiesel is an renewable fuel for diesel engines that can be
made from virtually any oil or fat feedstock.
 Biodiesel with a potential consumption of 15000 million
litres can have a retail turnover of more than US$ 9000 mn
per year
 It can provide huge rural employment potential of 40 to 50
million families and transform the rural economy
 Remote village electrification and power for agriculture
application – Energy grown & used by village.
 The technology choice is a function of desired capacity,
feedstock type and quality, alcohol recovery, and catalyst
recovery.

31. Summary
 The dominant factor in biodiesel production is the
feedstock cost which around 70%, with capital cost
contributing only about 7 % of the product cost.
Therefore high FFA, lower quality feedstock should be
promoted for biodiesel production in India.
 For meeting energy security and electricity for all, it is
necessary to develop and commission small to medium
capacity biodiesel unit at village & community level..
 Maintaining product quality is also essential for the
growth of the biodiesel industry in India.

32. Thank You all for
your precious time