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Understanding the Importance of Context
Today’s Agenda
   Overview The Rhetorical Situation
     Lincoln Example
   Assignment: Watch Hillary Clinton and Sarah
    Palin speeches (identify ethos/logos/pathos in
    each)
     Clinton:
      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeFMZ7fpGHY
     Palin:
      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCDxXJSucF4
   Also: Argumentativeness test write-up due
    Friday
“As per our negotiation, I agree
to your suggestion of 923.”
Kairos
 The relationship between text and
  context: neither is static!
 Having kairos;
     The right message at the right time, OR:
     Cultivating the context for the right message


   (See: ethos/pathos/logos/kairos chart on
    p. 21)
Rhetorical Situation Analysis
 Texts have meanings because of their con/text
 For a reader: an attempt to understand a
  piece of rhetoric—a text—by looking at
  its situationality—its context.
 As a writer, it is an attempt to
  understand a situation in preparation to
  deliver the best text possible for the
  occasion.
The Rhetorical Situation: TRACE
 Text
 Reader (audience)
 Author (speaker)
 Constraints
 Exigence
Text
 The piece of writing/speech that has
  been or is being produced.
 Key questions: What does the text say?
  What kind of text is it?
Reader/Audience
 The nature and disposition of the people
  reading/hearing the text.
 Key questions: Who seems to be the
  intended audience?
Author/Speaker
 The goal and purpose of the writer, as
  well as the background, experiences,
  and values that will determine ethos.
 Key question: What do you know or can
  you assume about the writer?
Constraints
 The circumstances or perceptions that
  might influence the audience or the
  writer’s responses.
 Key questions: What has already been
  said on the subject? What is the general
  state of the world outside of the specific
  context of the topic.
Constraints: Text
   How is writing a book different from
    writing a newspaper column where you
    have a certain number of column inches
    available? How is a poem different than
    an essay? What type of language is
    used?
Constraints: Reader
   Does the source account for who it is
    aimed at? Why are ads placed in a teen
    magazine different than those in a car
    magazine? What values does the reader
    have that will effect what the author can
    and can't say and what will and won't be
    persuasive?
Constraints: Author
   What values constrain the author? Are
    there things that an author has to
    overcome just because of what they
    look like? Does the author have ready-
    made credibility for some reason, or do
    they have to earn it by telling a story or
    using certain language?
Exigence
 The event or impulse that impels or causes
  the writer to want to communicate. The
  exigence is what starts the controversy
  going; it is whatever is making people mad,
  whatever is driving them to change the
  world.
 Key questions: Did something happen that
  sparked the need for communication? Is
  there something in the world the author is
  trying to change? What is the author's
  purpose?
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought
forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in
liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men
are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing
whether that nation or any nation so conceived and
so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great
battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of that field as a final resting-place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It
is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot
Monday’s examples
 What’s the rhetorical situation for
  Kucinich?
 For McCain?
Today’s Agenda
   Overview The Rhetorical Situation
     Lincoln Example
   Assignment: Watch Hillary Clinton and Sarah
    Palin speeches (identify ethos/logos/pathos in
    each)
     Clinton:
      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeFMZ7fpGHY
     Palin:
      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCDxXJSucF4
   Also: Argumentativeness test write-up due
    Friday

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The rhetorical situation

  • 2. Today’s Agenda  Overview The Rhetorical Situation  Lincoln Example  Assignment: Watch Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin speeches (identify ethos/logos/pathos in each)  Clinton: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeFMZ7fpGHY  Palin: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCDxXJSucF4  Also: Argumentativeness test write-up due Friday
  • 3. “As per our negotiation, I agree to your suggestion of 923.”
  • 4. Kairos  The relationship between text and context: neither is static!  Having kairos;  The right message at the right time, OR:  Cultivating the context for the right message  (See: ethos/pathos/logos/kairos chart on p. 21)
  • 5. Rhetorical Situation Analysis  Texts have meanings because of their con/text  For a reader: an attempt to understand a piece of rhetoric—a text—by looking at its situationality—its context.  As a writer, it is an attempt to understand a situation in preparation to deliver the best text possible for the occasion.
  • 6. The Rhetorical Situation: TRACE  Text  Reader (audience)  Author (speaker)  Constraints  Exigence
  • 7. Text  The piece of writing/speech that has been or is being produced.  Key questions: What does the text say? What kind of text is it?
  • 8. Reader/Audience  The nature and disposition of the people reading/hearing the text.  Key questions: Who seems to be the intended audience?
  • 9. Author/Speaker  The goal and purpose of the writer, as well as the background, experiences, and values that will determine ethos.  Key question: What do you know or can you assume about the writer?
  • 10. Constraints  The circumstances or perceptions that might influence the audience or the writer’s responses.  Key questions: What has already been said on the subject? What is the general state of the world outside of the specific context of the topic.
  • 11. Constraints: Text  How is writing a book different from writing a newspaper column where you have a certain number of column inches available? How is a poem different than an essay? What type of language is used?
  • 12. Constraints: Reader  Does the source account for who it is aimed at? Why are ads placed in a teen magazine different than those in a car magazine? What values does the reader have that will effect what the author can and can't say and what will and won't be persuasive?
  • 13. Constraints: Author  What values constrain the author? Are there things that an author has to overcome just because of what they look like? Does the author have ready- made credibility for some reason, or do they have to earn it by telling a story or using certain language?
  • 14. Exigence  The event or impulse that impels or causes the writer to want to communicate. The exigence is what starts the controversy going; it is whatever is making people mad, whatever is driving them to change the world.  Key questions: Did something happen that sparked the need for communication? Is there something in the world the author is trying to change? What is the author's purpose?
  • 15. Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot
  • 16. Monday’s examples  What’s the rhetorical situation for Kucinich?  For McCain?
  • 17. Today’s Agenda  Overview The Rhetorical Situation  Lincoln Example  Assignment: Watch Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin speeches (identify ethos/logos/pathos in each)  Clinton: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeFMZ7fpGHY  Palin: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCDxXJSucF4  Also: Argumentativeness test write-up due Friday