Presentation on nicotine

2. DRUGS AND MEDICINES ?
• FROM CHEMISTRY POINT OF VIEW, THERE IS NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE
TERMS DRUGS AND MEDICINES, i.e, ALL DRUGS ARE MEDICINES AND ALL
MEDICINES ARE DRUGS. HOWEVER, OUR SOCIETY AND LAW MAKE A CLEAR-CUT
DISTINCTION BETWEEN THESE TWO TERMS AS FOLLOW:
A MEDICINE IS A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE WHICH CURES THE
DISEASE, IS SAFE TO USE, HAS NEGLIGIBLE TOXICITY AND DOES
NOT ADDICTION. IN CONTRAST, A DRUG IS A CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCE WHICH ALSO CURES THE DISEASE BUT IS HABIT
FORMING, CAUSES ADDICTION AND HAS SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS

3. MAIN RESEARCH TOPIC- NICOTINE
• NICOTINE IS A POTENT PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC ALKALOID
FOUND IN THE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY OF PLANTS
(SOLANACEAE) AND A STIMULANT DRUG. IT IS A NICOTINIC
ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR AGONIST. IT IS MADE IN THE
ROOTS AND ACCUMULATES IN THE LEAVES OF THE PLANTS. IT
CONSTITUTES APPROXIMATELY 0.6–3.0% OF THE DRY WEIGHT
OF TOBACCO AND IS PRESENT IN THE RANGE OF 2–7 µG/KG OF
VARIOUS EDIBLE PLANTS. IT FUNCTIONS AS AN
ANTIHERBIVORE CHEMICAL; THEREFORE, NICOTINE WAS
WIDELY USED AS AN INSECTICIDE IN THE PAST.

4. • ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION, NICOTINE ADDICTION HAS HISTORICALLY BEEN
ONE OF THE HARDEST ADDICTIONS TO BREAK, WHILE THE PHARMACOLOGICALAND BEHAVIORAL
CHARACTERISTICS THAT DETERMINE TOBACCO ADDICTION ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE DETERMINING
ADDICTION TO HEROIN AND COCAINE. THE NICOTINE CONTENT OF POPULAR AMERICAN-BRAND
CIGARETTES HAS SLOWLY INCREASED OVER THE YEARS, AND ONE STUDY FOUND THAT THERE WAS AN
AVERAGE INCREASE OF 1.78% PER YEAR BETWEEN THE YEARS OF 1998 AND 2005. THIS WAS FOUND FOR
ALL MAJOR MARKET CATEGORIES OF CIGARETTES.
• RESEARCH IN 2011 HAS FOUND THAT NICOTINE INHIBITS CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES; THIS
INHIBITION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INCREASE THE ABILITY OF COCAINE TO CAUSE AN ADDICTION

5. HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF NAME
• NICOTINE IS NAMED AFTER THE TOBACCO PLANT NICOTIANATABACUM,
WHICH IN TURN IS NAMED AFTER THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR
INPORTUGAL, JEAN NICOT DE VILLEMAIN, WHO SENT TOBACCO AND
SEEDS TO PARIS IN 1560, AND WHO PROMOTED THEIR MEDICINAL USE.
• THE TOBACCO AND SEEDS WERE BROUGHT TO AMBASSADOR NICOT
FROM BRAZIL BY LUIS DE GOIS, A PORTUGUESE COLONIST IN SÃO
PAULO. NICOTINE WAS FIRST ISOLATED FROM THE TOBACCO PLANT IN
1828 BY PHYSICIAN WILHELM HEINRICH POSSELTAND CHEMIST KARL
LUDWIG REIMANN OF GERMANY, WHO CONSIDERED IT A POISON.
• ITS CHEMICAL EMPIRICAL FORMULA WAS DESCRIBED BY MELSENS IN
1843,ITS STRUCTURE WAS DISCOVERED BY ADOLF PINNER AND
RICHARD WOLFFENSTEIN IN 1893, AND IT WAS FIRST SYNTHESIZED BY
AMÉ PICTET AND A. ROTSCHY IN 1904.

6. CHEMISTRY OF NICOTINE
NICOTINE IS A HYGROSCOPIC, OILY LIQUID THAT IS MISCIBLE WITH WATER IN ITS BASE FORM. AS A
NITROGENOUS BASE, NICOTINE FORMS SALTS WITH ACIDS THAT ARE USUALLY SOLID AND WATER
SOLUBLE, FOR EXAMPLE NICOTINE SULFATE WHICH, BEING A SOLID, IS EASIER TO HANDLE IN ITS
USE AS AN INSECTICIDE. (FOR RETAIL USE IT IS SOLD AS SOLUTION IN WATER READY FOR
SPRAYING.) ITS FLASH POINT IS 95°C AND ITS AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE IS 244°C.

7. IUPAC NAME , CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL DATA
• IUPAC NAME OF NICOTINE IS- 3-(-1-METHYLPYRROLIDIN-2-YL ) PYRIDINE)
• FORMULA C10 H14 N2
• MOL. MASS 162.12 G/MOL
• DENSITY 1.01 G/CM³
• MELT. POINT -79 °C (-110 °F)
• BOILING POINT 247 °C (477 °F)

8. STRUCTURE OF NICOTINE

9. HOW BENEFICIAL IS NICOTINE OR
CIGARETTE???

10. PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS
• NICOTINE'S MOOD-ALTERING EFFECTS ARE DIFFERENT BY REPORT: IN PARTICULAR IT IS BOTH A
STIMULANT AND A RELAXANT. FIRST CAUSING A RELEASE OF GLUCOSE FROM THE LIVER AND
EPINEPHRINE(ADRENALINE) FROM THE ADRENAL MEDULLA, IT CAUSES STIMULATION. USERS REPORT
FEELINGS OF RELAXATION, SHARPNESS,CALMNESS, AND ALERTNESS. LIKE ANY STIMULANT, IT MAY
VERY RARELY CAUSE THE OFTEN UNCOMFORTABLE EFFECT OF AKATHISIA. BY REDUCING THEAPPETITE
AND RAISING THE METABOLISM, SOME SMOKERS MAY LOSE WEIGHT AS A CONSEQUENCE.
• WHEN A CIGARETTE IS SMOKED, NICOTINE-RICH BLOOD PASSES FROM THE LUNGS TO THE BRAIN
WITHIN SEVEN SECONDS AND IMMEDIATELY STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF MANY CHEMICAL
MESSENGERS SUCH AS ACETYLCHOLINE etc.
• THIS RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF NICOTINE'S
EFFECTS. NICOTINE APPEARS TO ENHANCE CONCENTRATION AND MEMORY DUE TO THE INCREASE OF
ACETYLCHOLINE.
• MOST CIGARETTES (IN THE SMOKE INHALED) CONTAIN 1 TO 3 MILLIGRAMS OF NICOTINE.

11. • RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT, WHEN SMOKERS WISH TO ACHIEVE A STIMULATING EFFECT, THEY TAKE
SHORT QUICK PUFFS, WHICH PRODUCE A LOW LEVEL OF BLOOD NICOTINE.
• THIS STIMULATES NERVE TRANSMISSION. WHEN THEY WISH TO RELAX, THEY TAKE DEEP
PUFFS, WHICH PRODUCE A HIGH LEVEL OF BLOOD NICOTINE, WHICH DEPRESSES THE PASSAGE OF
NERVE IMPULSES, PRODUCING A MILD SEDATIVE EFFECT.
• AT LOW DOSES, NICOTINE POTENTLY ENHANCES THE ACTIONS OF NOREPINEPHRINE AND DOPAMINE
IN THE BRAIN, CAUSING A DRUG EFFECT.
• AT HIGHER DOSES, NICOTINE ENHANCES THE EFFECT, PRODUCING A CALMING, PAIN-KILLING EFFECT.
NICOTINE IS UNIQUE IN COMPARISON TO MOST DRUGS, AS ITS PROFILE CHANGES FROM STIMULANT
TO SEDATIVE/PAIN KILLER IN INCREASING DOSAGES AND USE.

12. NICOTINE AS INSECTICIDE
NICOTINE SULFATE SOLD FOR USE AS A PESTICIDE IS LABELED
"DANGER," INDICATING THAT IT IS HIGHLY TOXIC.

13. SIDE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE

14. SURPRISING FACT
• TOOTHPASTES ALSO CONTAIN SOME AMOUNT OF NICOTINE
• A STUDY BY THE DELHI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND
RESEARCH (DIPSAR) HAS FOUND THAT MANY OF THE TOOTHPASTE
MANUFACTURERS ARE ADULTERATING TOOTHPASTES AND TOOTHPOWDERS
WITH HIGH QUANTITY OF NICOTINE.

15. CONCLUDING
• NICOTINE IS A VERY POTENT DRUG - HIGHLY ADDICTIVE WHEN
REGULARLY CONSUMED - AND ITS USE SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
• GIVEN THE SERIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH CIGARETTE
SMOKING, PRIMARILY MAINTAINED BY THE ADDICTIVE PROPERTIES OF
NICOTINE, THE BEST ADVICE IS NOT TO START.
• NICOTINE IS ONLY FOR USED AS INSECTICIDES, SO ITS BETTER TO BE
USED IT TO KILL INSECTS OR PESTICIDES , NOT HUMAN BEING.

16. BY-
JASHANPREET SINGH
R010113019
B.TECH-CSE-CCVT
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, SHILLONG