overview about vitamin production

1. T.N.JAYA GANESH
I-M.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY
DEPT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
PHARMACEUTICAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. Vitamins are organic substances that are essential for the health, growth,
reproduction.
Each vitamin performs for special function, hence, one cannot replace or
act for another.
Except vitamin-D, the human body cannot synthesize others.
They are classed as,
1) Fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins
2) Vitamin B complex and
3) Vitamin like substances

3. Fat soluble vitamins Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin A Biotin
Vitamin D Choline
Vitamin E Folic acid
Vitamin K Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Riboflavin
Thiamin
Vitamin B6(pyridoxine; pyridoxal;
pyridoxamine)
Vitamin B12 (cobalamines)
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid;
hydroascorbic acid)

4.  Chemical composition
The fat soluble vitamins contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen,
whereas the water soluble B vitamins contains these three elements
plus nitrogen.
 Occurrence
Vitamins originates primarily in plant tissues which includes vegetable
products (cabbage, carrot, orange, lemon, corn or maize oil, corn or
maize bran…) and microorganisms (brewers yeast, bakers yeast…).
Animals – fish, ox or calf liver oil.
Vitamin c and d present only animal tissues.
 Excretion
Fat soluble – via faces
Water soluble – primarily via urine, limited amount present in faces.

5.  Cobalamies composed of a central cobalt atom coordinated
by a porphyrin-like group called corrin.
 The cobalamin biosynthesis by pseudomonas denitrificans
require external supply of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidozole (5,6-
DBI) and cobalt salt.
 cobamide also from propionibacterium shermanii.

6.  Extraction
 Extraction – lyses of cell
 Unstable cobalamine become more stable when treated
with cyanide(KCN), forms cyanocobalamine.
Purification
 Adsorption method using alumina and silanized silica gel
 Then followed by elution with water-alcohol or water-
phenol mixtures

7.  Production by fermentation of Ashbya gossypii
Production upto 10-15 g/L after 10 days.
 Isolation
Broth at 121 c/hratph4.5–riboflavinsolubilised
Precipitation isbytitaniumchloride
Reoxidisedintheair anddissolvedat60cin10%HCL
Aftercoolingneutralizedtoyieldpurerformsofriboflavincrystals.

8. D-glucose
↓
D-gluconic acid
↓
2-keto-D-glconic acid
↓
2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid
↓
2-keto-L-gulonic acid
Erwinia sp.
Coreynebacterium
sp.

9.  Harvesting and isolation
the 2-keto-L-gulonic acid is isolated from the harvested broth
at the end of second stage fermentation by treating with
sodium carbonate.
the subsequent concentration to crystallization yields 90% 2-
keto-L-gulonate

10.  Vitamin E natural occurrence:
 In oils of soybean, corn, sunflower, rapeseed & olive.
 In green vegetables of spinach, parsely, cabbage, leek &
lettuce.
 Bio engineered plants like Tobacco and Arabidopsis for over
expression of Tocols.
 Bio engineered plants like soybean, rape seed and maize
kernels for altered tocol content.
 γ-tocopherol to α-tocopherol by γ-TMT, this achieved up
to 95%.

11.  Min level of vitamin E (100 IU/day) to prevent coronary
heart disease.
 For degenerative diseases, diabetes, prostate cancer, teeth
problems, vision problems vitamins mostly suggested.
 Higher intake of water soluble vitamins cause
hypervitaminosis.
 There is sneither optional nor substitute for any vitamin.