Enfrentando las resistencias antivirales del VIH en la práctica clínica
1. Enfrentando la Resistencia en la
Practica Clínica
Dr. Jaime Andrade Villanueva
Unidad de VIH
Hospital Civil de Guadalajara
México
2. Falla a Tratamiento y Resistencia
Factores del Huésped
•CVp
•Inmunidad
•Genéticos
Baja exposición a ARV
•Adherencia
•PK
•Activación de droga
•Penetracion de droga
Pobre potencia de ARV
Replicación viral persistente
Presión/ARVs
Selección, emergencia
y evolución
de Resistencia a ARVs
Infección con
virus resistentes
3. •
•
•
•
Acumulación de resistencia y resistencia cruzada
Acumulación de mutaciones en el mismo genoma viral
Enriquecimiento de virus resistentes minoritarios
Evolución de variantes virales
Evolución hacia alta resistencia y alto fitness
4. Riesgos de mantener un paciente en
un régimen en falla virológica
Acumulación de mutaciones
de resistencia y perdida de
opciones de tratamiento
Disminución de CD4+
Progresión de la enfermedad
5. • Manejar TARAA de primera línea bien
• Actuar tempranamente si la carga viral es detectable con
terapia
• Prohibir resistencia acumulante
• Continuar un régimen en falla puede ser deletéreo
• Reservar casos que no cuenten con >2 fármacos
totalmente activos
• Selección juiciosa de los fármacos de mantenimiento
• Mantener por el periodo mas corto posible
• Interpretación de experto de patrones de resistencia
complejos
• Prohibir monoterapia funcional
6. La incidencia de viremía de bajo nivel
es mas frecuente que viremía de alto nivel
Nivel de RNA de HIV-1p durante el
seguimiento, %
Estudios de
Cohorte
(N = 4447)
Persistentemente < 50 copias/mL
71.2
≥ 1 determinacion de > 50 copias/mL
28.8
≥ 1 determinacion de > 1000 copias/mL
6.7
van Sighem A, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48:104-108.
7. Manejo de Falla Virológica
La decisión de cambiar un régimen de
tratamiento debe tomar en cuenta :
El resto de las opciones de tratamiento
El nivel de falla basado sobre cinética de la carga
viral y CD4+ (disminución del fitness viral)
Historia previa de tratamiento, incluyendo
patrones de resistencia, tolerabilidad y
adherencia
La elección del tratamiento debe estar basada
sobre el numero de drogas activas en cada
clase (Test de resistencia genotípica)
10. Presión
Por
ARVs
Resistencia Transmitida por Drogas (RTD)
Estable después de la transmisión
Reversión gradual con el tiempo, frecuentemente incompleta
Persistencia con especies de baja frecuencia
Persistencia en células infectadas latentemente
Transmision
Tasa de Reversion:
Rapida: K70R, M184V, T215Y
Intermedia: D67N, Y181C, T215S, K219N
Lenta: M41L, T69DN, G190S, L210W, T215LCE, K219Q en TR
y I84V, L90M en PR
11. Falla a ARV 2009: Nuevas Opciones
Terapeuticas
Falla
Primera
Segundatercera
Multiple
Opciones
Muchas
Algunas
Pocas
Metas
CVp
CVp/CD4+
CD4+
Accion
Adaptar o
switch
Esperar o
switch
Lo mejor
de ti
12. Historia del Caso
• 261/09, Masculino de 49 años de edad.
• Fecha del Dx de VIH 1993
• Larga historia de Terapia ARV, regular adherencia
• Sin Co-infección con Hepatitis B o C
• AST y ALT normales.
• Nadir de CD4+ 267 (17%) 04/10/01
15. Diseñando el Nuevo Régimen
• ITRANs
• IPs
• ITRNNs
• Inhibidores de la Entrada
• Inhibidores de Integrasa
16. Resistencia a Antirretrovirales
Disponibles
ARVs
Resistencia
Barrera Genética
ITRANs
Completa
Irrelevante
ITRNNs
3 Mutaciones
Baja
IPs
9 Mutaciones
Alta
Etravirina
2 Mutaciones
Media
Ninguna
Irrelevante
Maraviroc
>75 % Probabilidad de
R5
Baja?
Raltegravir
Ninguna
Baja
T20
17. Resistencia a ITRANs
Transcriptasa Reversa
ZDV
d4T
41L, 67N, 69D, 70R, 210W, 215Y
M184V
Resultado Neto
Resistencia Parcial
Alto Nivel de Resistencia
ddI
ABC
TDF
3TC
FTC
18. Potencial Resistencia Cruzada
• ITRANs
significativa a completa
• ITRNNs
completa para NVP y EFV
• IPs
crece con incremento de
mutaciones para DRV y
TPV
• Inh. de Entrada
completa para MRC y VRC
• Inh. de Integrasa
completa para RAL y ELV
19. Mecanismos Bioquímicos de Resistencia
a ITRANs : Primer Desbloqueador
•
Mutaciones tales como la T215Y promueve la remoción hidrolitica
de la cadena- terminal del ITRAN y esto posibilita la reanudación de
la síntesis de DNA.
•
La remoción hidrolitica requiere un donador pirofosfato, el cual en
muchas células es ATP (b)
•
Antagonizada por K65R, L74V, M184V
P
P
a)
P
P
P
b)
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Gotte, J Virol 2000
20. Inhibidores de Transcriptasa Reversa
Análogos de nucleosidos
Los posibles beneficios de continuar
ITRANs en presencia de resistencia
puede derivar de:
• Susceptibilidad residual de la droga
• Costo en el fitness de la resistencia
• Efectos de Hipersusceptibilidad
21. Reducción de la CVp durante Monoterapia
Cambio promedio en HIV-1 RNA
(log copias/ml)
con Lamivudina (NUCA3001)
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Emergencia de M184V
-1.5
-2.0
0
4
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52
Semana
Eron, N Eng J Med 1995
22. Que hacer para Seleccionar un ITRNN ?
Determinantes de Susceptibilidad
• Fenotipo
– Fold-changes
– Cut-offs
• Genotipo
– Patrón de Mutaciones
– Numero de Mutaciones
– “Peso” de las Mutaciones
• Correlación con Niveles de ARV
• Efectos de Hipersusceptibilidad
• Efectos en el Fitness viral
23. Cut-offs para interpretación de resistencia
Bajo cut-off =
Nivel de resistencia mas allá de
la cual la respuesta inicia a
caerse
Respuesta
Cut-off superior =
Nivel de resistencia mas allá de la
cual la respuesta clínica esta
perdida
Zona de
Respuesta
intermedia
Resistencia
25. Estudios DUET 1 y 2 : Respuesta virológica
de acuerdo a las RAMs basales a ETV
RAMs a ETV
% pacientes con <50 copias/ml
80
V90I
L100I
V179D/F
Y181C/I/V
40
K101E/P
V106I
60
A98G
G190A/S
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Numero de RAMs a ETV
Pts (%) =
40
30
16
8
5
0.9
Vingerhoets, IHDRW 2007
26. Susceptibilidad Fenotípica cut-offs:
ETV
Cut-off inferior
Cut-off Superior
FDA Label
3
13
Antivirogram
(Virco)
3
13
Virtual Phenotype
(Virco)
1.6
27.6
PhenoSense
(Monogram)
2.9*
*Biological cut-off
27. Score de Peso a ETV 2008 : Clasificación de
mutaciones
Mutacion
Y181C
Y181V
K101P
L100I
Y181C
M230L
E138A
V106I
G190S
V179F
V901
V179D
K101E
K101H
A98G
V179T
V190A
Peso
3
3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Respuesta por score total
Score
Respuesta
≤2
Susceptible
>2 – ≤4
Parcialmente
susceptible
>4
Resistente
Altas respuestas se presentan con un
Score de peso ≤2
28. Pesos relativos – Mutaciones para Etravirina 2008
Mutation
Y181I
Y181V
K101P
L100I
Y181C
M230L
E138A
V106I
G190S
V179F
V90I
V179D
K101E
K101H
A98G
V179T
G190A
ETR FC in the subset of HIV-1
clinical isolates with 1 ETR RAM
(n=1,619), regardless of the
Prevalence (%)
presence of other NRTI or
in the panel of
NNRTI RAMs*
4,248 HIV-1
Q1–Q3
n
clinical isolates Median
§
1.5
0.9
2.6
8.4
32.0
1.1
2.5
4.4
3.7
0.7
6.8
2.1
9.9
2.2
9.5
0.6
23.3
42.0
10.4
22.3
6.7
4.4
4.3
2.9
2.6
0.8
–
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
34
28
65
264
552
20
44
63
32
0
97
33
24
8
127
2
226
23.2–129.7
3.9–60.6
5.6–42.9
2.7–17
2.1–11.6
2.7–10.5
1.4–10.6
1.4–5.2
0.6–1.7
–
0.8–3.6
1.0–4.7
0.8–2.5
0.6–2.8
0.5–1.9
0.7–1.2
0.5–1.5
ETR FC in Effect on FC
in linear
a single
SDM
model
12.5
17.4
6.2
1.8
3.9
3.4
2.0
NA
0.2
0.1
1.5
2.6
1.7
1.3
2.5
0.8
0.8
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
High
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Weight
factor
3
3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
*Median (Q1–Q3) FC for all isolates was 3.0 (1.1–9.3);
V179F was never present as single ETR RAM (always with Y181C)
§
29. Pacientes con CV confirmada
<50 copiass/mL a las 24 semanas
(%)
Respuesta con mutaciones específicas contra
ETR:
80
80
Y181C
60
60
40
40
20
G190A
20
0
Placebo
Pacientes (n) 414
0
+0
+1
+2
+3
+4
Otras mutaciones para ETR
23
36
26
17
8
Placebo
+4
+0
+1
+2
+3
Otras mutaciones para ETR
414
18
46
25
17
9
Se excluyeron los pacientes que recibieron ENF naïve
Vingerhoets J, et al. 11th EACS, Spain 2007. Poster 7.3/05
30. Pacientes con CV confirmada
<50 copiass/mL a las 24 semanas
(%)
Respuesta con mutaciones específicas contra ETR:
K101E
100
A98G
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
Placebo K101E K101E K101E K101E K101E
+0
+1
+2
+3
+4
Otras mutaciones para ETR
Pacientes (n) 414
3
9
19
16
6
A98G
Placebo + 0
A98G
+1
A98G
+2
A98G
+3
A98G
+4
Otras mutaciones para ETR
414
21
9
10
11
8
Se excluyeron los pacientes que recibieron ENF naïve
Vingerhoets J, et al. 11th EACS, Spain 2007. Poster 7.3/05
31. 261/09 : Determinación del score genotípico
con peso relativo para Etravirina
• Weight for each mutation added together = total weighted score
• No single mutation confers a reduced response (≥4)
Score for individual mutations
Y181I
Y181V
K101P
L100I
Y181C
M230L
E138A
V106I
G190S
V179F
V90I
V179D
K101E
K101H
A98G
V179T
G190A
§
3
3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Add together
Total weighted
score
1+1
=2
V179F nunca se presentó sola, siempre con Y181C
§
32. Relación entre score genotípico basal y respuesta
virológica (<50 copias/mL) a semana 24
Alta
repuesta
Respuesta
intermedia
Respuesta
reducida
Pacientes con CVp confirmada
HIV-1 RNA <50 copias/mL (%)
Respuesta por categoria
74.4%
52.0%
37.7%
≥
N
115/148 37/53
6/11
11/15
32/59
2/7
19/36
1/5
14/27
3/9
4/9
4/13
1/3
2/11
Peso de las mutaciones a Etravirina 2009
Alta respuesta ocurre con un score de peso ≤ 2
Hatched bars indicate virologic response for the entire category
33. Pacientes con CVp <50 copias/mL
a Semana 48 (ITT-TLOVR)
Etravirina + BR (n=599)
Placebo + BR (n=604)
100
Respuesta (%) ± 95% CIs
90
80
70
61%
60
50
40%
40
30
p<0.0001*
20
10
0
0 2 4
8
12 16 20 24
32
40
48
Tiempo (semanas)
•
61% de pacientes en el grupo de Etravirine alcanzaron cargas virales indetectables
confirmadas (<50 copias/mL) comparado con 40% en el grupo placebo
*Modelo de regresion logistica
Trottier et al, CAHR, 2008. P167
34. Cambio promedio en la cuenta de células CD4+
del basal (células/mm3) ± SE
Cambio en la cuenta de células CD4
del basal a Semana 48 (ITT; NC=F)
Etravirina + BR (n=599)
150
Placebo + BR (n=604)
125
+98
100
75
+73
50
25
p=0.0006*
0
–25
0 2 4
8
12 16 20 24
32
40
48
Tiempo (semanas)
*modelo ANCOVA
Trottier et al, CAHR, 2008. P167
35. 261/09: Resultado de Test de Resistencia Genotípica
Transcriptasa Reversa
41L, 67N, 69D, 70R, 184V 210W 215Y, 219Q
98G, 103N, 190A
41L
67N
69D
70R
184V
210W
215Y
219Q
AZT
15
15
5
0
-8
15
35
15
TFV
12
5
5
8
-8
12
20
0
ABA
12
8
5
0
12
12
20
0
ddI
12
8
20
0
5
12
20
0
3TC
4
0
5
0
60
4
4
0
EFV
ETR
98G
5
5
103N 190A
60
10
Interpretación por el Sistema Stanford
Score
AZT
110
D4T
97
Nivel de Resistencia:
ABA
69
ddI
77
Bajo
TFV
54
3TC
77
Intermedio
FTC
77
EFV
105
Alto
NEV
130
ETV
30
40
15
36. Que hacer para Seleccionar un IP?
Determinantes de Susceptibilidad
• Fenotipo
– Fold-changes
– Cut-offs
• Genotipo
– Patrón de Mutaciones
– Numero de Mutaciones
– “Peso” de las Mutaciones
• Correlación con Niveles de ARV
• Efectos de Hipersusceptibilidad
• Efectos en el Fitness viral
37. La Barrera genética de los IPs in
vitro
Aumento en la concentración del IP
seleccionado
450
TMC114 (R41T, K70E)
400
TPV (L33V, M46L, V82T)
ATV (L10F, V32I, M46I, I62V, A71V, I84V, N88S)
350
LPV (L10F, L23I, M46I, I50V, I54V, L63P, V82A)
APV (L10F, V32I, L33F, M46I, I47V, I50V)
300
NFV (L10F, D30N, R41K, K45I, M46I, V77I, I84V,
N88D)
SQV (G48V, A71V, G73S, I84V, L90M)
250
200
RTV (G16E, M46I, V82F, I84V)
150
100
50
0
0
100
300
500
700
900
1100
Tiempo (días)
De Meyer, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;
De Meyer, IHDRW 2006
38. La relativa barrera genética de los
IPs
reforzados in vivo
NFV
SQV/r, IDV/r
ATV/r
LPV/r, FPV/r
TPV/r, DRV/r
Superior
•
•
•
•
•
39. UTILIZE: Susceptibilidad Genotípica a IPs
en el Tratamiento de Pacientes Experimentados
% sensitive
•
139/236 (59%) TPEs que fallaron a un IP tenían evidencia de
resistencia a IPs
• 28% resistencia a todos los IPs
• 27% sensibles a solo uno de TPV o DRV
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
58
55
27
TPV R / DRV S = 12%
TPV S / DRV R = 15%
22
20
19
17
8
TPV DRV FPV IDV LPV ATV SQV NFV
Baxter et al, ICDTHI 2008
40. UTILIZE: Susceptibilidad a TPV por
uso previo de IPs
Susceptibilidad a TPV en pacientes con resistencia genotípica
(n=139/236) o Fenotípica (n=69/236) al menos un IP
IPs
Previos
Susceptibilidad
Genotípica a TPV
(n=139)
Susceptibilidad
Fenotípica a TPV *
(n=69)
1–2
83%
90%
3–4
60%
71%
≥5
36%
52%
Total
58%
79%
*incluidos susceptibilidad total y parcial
Piliero et al, ICDTHI 2008
41. Desarrollo de un score de “peso de
mutaciones” a TPV
Meta
• Desarrollar un score para predecir respuesta virológica
a TPV/r basado en el genotipo
Enfoque
• Evolución del score genotípico sobre el tiempo
incorporando datos nuevos y refinamiento de análisis
• El score de “peso de mutaciones” refleja que :
– Algunas mutaciones tienen un mayor
impacto en respuesta que otros
– Algunas mutaciones están asociadas con
mejor respuesta
Scherer et al, EACS 2007
42. Mutaciones de resistencia a TPV y score de Peso
•
Mutaciones de Resistencia a TPV 1
L I K
K M I
I Q
10 13 20
33 35 36
43 46 47
54 58
V V M
R
V
•
L E M
H
69
T
V N I
74
82 83 84
F G I
T L V
A E
M
V
K
P
L D V
T
I Q
T L
V N I
Score de peso de las mutaciones a TPV 2
L
L
M
K M I
I
10
24
43 46 47
50 54 58
74 76
82 83 84
V
I
36
I
T L V
L A E
V M
V
L
P V
L D V
T
Incremento en la respuesta
Mutacion menor
Mutacion mayor
1. SmPC, July 2008; 2. Scherer et al, EACS 2007
47. Mutaciones de resistencia asociadas a Darunavir
Un SSG derivado del estudio POWER identifico 11 mutaciones en 10
Posiciones1 En una actualización posterior el reemplazo de T74P por
G73S mejoro el modelo2
V
V
L
I
I
I
T
L
I
L
11
32
33
47
50
54
74
76
84
89
I
I
F
V
V
LoM
P
V
V
V
Adapted from SmPC, July 2008; 1. De Meyer et al, ARHR 2008; 2. De Meyer et al, EHDRW 2008
48. Darunavir/r
• Datos nuevos confirman mas MARs a DRV
• Parcial pero no completa superposición con MARs
con TPV
Mejoras esperadas:
• Peso de Mutaciones
• Score de mutaciones adicionales?
• Aplicabilidad del Score en varios escenarios clínicos.
49. TPV y DRV: Superposición parcial de mutaciones de
resistencia que predicen respuesta virológica
Tipranavir1
L10V M36I K43T
M46L I54A/V
Q58E H69K
V82L/T N83D
Darunavir2
I47V
I54M
T74P
I84V
V11I V32I
L33F I50V
I54L L76V
L89V
Adapted from 1. ASmPC, July 2008 and 2. SmPC, July 2008
50. Resistencia a IPs en pacientes altamente
Experimentados fallando a un régimen
conteniendo DRV
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
BL F
IDV
BL F
NFV
Susceptible
BL F
SQV/r
BL F
ATV/r
BL F
FPV/r
Posible resistencia
BL F
LPV/r
BL F
TPV/r
BL F
DRV/r
Resistencia
n=25; media de 5 regimenes previos conteniendo IPs.
BL = basal; F = falla
Delaguerre C et al. AIDS 2008;22:1–5
52. Impacto en la Resistencia
Score genotípico a DRV/r
I50V
I54M L76V I84V
V32I L33F I47V
V11I I54L G73S L89V
53. Peso de la mutaciones asociadas con una
disminución de la respuesta a Darunavir/r*
Incremento
estimado en FC
Mutaciones
<2
2a3
3a4
>4
V11I
I54L
G73S
L89V
V32I
L33F
I47V
I54M
L76V
I84V
I50V
T74P
–T74P was the only newly identified mutation, resulting in the following
2007 DRV RAMs: V11I, V32I, L33F, I47V, I50V, I54L/M, T74P, L76V, I84V and L89V
*Determined by multiple regression analyses of the 1,405 screening samples
from the POWER 1, 2 and 3 studies
De Meyer S, et al. 15th IHDRW 2006. Abstract 73
55. Mutaciones Emergentes en Falla a
DRV/r
Pacientes con experiencia previa a Ips (n=54 Fallas virológicas)
• Mutaciones emergentes mas comunes:
V32I , L33F, I54M/L, I84V, L89V
• Otras mutaciones emergentes:
• V11I, M46I/L, I47V/A, I50V, G73S, L76V, V82A/F/T/S/L, L90M
Pacientes experimentados a IPs en el estudio TITAN (n=28 Fallas virológicas)2
1. V11I, G16E, V32I, I47V, N83D*
2. L76V*
3. V32I, T74P*
4. I47V, L76V, V82I*
*samples with increased DRV FC relative to baseline
5. L10I
6. L63P, A71I/T
7. I93L
1. Lambert-Niclot, AAC 2007; 2. De Meyer, CROI 2008
56. 261/09 : Determinación del score genotípico con
peso relativo para DRV
• Suma del peso de cada una de las mutaciones= Score total
• No hay mutaciones que confieran una respuesta reducida (≥10)
Score para mutaciones individuales
I50VI
I54M
L76V
I84V
T74P
V32I
L33F
I47V
V11I
I54L
G73S
l89V
4.5 4.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
Sumar
Score Total
32I (2.5), 33F (2.5), 47V (2.5), 54M (3.5)
= 11
57. 261/09 : Resultado de Test de
Resistencia Genotípica
10I, 32I, 13V, 33F, 47V, 54M, 63P, 71V, 90M
Protease
101 13V 32I 33F 54M 47V 63P
DRV 0
0
15
5
20
10
0
TPV
0
0
5
10
15
15
0
71V 90M
0
6
0
6
Interpretación por el Sistema Stanford
ATV DRV FPV IDV
Score 58
56
119 66
Nivel de Resistencia:
Bajo
LPV NFV SQV TPV
58
104
54
51
Intermedio
Alto
58. Efecto combinado del FC a ETR y DRV en la respuesta
virológica (<50 copias/mL, TLOVR) a las 24 semanas
Respuesta a las 24 S. (%)
•
100
76
80
60
41
20
20
0
0
ETR
FC ≤3
≥65%
<65%
50
53
40
Pacientes con CV <50 copias/mL (%)
61
65
Subgrupo de pacientes tratados
con ETR; sin uso naïve de ENF
(n=406)
3< ETR
FC ≤13
0
DRV FC ≤10
10< DRV FC ≤40
DRV FC >40
ETR
FC >13
ETR FC
Pacientes con CV
<50 copias/mL, % (n)
DRV FC
FC ≤3
3< FC ≤13
FC >13
FC ≤10
76 (133/175)
61 (30/49)
50 (19/38)
10< FC ≤40
65 (37/57)
41 (7/17)
20 (3/15)
FC >40
53 (19/36)
0 (0/8)
0 (0/7)
Schapiro, EHDRW 2008
59. Efecto combinado de RAMs ETR y DRV
en la respuesta virológica (<50 copias/mL)
•
Subgrupo de pacientes
tratados con ETR; sin uso
naïve de ENF (n=406)
Respuesta a las 24 S. (%)
100
82
100
80
78
60
63
50
35
29
27
0
0
1
2
No. de RAMs ETR
3
≥65%
<65%
40
45
27
Pacientes con CV <50 copias/mL (%)
57
56 60
20
0
67
67
75 71
73
40
93
78
30
0
17
>3
3
2
1
0
No. de RAMs DRV
>3
No. of ETR RAMs*
Pacientes con CV
<50 copias/mL, % (n)
No. of DRV RAMs
0
0
1
2
3
>3
1
2
3
>3
78 (7/9)
82 (36/44)
73 (30/41)
78 (31/40)
63 (17/27)
67 (8/12)
71 (27/38)
75 (18/24)
50 (12/24)
35 (8/23)
100 (3/3)
93 (13/14)
56 (9/16)
45 (9/20)
27 (3/11)
67 (2/3)
57 (4/7)
29 (2/7)
60 (3/5)
27 (3/11)
0 (0/1)
40 (2/5)
17 (1/6)
30 (3/10)
0 (0/5)
*From the list of 13 ETR RAMs. Vingerhoets J, et al. IHDRW 2007. Abstract 32
60. Efecto combinado de RAMs ETR y DRV
en la respuesta virológica (<50 copias/mL)
•
83
83 71
Response at
Week 24 (%)
60
40
59
20
0
43
38
19
≥65%
<65%
53
64
74
80
Pacientes con CV <50 copias/mL (%)
60
72
77
100
Subgrupo de pacientes
tratados con ETR; sin uso
naïve de ENF (n=406)
0
26
1
2
24
3
No. de DRV RAMs
>3
[0–2]
[2.5–3.5] ≥4
Score de peso de RAMs ETR
Score de peso de las RAMs ETR *
Pacientes con CV
<50 copias/mL, % (n)
No. of DRV RAMs
[0–2]
0
1
2
3
>3
[2.5–3.5]
≥4
71 (12/17)
83 (53/64)
77 (41/53)
74 (40/54)
59 (23/39)
83 (5/6)
72 (21/29)
64 (14/22)
38 (9/24)
19 (4/21)
60 (3/5)
53 (8/15)
26 (5/19)
43 (9/21)
24 (4/17)
*From the revised list of 17 ETR RAMs. Vingerhoets J, et al. IHDRW 2008. Abstract 24
61. Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Etravirine
With and Without Darunavir and/or
Raltegravir in Treatment-Experienced
Patients: Preliminary Analysis
of TMC125-C214 Early Access Program
(EAP) in the US
William Towner, MD; Zachary Haigney, BA; Michael G Sension, MD; Michael
Wohlfeiler, MD, JD; Joseph Gathe, MD;Jonathan S Appelbaum, MD;
Paul Bellman, MD; Christine Marion, BS; Raymond Pecini, PharmD; Robert
Ryan, MS; James Witek, MD
1Kaiser Permanente-Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 2Quest Clinical Research, San
Francisco, CA, USA; 3North Broward Hospital District,Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA; 4 Wohlfeiler, Piperato and
Associates LLC, N. Miami Beach, FL, USA;5Therapeutic Concepts, Houston, TX, USA; 6Community
Research Initiative of New England, Boston, MA, USA; 7Office of Paul Bellman, MD, New York, NY, USA;
8Kenmar Research Institute, LLC,Los Angeles, CA, USA; 9Tibotec, Therapeutics, Bridgewater, NJ, USA;
10Tibotec, Inc., Yardley, PA, USA
63. Treatment Regimens
Background ARVs other than N(t)RTIs and ritonavir used in ≥10% of patients
•
•
•
•
All patients received ETR 200mg bid plus an investigator-selected BR
RAL and maraviroc became available through expanded access in January
and July of 2007, respectively, and were allowed
Background ARVs could be changed at any time at investigator’s discretion
ENF was used in 15% of patients overall
65. Uso de TPV con nuevos Agentes
Clase de ARV
Nombre
Combinación
con TPV/r
ITRNN
Etravirina1
AUC12h 76%
Inhibidor de CCR5
Maraviroc2
Inhibidor de
Integrasa
Raltegravir3
Inhibidor de
Integrasa
Elvitegravir4
1. Schöller et al, CROI 2006; 2. Celsentri® SmPC; 3. Isentress® SmPC;
4. Mathias et al, JAIDS 2008
66. BENCHMRK: Tipranavir y
raltegravir
Proporción de pacientes con CVp <50 copias/mL a Sem 48
100
% pacientes
90
80
Raltegravir + TPV/r* in OBT
Placebo + TPV/r* in OBT
73
Cambios en cuenta de CD4
(mm3) del basal a semana 48:
RAL+TPV/r* en OBT: +114
70
60
Placebo + TPV/r* en OBT: +56
50
40
40
30
20
10
0
Total n=
52
20
*Sensibles por prueba genotípica
Cooper et al, NEJM 2008
67. Uso de DRV con nuevos Agentes
Clase de ARV
Nombre
ITRNN
Efavirenz*
ITRNN
Etravirina1
Inhibidor de CCR5
Maraviroc2
Inhibidor de
Integrasa
Raltegravir3
Inhibidor de
Integrasa
Elvitegravir4
* Precaucion con sintomas al SNC por
Combinación
con DRV/r
AUC12h 13%
Cmax 15%
aumento en Cmax (15%); AUC (21%) y Cmin (17%) de EFV
1. Schöller et al, CROI 2006; 2. Celsentri® SmPC; 3. Isentress® SmPC;
4. Mathias et al, JAIDS 2008
68. Percent of Patients with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL
at Week 96 by Baseline HIV RNA and CD4 Cell Count
Subgroup
Subgroup
% of Patients
Percent of Patients
N
425
219
Total
Baseline HIV RNA copies/mL
>100,000
28
153
75
≤100,000
62
272
144
Baseline CD4 cells/mm3
≤50
60
34
Virologic failures carried forward
54
11
69
31
65
35
0
70
36
72
36
>200
13
72
35
>50 and ≤200
47
20
40
Raltegravir + OBT
Raltegravir + OBT
60
80
100
Placebo + OBT
Placebo + OBT
Steigbigel RT et al CROI 2009 Abstract K-103 571b
69. Percent of Patients with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL
at Week 96 by Selected ARTs in OBT
Subgroup
n
% of Patients
N
Subgroup
Percent of Patients
425
219
Total
62
28
Enfuvirtide Darunavir
de
unavir +
+
39
19
de Only
+
-
42
23
vir Only -
+
virtide
Darunavir
69
42
-
189
91
63
74
43
71
40
56
19
0
20
40
Raltegravir + OBT
+ : First use in OBT
- : Not used in OBT
79
Raltegravir + OBT
Virologic failures carried forward.
60
80
100
Placebo + OBT
Placebo + OBT
Steigbigel RT et al CROI 2009 Abstract K-103 571b
70. BENCHMRK 1 & 2: RNA VIH-1 < 50
c/mL a Semana 48, Global y por
GSS*
Subgrupo
n
Total
Pacientes (%)
443
228
RAL + OBR
64
34
Placebo + OBR
GSS:
0
112
65
1
166
92
2
158
68
≥3
158
68
*Virologic failures carried forward.
45
3
67
37
62
52
0
20
Cooper DA, et al. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:355-365.
40
60
77
71
80
100
71. BENCHMRK 1 & 2: RNA VIH-1 < 50
c/mL a Semana 48 por PSS* Basal
PSS
n
0
65
44
1
137
69
2
221
108
≥3
313
153
*Virologic failures carried forward.
Pacientes (%)
RAL + OBR
51
2
Placebo + OBR
61
29
71
39
61
0
20
Cooper DA, et al. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:355-365.
40
60
71
80
100
72. Raltegravir: Falla Virológica y
resistencia
•
Falla virológica a Raltegravir]
– Generalmente asociada con N155H o Q148H/K/R, en
combinación con ≥ 1 otra mutación en la integrasa
• Combinaciones mejoran la capacidad de replicación e
incrementan los niveles de resistencia.
– N155H y Q148H/K/R sola: similar grado de resistencia
• Q148H/K/R + mutaciones secundarias generan mas
resistencia que N155H + mutaciones secundarias.
• N155H es remplazada con el tiempo por Q148H/G140S[2]
•
Potencial tercera mutación primaria en la integrasa : Y143C/R
1. Johnson VA, et al. Topics HIV Med. 2008;16:62-68.
2. Fransen S, et al. HIV Resist Wkshp 2008. Abstract 7.
73. Inhibidores de la Entrada:
Enfuvirtida
• Rápida emergencia de resistencia durante falla
virológica.
• Mutaciones simples mutaciones dobles y triples
• Las mutaciones claves de resistencia están en los
codones 36-45 de HR-1
– Otras: L33T, N126K, S138A
• Poco beneficio virológico de continuar con la
terapia
• Ciertas mutaciones, especialmente en el codón
38, asociada con mejoría en la cuenta de CD4+ a
pesar de falla virológica.
74. Falla
Inicio de
Tratamient
o
R5
R5
Suspensión
Tratamiento
D/M D/M D/M D/M
0
R5
D/M
X4
Nonfunctional clone
D/M
100
200
D/M
R5
R5
300
Tiempo desde la primera administración (días)
•
Lewis M, et al. HIV Resistance Workshop 2007. Abstract 56.
Análisis filogenéticos y clonal en
20 pts (16 MVC, 4 placebo)
sugieren virus/M
predominantemente de
poblaciones preexistentes
– Las implicaciones clínicas quedan
sin estar completamente
definidas
76. 261/09
• Se espera alto nivel de resistencia a todos los
ITRANs, ITRNNs de primera generación e IPs por
historial de terapia ARV y por Genotipo.
• Sugerencia:
1. DRV/r, ETR, T20, RAL
• CD4+ predice virus R5, Trofile® ? . Pero en este
momento no se hace necesario uso de Maraviroc
(PAE)
77. ANRS 139 TRIO trial
Open-label, non-comparative,
100
multicenter study (n=101)
24 weeks RAL + ETR + DRV+RTV;
80
primary endpoint HIV RNA
<50 c/mL
60
Inclusion
90%
Failing combination therapy, no CD4+
40
(95% CI, 85% to 96%)
restriction
MDR but susceptible to DRV
20
and ETR (38% pts had ≥3 DRV
mutations)
0
Results
0
2
4
8
12
16
20
24
Time (weeks)
Baseline HIV RNA 4.0 log c/mL,
10
CD4+ 255 cells/mm3, median ART
10 pt (10%) did not reach primary endpoint:
duration 13 years
• 1 lost to F/U
OBT (as per investigator)
• 1 D/C all ARV
– 14% none, 83% NRTI, 12% ENF
• 3 HIV RNA >400 c/mL
Only one discontinued due to
• 2 HIV RNA 50–400 c/mL
adverse event (rash/fever)
• 3 HIV RNA <50 c/mL but not yet confirmed
Patients with HIV RNA <50 c/mL
(%, 95% CI)
Yazdanpanah Y, et al. XVII IAC, Mexico City 2008, #THAB0406
DRK/BA/27.2.09
78. Sumario
• Nuevos ARVs han mejorado las opciones para
pacientes altamente experimentados.
• Es posible alcanzar supresión virológica
duradera en muchos de estos pacientes.
• En PETs, ≥2 agentes completamente activos
deben ser combinados
• Tener en cuenta la barrera genética y el
potencial de resistencia cruzada de opciones
disponibles.
79. Conclusiones:
•
•
•
•
Usa las drogas que tengas
Pero úsalas inteligentemente
El objetivo es alcanzar <50 copias/mL
Usa siempre pruebas de resistencia o
consejo de expertos
• Plan para el éxito pero también prepararse
para falla.
• NO PIENSES QUE TU SABES TODO
• Varias Mentes piensan mejor que una!
Notas del editor
In summary the risks of keeping a patient on a failing regimen include:
accumulating resistance mutations resulting in a loss of treatment options
decreasing CD4 cell counts
clinical disease progression resulting in increased morbidity and ultimately death.
To understand why mutations can apparently disappear we need to understand how resistance testing works. Current resistance tests have a lower limit of detection of ~10-20%, in other words a mutant must be present within the quasispecies at a prevalence of &gt;10-20% to be detectable. Mutants present at lower levels are undetectable by routine methods, hence the false impression that resistance has “disappeared”
Finally, a few considerations about transmitted drug resistance. We have discussed the dynamics of resistant mutants during treatment and seen that mutants selected during therapy disappear rapidly once therapy is interrupted
Transmitted resistant mutants however behave differently and can persist for long periods in the absence of drug pressure. This cartoon explain the proposed model. HIV transmission leads to an infection which is initially highly homogenous. If the virus transmitted is resistant the infection will become established with a homogenously resistant virus. There is no wild-type virus that can rapidly out compete the resistant mutant. For the wild-type to occur the resistant mutants is required to back mutate, a process that is rather slow due to the fact that the transmitted virus is genetically constrained
Reversion does occur gradually over time, but the resistant mutants will persist as minority species and archived resistance, with the potential for a long-lasting impact
L74V increases ZDV and TDF susceptibility
M184V/I increase susceptibility to ZDV, TDF, and d4T
Evolution of resistance also leads to growing cross-resistance
Among the NRTIs, there is complete cross-resistance between 3TC and FTC and considerable cross resistance can occur among the other NRTIs TDF, ABC, ZDV, d4T and ddI
Among the NNRTIs EFV and NVP there is complete cross resistance. Whether the new NNRTI TMC125 (Etravirine) will provide a durable sequencing option in patients with resistance to these drugs remains to be convincingly demonstrated.
Among the PIs, cross-resistance requires usually the accumulation of multiple mutations
For the Entry Inhibitors, there is no cross-resistance between T20, which inhibits gp41-mediated fusion, and Maraviroc, which blocks virus interaction with the coreceptor CCR5
Among the Intergrase Inhibitors, current data indicate that there is at least partial cross-resistance between the Merck product (Raltegravir) and the Gilead product (Elvitegravir) in current advanced development/early clinical use
Pyrophosphate can also be an acceptor
Antagonised by M184V, K65R, L74V
Some form of resistance can also be beneficial. In this old study of patients treated with 3TC monotherapy, after the initial viral load drop a rebound was observed coinciding with the emergence of lamivudine resistance. Yet, despite high level resistance to the drug, the viral load did not rebound to pre-treatment levels, but was maintained ~0.5 log10 copies/ml lower than at baseline
Starting from the set of 44 NNRTI RAMs, the TMC125 RAMs were identified based on the methods described in the previous slides.
- 26 mutations were present in at least 5 patients (so, this means that 18 of the 44 were present in less than 5 patients).
- 13 of these 26 mutations were associated with a response that was at least 25% lower than the reference response: V90I, A98G, L100I, K101E, K101P, V106I, V179D, V179F, Y181C, Y181I, Y181V, G190A, and G190S.
POWER studies: Virological response according to baseline DRV/r RAMs
Based on data from the previous slides, we examined contributing factors for the decreased virologicalal response: was it the presence of a particular TMC125 RAM of merely the number of TMC125 RAMs?
Data in these graphs show that a decreased virologicalal response is only observed with multiple concomitant TMC125 RAMs.
The left graph shows data for Y181C, the right graph for G190A.
The first bars are the reference response (in the subgroup of patients without detectable NNRTI mutations). The red bars represent the virologicalal response in patients that have Y181C (left) or G190A (right), either alone (Y181C + 0), or with additional TMC125 RAMs (Y181C + 1, 2, 3, or 4).
The virologicalal response in patients with Y181C, without other TMC125 RAMs but with other NNRTI mutations, is comparable to that in patients without detectable NNRTI mutations.
The virologicalal response in patients with Y181C + 1 additional TMC125 RAM is lower than the reference response but above the 25% threshold.
Only in the patients with Y181C + 2 or more additional TMC125 RAMs (total number of TMC125 RAMs = 3 or more), the virologicalal responses are decreased below the 25% threshold.
Similar results are shown for G190A.
This clearly shows that a combination of a certain number of specific mutations is needed to observe a reduced virologicalal response to TMC125.
Based on data from the previous slides, we examined contributing factors for the decreased virological response: was it the presence of a particular TMC125 RAM of merely the number of TMC125 RAMs?
Data in these graphs show that a decreased virological response is only observed with multiple concomitant TMC125 RAMs.
The left graph shows data for Y181C, the right graph for G190A.
The first bars are the reference response (in the subgroup of patients without detectable NNRTI mutations). The red bars represent the virological response in patients that have Y181C (left) or G190A (right), either alone (Y181C + 0), or with additional TMC125 RAMs (Y181C + 1, 2, 3, or 4).
The virological response in patients with Y181C, without other TMC125 RAMs but with other NNRTI mutations, is comparable to that in patients without detectable NNRTI mutations.
The virological response in patients with Y181C + 1 additional TMC125 RAM is lower than the reference response but above the 25% threshold.
Only in the patients with Y181C + 2 or more additional TMC125 RAMs (total number of TMC125 RAMs = 3 or more), the virological responses are decreased below the 25% threshold.
Similar results are shown for G190A.
This clearly shows that a combination of a certain number of specific mutations is needed to observe a reduced virological response to TMC125.
UTILIZE was an observational study at 40 US sites that examined clinician use of resistance testing in treatment-experienced patients failing a PI-based regimen. Patients randomised to either genotype or combined genotype and phenotype
Prevalence is from all phase 2 and 3 trials
UPAMs 33, 82, 84, 90
Phenotypic data from Monogram
Minimal correlation between DRV resistance and ATV or TPV resistance
More of a correlation with LPV, but there is a higher correlation with APV resistance. The latter is not surprising given the structural similarities between the two drugs
Weighing the mutations associated with a diminished response to PREZISTA/r
Key point
Different mutations were associated with different increases in FC values, based on multiple regression analyses of the 1,405 screening samples from the POWER 1, 2 and 3 studies.
De Meyer S, Vangeneugden T, Lefebvre E, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic determinants of resistance to TMC114: pooled analysis of POWER 1, 2 and 3. 15th International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop; Sitges, Spain; June 13–17, 2006. Abstract 73.
TITAN: DRV/r Versus LPV/r: Treatment-experienced, LPV-naïve
&gt;16 to &gt;20
+3 to -10
Assessments
Follow-up visits were recommended at Weeks 4 and 12, and every 12 weeks thereafter
Lab assessments of viral load and CD4 count were performed locally and reported electronically
Only serious adverse events (AEs) and AEs leading to discontinuation were collected
BENCHMRK, Blocking Integrase in Treatment Experienced Patients With a Novel Compound Against HIV-1: Merck; GSS, genotypic susceptibility score
For patients with GSS = 1, 4 ART agents represented at least 80% of the active agents in OBT: darunavir (52%, 52% in raltegravir and placebo groups, respectively), enfuvirtide (8%, 16%), tenofovir (12%, 6%), and tipranavir (11%, 11%).
Rates of virologic suppression also greater with RAL vs placebo when analyzed by baseline PSS
Similar results when assessing PSS by number of fully active drugs and by number of fully or partially active drugs
[Click] once to run HIV infection animation
CCR5 has a specific conformation that permits binding and infection by HIV
Then [click] to run antagonist animation
However, when a CCR5 antagonist such as 873140 is bound, CCR5 is allosterically changed.
Then [click] to run Inhibition of HIV infection animation
This new conformation does not allow suitable interaction with HIV.
END OF SLIDE SET
[Click] once to run HIV infection animation
CCR5 has a specific conformation that permits binding and infection by HIV
Then [click] to run antagonist animation
However, when a CCR5 antagonist such as 873140 is bound, CCR5 is allosterically changed.
Then [click] to run Inhibition of HIV infection animation
This new conformation does not allow suitable interaction with HIV.
END OF SLIDE SET
Lewis and colleagues reported at the 16th International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop in Barbados a detailed analysis of select individuals that entered CCR5 antagonist clinical trials with R5 only virus who then experienced virologic failure with the emergence of CXCR4-utilizing strains. They performed clonal and phylogenic analyses at entry as well as during the course of therapy and assessed tropism for many clones over time. The example in this slide demonstrates that although at baseline the predominant virus did not use CXCR4 and the Trofile assay readout was R5-only, there were minority species that were dual/mixed (D/M) and even X4 only. They showed that these CXCR4-utilizing clones were enriched for on therapy at the time of follow-up visit when the primary readout of the Trofile assay was for detectable D/M virus. In this patient, like others they demonstrate that when selection pressure was removed with the discontinuation of the CCR5 antagonist, the majority population did appear to return to primarily one that did not use the CXCR4 coreceptor. Other select patients studied demonstrated the same findings. In contrast, in some cases they did not identify minority species of CXCR4-utilizing virus at baseline. However, phylogenic analyses of the CXCR4-using viruses that emerged on therapy suggested that they were not closely related to the original R5 population and thus more likely to have emerged from a pre-existing population that was missed both on routine testing of blood as well as clonal analyses. Together, these findings are supportive of the fact that most CXCR4-utilizing virus pre-exists at low levels and are selected for with therapy rather than a CCR5-only utilizing virus mutating and/or adapting to use CXCR4. The clinical implications of these findings and their relevance to the use of CCR5 antagonists will need further exploration.
Yazdanpanah Y et al (THABO406)
Obj/ENDPT: primary: To assess the 24wk efficacy (VL&lt;50) of a regimen containing RAL, ETR and DRV/r in treatment-experienced pts with MDR. Secondary: VR at wk 48 and 96, safety and tolerability, immunologic response, Drug interactions.
Methods: This phase II trial enrolled treatment-experienced HIV+ patients with plasma VL &gt;1000 copies who were naïve to the investigational drugs (RAL and ETR and DRV), had a hx of VF while on NNRTI and ≥3 major PI mutations (IAS list 06’), ≥3 NRTI mutations and ≤3 darunavir (V11I, L33F, I47V, I54L/M, G73S, L76V, I84V and L89V) and susceptible to ETR (≤3 NNRTI mutations amoung A98G, L100I, K101Q/P/E, K103H/N/S/T, V106A/M, V108I, E138G/K/Q, V179D/E/F/G/I, Y181C/I/V/C/H/L, Y188C/H/L, G190A/C/E/Q/S, M230I/L, P238N/T and Y318F), documented by a genotypic at initial screening. Backbone regimens included NRTI and/or enfuvirtide whenever possible.
Results: 103 patients (170pts screened; 67 ineligible based on genotypic criteria and VL) from 04/2007 to 08/2007. Among these patients, 44% had a hx of AIDS-defining events. Median number of mutations was 4 for PIs (primary mutations), 2 for DRV (%pts with 0/1/2/3 DRV mutations: 4/31/30/35), 1 for NNRTIs (%pts with 0/1/2/3 ETR mutations: 34/31/31/3) and 5 for NRTIs. (in addition to BL characteristics on slide) with a median genotypic sensitivity score=0.5 (0:20%, 0.5: 39%, 1:24%, &gt;1:17%). 14 pts had ENF as part of their regimen (12 were ENF-naïve). 57 pts (55%) had VL&lt;50 at wk 4 and 91 patients (88%) had VL&lt;50 at wk 12. At week 24, 93 patients (90%; 95%CI: 85 to 96) had VL &lt;50 copies/ml and 98 patients (95%) had VL&lt;400 copies/ml.
10/103 had VL&gt;50 at wk 24: 1 lost to f/u, 1d/c, 3 VL&gt;400, 2pts had VL&gt;50 but not &lt;400, and 3pts were &lt;50, but not confirmed at wk 32). Median CD4 increase was +99 cells. One patient d/c’d the investigational arm (grade 4 AE [skin rash]) and one pt lost to f/u. AEs: 1 rash (pt dc’d tx), 1 nephrolithiasis, 4 creatinine kinas elevations (&gt;10xULN) (all returned to normal without tx d/c), 1 GGT elevation (&gt;10xULN) (in HCV co-infected pt with intermittent GGT fluctuation, no d/c required)
Genotypic analysis of resistance among failing pts and drug-drug interactions still under ongoing analysis and not reported at conference.
**The ETR EAP program had similar results to TRIO among 2074 patients treated in the US; Observed response rates at Week 24 (VL&lt;75 copies/mL) exceeded 60% and were generally similar across subgroups of investigator-selected regimens.****