More on theories

1. Reporter: Jastyne B. Mallari

3. Motivation can be
defined as the intensity
of a person’s desire to
engage in some
activity.
Motivation is “WHAT
drives you” to behave in
a certain way or to take
a particular action. It is
your WHY.

4. Motivation
is said to be
intrinsic or
extrinsic

5.  Intrinsic-is driven by interest &
enjoyment in the task itself.
 Extrinsic-is geared
toward external
rewards.

6. -Rewards is anything an
individual perceives as
valuable.
-Intrinsic and Extrinsic
are two (2) general
types of rewards.

7. Intrinsic are obtained to
the work itself.
-A positive outcome of
performing work that is
integral to the work task
itself, such as love of or
pride in one's work, a
sense of challenge or
achievement, etc.

8. Extrinsic are usually
financial—are the
tangible rewards given
employees by managers,
such as pay raises,
bonuses, and benefits.
They are called
“extrinsic” because they
are external to the work
itself .

9. Early Theories

10.  An early theory
which relates to
the use of
rewards and
penalties in
order to induce
desired behavior.

12. A. Content Theories or
(Need-Based Approaches)

13.  Revolve around the
identification of
inward drives,
referred to as needs,
that cause people act
as they do.

14. -A motivating force that compels action
for its satisfaction.
-The psychological feature that arouses
an organism to action toward a desired
goal; the reason for the action; that
which gives purpose and direction to
behavior

15. Primary Needs- are physiological in
nature and generally inborn. It is
inborn
genetically determined.
Secondary Needs- are social-
physiological in nature. Secondary
needs is usually learned.
learned

16. Under Content theories are the ff:
• Abraham Maslow’s
• David McClelland’s
• Frederick Herzberg’

18. Hygiene Factors or Motivators or
Dissatisfiers Satisfiers
Working conditions Recognition
Policies and administrative Achievement
practices Advancement
Salary and Benefits Growth
Supervision Responsibility
Status Job challenge
Job security
Co-workers
Personal life

19. Need for
Achievement
(nACH)
Need for Need for
Power Affiliations
(nPOW) (nAFF)

20. B. Process Theories

21.  It explain motivation
in-terms of decision-
making process. It
primarily view
motivation from the
perspective of what
channels behavior.

22. Under Process theories are the ff:
• J. S Adams’
• Edwin Locke’s
• Victor Vroom’s

23.  assumes that people have need
for, and therefore value and
seek, fairness at work.
 people are strongly motivated
to maintain a balance bet. What
they perceive as their inputs or
contributions and their rewards.

24.  assumes that one someone
decides to pursue a goal the
person regulates his or her
behavior to try to reach each
goal.

25. Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence =
Motivation

26. Expectancy-in motivation, the probability
that a person’s efforts will lead to
performance.
Instrumentality-the perceived
successful performance and obtaining
the reward.
Valance-the perceived successful performance
and obtaining the reward for certain efforts.

27. C. Learning/ Reinforcement
Approaches

28.  can be defined as a
relatively permanent
change in person that
occurs as a result of
experience.

29.  Behavior that appears to operate on or have
influence on the subjects environment.
 A reward that is contingent or dependent on
performance of a particular behavior.

30.  The technique of changing or modifying
behavior through the use of contingent
rewards or punishments.
Two (2) Core Concepts in BM
3. The type of reinforcement
(reward-punishment)
4. Schedule of reinforcement

31. Positive
Reinforcement
- the act of rewarding
desired behavior; or
the actual rewards,
such as praise or
bonuses, given each
time the desired
behavior occurs.

32. Negative Reinforcement
-reinforcing the desirable behavior by
removing something undesirable from the
situation.

33. Punishment
-a behavioral
modification option
that applies penalties
for the undesired
behavior to reduce
the possibility that it
will recur.

34. Extinction
-the behavioral
modification
technique of
withholding positive
reinforcement so that
over time the
undesired behavior
disappears.