This document discusses infection, infection prevention and control in a hospital setting. It covers topics such as the definition of infection, types of isolation precautions, sterilization methods, the roles of an infection control committee and team, and the importance of developing an infection control program and manual in a hospital. The key aspects are establishing standard precautions and transmission-based precautions to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.

3. AN INFECTION IS A DISEASE STATE
THAT RESULTS FROM THE PRESENCE OF
PATHOGENS (DISEASE PRODUCING
MICROORGANISMS) IN OR ON THE
BODY

5.  INCUBATION PERIOD
 PRODROMAL PERIOD
 FULL STAGE OF ILLNESS
 CONVALESCENT PERIOD

6.  NORMAL FLORA OF SKIN
 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
 IMMUNE RESPONSE

7.  INTEGRITY OF SKIN & MUCUS MEMBRANE
 PH LEVELS OF G.I, G.U TRACT AND SKIN
 W.B.C. LEVEL
 AGE, SEX, RACE AND HEREDITARY FACTORS
 IMMUNIZATION STATUS
 LEVEL OF FATIGUE, NUTRITIONAL AND HEALTH
STATUS
 STRESS LEVEL
 USE OF INVASIVE AND INDWELLING MEDICAL
DEVICES

8. INFECTION
PREVENTION
INFECTION
CONTROL
PROGRAMME
ASEPTIC
TECHNIQUE
REPORT
ACCIDENT
EXPOSURE
STANDARD
PRECAUTIONS

9. MEDICAL ASEPSIS OR CLEAN
TECHNIQUE INVOLVES PROCEDURES
AND PRACTICES THAT REDUCE THE
NUMBER AND TRANSFER OF
PATHOGENS.

10.  PRACTICE GOOD HAND HYGIENE
 DO NOT PLACE SOILED LINEN OR ANYOTHER
ITEMS ON FLOOR.
 AVOID HAVING PATIENT COUGH, SNEEZE, OR
BREATHE DIRECTLY ON OTHERS.
 DISPOSED OF SOILED OR USED ITEMS DIRECTLY
INTO APPROPRIATE CONTAINERS.
 FOLLOW STANDARD AND TRANSMISSION BASED
PRECAUTIONS BY THE AGENCY.

11.  PERFORMING HAND HYGIENE
 STERILIZING AND DISINFECTING
 USING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES
 HANDLING AND DISPOSING OF SUPPLIES
 USING SPECIALIZED INFECTION CONTROL
PRECAUTIONS

12. EFFECTIVE HAND
WASHING IS
ABSOLUTELY
ESSENTIAL IN
PREVENTING CROSS
INFECTION, AND AIMS
TO REMOVE DIRT &
MICRO-ORGANISMS
FROM THE HAND.

15. 1. STEAM METHOD
2.DRY HEAT
3.BOILING METHOD
4.RADIATION METHOD
5.CHEMICAL METHOD

20.  USED EQUIPMENT MAY BE DISPOSED OF AFTER
USE OR OF REUSABLE BAGGED ACCORDING TO
AGENCY POLICY, SENT TO CENTRAL CLEANING
AREA.
 SINGLE USE ITEMS MUST BE DISPOSED.
 CONTAMINATED ITEMS NEVER BE USED FOR
ANOTHER PATIENT.

21. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:
 1970 : CATEGORY SPECIFIC ISOLATION
 1983 : DISEASE SPECIFIC ISOLATION
 1985 : BODY-SUBSTANCE PRECAUTIONS
 1987 : UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
 2005 : REVISED CDC GUIDELINES FOR
ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS

22. REVISED CDC GUIDELINES
 STANDARD PRECAUTIONS:
1. HAND HYGIENE
2. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES
3. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
4. MANAGEMENT OF BLOOD AND BODY FLUID
SPILLAGES
5. MANAGEMENT OF EQUIPMENT UTILIZED DURING
CARE
6. ENVIRONMENT CONTROL
7. SAFE DISPOSAL OF WASTE INCLUDEING SHARPS
8. LINEN

24.  AIR BORNE PRECAUTIONS
 DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
 CONTACT PRECAUTIONS

25. ISOLATION TECHNIQUE IS USED TO
PREVENT THE TRANSMISSION OF
INFECTION FROM INFECTED PATIENTS
TO OTHERS.

26. CATEGORY A :
THESE INFECTIONS ARE SPREAD BY HANDS, CONTACT
WITH NON-STERILE EQUIPMENT, FAECES, BLOOD AND
BODY FLUIDS. HIV,HAV, HBV, HCV, DIARRHEAL VIRUSES
AND ENTERO VIRUSES COME UNDER THIS CATEGORY
- CUBICLE OR PRIVATE ROOM REQUIRED
- STAFFS SHOULD WEAR A GOWN OR APRON AND
GLOVES
- WASH HANDS WHEN LEAVING THE CUBICLE

27. THIS CATEGORY COVERS INFECTIONS SPREAD
FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT VIA DROPLET.
CHICKEN POX, MEASLES AND MUMPS ARE THE
EXAMPLE.
- CUBICLE OR SINGLE ROOM IS ESSENTIAL
- MASKS, GLOVES AND APRONS SHOULD BE
WORN
- VENTILATION SYSTEM CONSISTING OF ATLEAST
EXTRACTOR FAN.

28. THIS IS USED FOR DISEASES IN WHICH THERE IS
INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION SUCH AS
PATIENTS WITH NEUTROPENIA ON ANTI-CANCER
CHEMOTHERAPY AND SEVERELY IMMUNO
COMPROMISED PATIENTS. THIS CATEGORY CALLED
AS “REVERSE PROTECTIVE ISOLATION”.
- HANDS MUST BE WASHED OR DISINFECTED BEFORE
ENTERING THE ROOM
- STERILE GLOVES,MASKS,APRON MUST BE DISCARDES
AFTER ATTENDING THE PATIENT.

29. IT IS ONLY FOUND IN SPECIALIZED
UNITS FOR HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
INFECTIONS SUCH AS RABIES AND
VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS.
- CUBICLE IS ESSENTIAL
- GOWNS, MASKS AND EYE GOGGLES
MUST BE WORN.

30.  IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS STERILE TECHNIQUE. IT
INCLUDES THE USE OF PROCEDURES TO KEEP
OBJECTS AND AREAS FREE OF MICRO ORGANISMS
AND THEIR SPORES.
 SURGICAL ASEPSIS USED REGULARLY IN THE
OPERATING ROOM, LABOR AND DELIVERY AREAS
AND CERTAIN DIAGNOSTIC TESTING AREAS.

31.  ALLOW ONLY A STERILE OBJECT TO TOUCH ANOTHER
OBJECT.
 HOLD STERILE OBJECTS ABOVE LEVEL OF WRISTS.
 AVOID TALKING, COUGHING, SNEEZING OR REACHING
OVER A STERILE FIELD OR OBJECT.
 CONSIDERED EDGE OF STERILE FIELD TO BE
CONTAMINATED.
 AVOID SPILLING OF ANY SOLUTION ON A STERILE FIELD
OR OBJECT.

32. ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE IS MORE STRICTLY APPLIED IN
THE OPERATION ROOM BECAUSE OF THE DIRECT
AND OFTEN EXTENSIVE DISRUPTION OF SKIN AND
UNDERLYING TISSUE. ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE HELPS TO
PREVENT OR MINIMIZE POST OPERATIVE INFECTION.

33.  SURGICAL SCRUB
 USE STERILE SURGICAL CLOTHING OR PROTECTIVE
MEASURES
 SURGICAL DRAPES
 CAREFUL ATTENTION ON EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES.
 PROPER HANDLING OF ARTICLES.

34.  AVOID TRAFFICS IN OPERATING ROOM.
 MAINTAIN POSITIVE AIR FLOW
 AVOID TO TOUCH CONTAMINATED ARTICLES.
 MAKE SURE STERILE ENVIRONMENT.

35. MEDICAL ASEPSIS SURGICAL ASEPSIS
DEFINITION PROTECT THE
PATIENT AND HIS
ENVIRONMENT FROM
SPREAD OF
INFECTIOUS
ORGANISMS.
ALL OF THE
PROCEDURES USED
TO STERILIZE AND TO
KEEP STERILE ANY
OBJECTS
INTRODUCED TO
WOUND OR
PENETRATE THE SKIN
EMPHASIS CLEANLINESS
(FREEDOM FROM
MOST PATHOGENIC
ORGANISMS.
STERILITY (FREEDOM
FROM
MICROORGANISMS).
PURPOSE REDUCE THE
TRANSMISSION OF
PATHOGENIC
ORGANISMS FROM
PATIENT TO ANOTHER.
PREVENT
INTRODUCTION OF
ANY ORGANISM IN TO
AN OPEN WOUND OR
INTO BODY CAVITY.

36. ISOLATION PATIENT WITH A
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES ARE
SEPARATED FROM
THE REST OF
PATIENTS BY ROOM,
WARD OR UNIT.
PATIENT REQUIRING
SURGERY ARE TAKEN
TO O.T
ZONE A ZONE ABOUT THE
ISOLATION UNIT IS
ESTABLISHED AS
CONTAMINATED.
NOTHING GOES OUT OF
THE ZONE WITHOUT
BEING DISINFECTED OR
WRAPPED IN A CLEAN
COVER TO PERMIT
HANDLING IN A CLEAN
ZONE.
A ZONE ABOUT THE SITE OF
OPERATION OR WOUND IS
ESTABLISHED AS A STERILE
FIELD. ONCE A STERILE
ARTICLE TOUCHES AN
UNSTERILE ARTICLE, IT IS
CONTAMINATED
(UNSTERILE). ONLY
STERILE ARTICLES ARE
BROUGHT INTO THE
STERILE FIELD.
HAND
WASHING
HANDS AND FOREARMS
ARE WASHED FOR 1 TO 2
MIN TO REMOVE
SURFACE
CONTAMINANTS AND
SOIL. HANDS AND ARMS
HANDS AND FOREARMS
ARE SCRUBBED FOR 10 MIN
TO REDUCE THE
BACTERIAL COUNT ON THE
SKIN SURFACE. HANDS AND
ARMS ARE DRIED WITH A

37. GOWNS CLEAN GOWNS
ARE WORN TO
PROTECT THE
WORKER. INSIDE
OF GOWN IS
CLEAN, OUTSIDE
OF GOWN IN
CONTACT WITH
THE PATIENT AND
HIS
ENVIRONMENT IS
CONTAMINATED.
STERILE GOWNS
ARE WORN TO
PROTECT THE
PATIENT FROM
THE WORKER.
OUTSIDE OF
GOWN THAT IS
CONTACT WITH
THE STERILE
FIELD MUST BE
KEPT STERILE.
STATUS OF
PATIENT
RESERVOIR OF
INFECTION
POTENTIAL HOST
(OTHER PEOPLE
AND
ENVIRONMENT ARE
RESERVOIRS OF
INFECTION).

38. EACH HOSPITAL NEEDS TO DEVELOP A PROGRAMME
FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD INFECTION
CONTROL PRACTICES AND TO ENSURE THE
WELLBEING OF BOTH PATIENTS AND STAFFS BY
PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING H.A.I.

39.  MONITOR HOSPITAL ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
 TRAINING OF STAFFS
 INVESTIGATION OF OUTBREAKS
 CONTROLLING OUTBREAKS BY RECTIFICATION OF
TECHNICAL LAPSES.
 INSPECTION OF WASTE DISPOSAL.
 MONITOR HEALTH STATUS OF THE STAFFS.

40.  PROVIDE FUNDS AND RESOURCES
 ENSURE A SAFE AND CLEAN ENVIRONMENT.
 SAFE FOOD AND DRINKING WATER.
 STERILE SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT.
 ESTABLISH AN INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE
AND INFECTION CONTROL TEAM.

41. 1.INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE:
REPRESENTATIVES OF MEDICAL, NURSING, ENGINEERING, ADMINISTRATIVE,
PHARMACY, CSSD AND MICROBIOLOGY DEPARTMENTS ARE THE MEMBERS.
THE COMMITTEE FORMULATES THE POLICIES FOR THE PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF INFECTION. ONE MEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE IS ELECTED
CHAIRPERSON AND HAS DIRECT ACCESS TO THE HEAD OF THE HOSPITAL
ADMINISTRATION. THE INFECTION CONTROL OFFICER IS THE MEMBER
SECRETARY. THE COMMITTEE MEETS REGULARLY AND NOT LESS THAN THREE
TIMES A YEAR.

42.  DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES
 CONSULTANT MICROBIOLOGIST
 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT-SURGERY
 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT-MEDICAL
 ANESTHETIST
 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT-MAINTENANCE
 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT-HOUSE KEEPING
 NURSING PERSONNEL FROM VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS.

43.  THE TEAM IS FORMED FOR ASSISTING THE
INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE ON DAY
TO DAY ACTIVITIES. IT IS THE CORE OF THE
INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE.

44.  TO IMPLEMENT THE RECOMMENDATION OF
INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE.
 TO MONITOR THE SAFE PRACTICES OF PATIENTS
CARE.
 TO MONITOR THE STERILIZATION PROCESS.
 TO PROTECT THE STAFFS AGAINST BLOOD BORNE
DISEASES.

45.  THEY VISIT THE O.P AND WARDS DAILY.
 VERIFY WHETHER THE INFECTION DATA IS
COLLECTED IN ALL HIGH RISK AREAS IN A SEPARATE
REGISTER.
 MAINTAIN THE REPORT OF INFECTIOUS CASES.
 THE TEAM MEMBERS INSPECT THE STERILIZATION
PROCEDURE CONDUCTED AT VARIOUS AREAS IN
THE HOSPITAL.
 THE OBSERVATIONS MADE BY THIS TEAM ARE
INFORMED TO I.C.C

46.  THE INFECTION CONTROL OFFICER IS USUALLY A
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGIST OR ANY OTHER
PHYSICIAN WITH AN INTEREST IN HOSPITAL
ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS.

47.  SECRETARY OF INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE AND
RESPONSIBLE FOR RECORDING MINUTES AND ARRANGING
MEETINGS;
 CONSULTANT MEMBER OF ICC AND LEADER OF ICT;
 IDENTIFICATION AND REPORTING OF PATHOGENS AND
THEIR ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY;
 REGULAR ANALYSIS AND DISSEMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE DATA, EMERGING PATHOGENS AND UNUSUAL
LABORATORY FINDINGS;
 INITIATING SURVEILLANCE OF HOSPITAL INFECTIONS AND
DETECTION OF OUTBREAKS;
 INVESTIGATION OF OUTBREAKS, AND
 TRAINING AND EDUCATION IN INFECTION CONTROL
PROCEDURES AND PRACTICE.

48.  A SENIOR NURSING SISTER SHOULD BE
APPOINTED FULL-TIME FOR THIS POSITION.
ADEQUATE FULL-TIME OR PART-TIME
NURSING STAFF SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO
SUPPORT THE PROGRAMME.

49.  TO LIAISE BETWEEN MICROBIOLOGY DEPARTMENT AND
CLINICAL DEPARTMENTS FOR DETECTION AND CONTROL OF
HAI;
 TO COLLABORATE WITH THE ICO ON SURVEILLANCE OF
INFECTION AND DETECTION OF OUTBREAKS;
 TO COLLECT SPECIMENS AND PRELIMINARY PROCESSING;
THE ICNS SHOULD BE TRAINED IN BASIC MICROBIOLOGIC
TECHNIQUES;
 TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
ICO, AND
 TO INCREASE AWARENESS AMONG PATIENTS AND VISITORS
ABOUT INFECTION CONTROL.

50. THE MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY HAS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE
CONTROL OF HOSPITAL ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS. THE
MICROBIOLOGIST IS USUALLY THE INFECTION CONTROL OFFICER.
THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT IN THE HAI CONTROL
PROGRAMME INCLUDES:
 IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENS - THE LABORATORY SHOULD BE
CAPABLE OF IDENTIFYING THE COMMON BACTERIA TO THE
SPECIES LEVEL;
 PROVISION OF ADVICE ON ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY;

51.  PROVISION OF ADVICE ON SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND
TRANSPORT;
 PROVISION OF INFORMATION ON ANTIMICROBIAL
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF COMMON PATHOGENS
 PERIODIC REPORTING OF HOSPITAL INFECTION DATA
AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN
 IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES AND MODE OF
TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TYPING OF THE ISOLATES FROM
CASES, CARRIERS AND ENVIRONMENT;

52.  MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING OF HOSPITAL
PERSONNEL OR ENVIRONMENT
 PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR STERILIZATION AND
DISINFECTION IN THE FACILITY INCLUDING
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF STERILIZATION.
 PROVIDE FACILITIES FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING
OF HOSPITAL MATERIALS WHEN CONSIDERED
NECESSARY
 PROVIDE TRAINING FOR PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN
INFECTION CONTROL

53.  IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT EACH HOSPITAL
DEVELOPS ITS OWN INFECTION CONTROL MANUAL
BASED UPON EXISTING DOCUMENTS BUT
MODIFIED, FOR LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND RISKS.

54.  IN ONE STUDY IT WAS FOUND THAT THERE
WERE AROUND 700 INJURIES PER 1000 NURSING
STAFF PER WEEK OUT OF WHICH 60% WERE DUE
TO NEEDLES OCCURRED DURING RECAPPING OR
HANDLING BUT VERY FEW WERE DUE TO
DISCARDED SHARPS . IT IS ALSO FOUND THAT
THE PRESENT AWARENESS AMONG HEALTH
PERSONNEL IS POOR REGARDING BIOMEDICAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND IMPARTING-
TRAINING DO IMPROVE THEIR ATTITUDE AND
PRACTICES.

57.  NURSES ARE ACCOUNTABLE FOR THEIR OWN ACTIVITY. ANY
NEEDLE STICK INJURY OR ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE TO
BLOOD OR BODY FLUIDS MUST BE REPORTED IMMEDIATELY
SO THAT APPROPRIATED INTERVENTIONS CAN BE USED.
 WASHING THE EXPOSED AREA IMMEDIATELY WITH WARM
WATER AND SOAP.
 REPORTING THE INCIDENCE TO APPROPRIATE PERSON IN THE
AGENCY.
 CONSENTING TO AN INITIAL BASELINE BLOOD TEST.
 USE POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS IF RECOMMENDED
 ATTENDING COUNSELING SESSION REGARDING SAFE
PRACTICES.

58.  POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS SHOULD BE GIVEN WITHIN FOUR
HOURS.
- THE COMBINATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS, ZIDOVUDINE
(AZT), LAMIVUDINE (3TC), AND INDINAVIR.
› A BLOOD SAMPLE MUST BE OBTAINED FOR HIV TESTING FROM
THE HEALTH CARE WORKER AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AFTER
EXPOSURE,
› AT REGULAR INTERVALS TO DOCUMENT A POSSIBLE
SEROCONVERSION.
 COUNSELING, TESTING AND TREATMENT MUST BE AVAILABLE 24
HOURS A DAY.
 FOLLOW-UP OF AN HIV EXPOSED FOR 1 YEAR FOR SEROLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

61.  THE MANAGEMENT OF WASTE ESPECIALLY HOSPITAL
WASTE POSES TO BE A MAJOR PROBLEM IN MOST OF
THE COUNTRIES. PARTS OF THE WASTE FROM HEALTH
CARE FACILITIES IS REFERRED TO AS BIOMEDICAL OR
BIO HAZARDOUS. BIOMEDICAL WASTE CAN CAUSE
RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH BY BEING POTENTIALLY
INFECTIOUS. SUCH WASTES REQUIRE PROPER HANDLING
AND DISPOSAL BECAUSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND
OCCUPATIONAL CONCERNS AS WELL AS RISKS TO
HUMAN HEALTH.

62.  "BIO-MEDICAL WASTE" IS THE WASTE THAT IS
GENERATED FROM USE OF MEDICAL, SURGICAL
FACILITIES DURING THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT OR
IMMUNIZATION OF HUMANS. PROPER DISPOSAL OF
HOSPITAL IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE
BECAUSE OF ITS INFECTIOUS AND HAZARDOUS
CHARACTERISTICS

64. 1.GENERAL WASTE
2.PATHOLOGICAL WASTE
3.INFECTIOUS WASTE
4.SHARPS
5.PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE
6.CHEMICAL WASTE
7.RADIO ACTIVE WASTE

65.  UNSATISFACTORY BIO-WASTE REGULATION.
 LACK OF SEGREGATION PRACTICES.
 WASTE BAGS NOT SECURELY TIED RESULTS IN
SCATTERING OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE.
 USAGE OF SAME WHEEL BARROW FOR
TRANSPORTATION OF ALL CATEGORIES OF
WASTE.
 NO MECHANISM FOR ENSURING WASTE
TREATMENT WITHIN PRESCRIBED TIME LIMIT.
 NO PROPER TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES IN
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT.

66.  INJURIES FROM SHARPS LEADING TO INFECTION TO A.LL
CATEGORIES OF HOSPITAL PERSONNEL AND WASTE
HANDLER.
 NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS FROM POOR
INFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES AND POOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT.
 RISK OF INFECTION OUTSIDE HOSPITAL FOR WASTE
HANDLERS AND SCAVENGERS AND AT TIME GENERAL PUBLIC
LIVING IN THE VICINITY OF HOSPITALS.

67.  RISK ASSOCIATED WITH HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS,
DRUGS TO PERSONS HANDLING WASTES AT ALL LEVELS.
 "DISPOSABLE" BEING REPACKED AND SOLD BY
UNSCRUPULOUS ELEMENTS WITHOUT EVEN BEING
WASHED.
 DRUGS WHICH HAVE BEEN DISPOSED OF, BEING
REPACKED AND SOLD OFF TO UNSUSPECTING BUYERS.
 RISK OF AIR, WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION DIRECTLY
DUE TO WASTE, OR DUE TO DEFECTIVE INCINERATION
EMISSIONS AND ASH.

68.  KEEPING IN VIEW INAPPROPRIATE BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT, THE MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS NOTIFIED THE “BIO-
MEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING)
RULES, 1998” IN JULY 1998. IN ACCORDANCE WITH
THESE RULES (RULE 4), IT IS THE DUTY OF EVERY
“OCCUPIER” I.E. A PERSON WHO HAS THE CONTROL
OVER THE INSTITUTION AND OR ITS PREMISES, TO
TAKE ALL STEPS TO ENSURE THAT WASTE
GENERATED IS HANDLED WITHOUT ANY ADVERSE
EFFECT TO HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT.

70. OPTION TREATMENT &
DISPOSAL
WASTE CATEGORY
CAT. NO. 1 INCINERATION /DEEP BURIAL HUMAN ANATOMICAL WASTE
(HUMAN TISSUES, ORGANS,
BODY PARTS)
CAT. NO. 2 INCINERATION /DEEP BURIAL ANIMAL WASTE ANIMAL
TISSUES, ORGANS, BODY
PARTS CARCASSES, BLEEDING
PARTS, FLUID, BLOOD AND
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
USED IN RESEARCH, WASTE
GENERATED BY VETERINARY
HOSPITALS/
COLLEGES, DISCHARGE FROM
HOSPITALS, ANIMAL HOUSES)

71. CAT. NO. 3 A LOCAL AUTOCLAVING/ MICRO
WAVING/ INCINERATION
MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY
WASTE (WASTES FROM LABORATORY
CULTURES, STOCKS OR SPECIMENS OF
MICRO-ORGANISMS LIVE OR
ATTENUATED VACCINES, HUMAN AND
ANIMAL CELL CULTURE USED IN
RESEARCH AND INFECTIOUS AGENTS
FROM RESEARCH AND
INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES, WASTES
FROM PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL,
TOXINS, DISHES AND DEVICES USED
FOR TRANSFER OF CULTURES)
CAT. NO. 4 DISINFECTIONS (CHEMICAL
TREATMENT
/AUTOCLAVING/MICRO WAVING
AND MUTILATION SHREDDING
WASTE SHARPS (NEEDLES,
SYRINGES, SCALPELS BLADES,
GLASS ETC. THAT MAY CAUSE
PUNCTURE AND CUTS. THIS
INCLUDES BOTH USED & UNUSED
SHARPS)
CAT. NO. 5 INCINERATION / DESTRUCTION &
DRUGS DISPOSAL IN SECURED
LANDFILLS
DISCARDED MEDICINES AND
CYTO TOXIC DRUGS (WASTES
COMPRISING OF OUTDATED,
CONTAMINATED AND
DISCARDED MEDICINES)

72. CAT. NO. 6 INCINERATION ,
AUTOCLAVING/MICRO
WAVING
SOLID WASTE (ITEMS
CONTAMINATED WITH
BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS
INCLUDING COTTON,
DRESSINGS, SOILED
PLASTER CASTS, LINE
BEDDINGS, OTHER
MATERIAL
CONTAMINATED
WITHBLOOD)
CAT. NO. 7 DISINFECTIONS BY
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
AUTOCLAVING/MICRO
WAVING& MUTILATION
SHREDDING.
SOLID WASTE (WASTE
GENERATED FROM
DISPOSABLE ITEMS OTHER
THAN THE WASTE SHARPS
SUCH AS TUBING,
CATHETERS, INTRAVENOUS
SETS ETC.)

73. CAT. NO. 8 DISINFECTIONS BY
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
AND DISCHARGE INTO
DRAIN
LIQUID WASTE (WASTE
GENERATED FROM
LABORATORY & WASHING,
CLEANING , HOUSE-
KEEPING AND
DISINFECTING ACTIVITIES)
CAT. NO. 9 DISPOSAL IN MUNICIPAL
LANDFILL
INCINERATION ASH (ASH
FROM INCINERATION OF
ANY BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE)
CAT. NO. 10 CHEMICAL TREATMENT &
DISCHARGE INTO DRAIN
FOR LIQUID & SECURED
LANDFILL FOR SOLIDS
CHEMICAL WASTE
(CHEMICALS USED IN
PRODUCTION OF
BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICALS,
USED IN DISINFECT ION,
AS INSECTICIDES, ETC)

74.  CHEMICALS TREATMENT USING AT LEAST 1%
HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION OR ANY OTHER
EQUIVALENT CHEMICAL REAGENT. IT MUST BE
ENSURED THAT CHEMICAL TREATMENT ENSURES
DISINFECTIONS

76. COLOUR CODING TYPE
OF CONTAINERS
WASTE CATEGORY TREATMENT
OPTIONS AS PER
SCHEDULE 1
YELLOW PLASTIC BAG 1,2,3,6 INCINERATION/DEEP
BURIAL
RED DISINFECTED
CONTAINER/ PLASTIC
BAG
3,6,7 AUTOCLAVING/MICRO
WAVING/ CHEMICAL
TREATMENT
BLUE/ WHITE
TRANSLUCENT
PLASTIC
BAG/PUNCTURE
PROOF CONTAINER
4,7 AUTOCLAVING/MICRO
WAVING/ CHEMICAL
TREATMENT AND
DESTRUCTION/SHRED
DING
BLACK PLASTIC BAG 5,9,10 (SOLID) DISPOSAL IN
SECURED LANDFILL

78.  CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
 DEEP BURIAL
 INCINERATION
 AUTOCLAVING
 MICROWAVE.

79.  WITH IN HOSPITAL, WASTE ROUTES MUST BE
DESIGNATED TO AVOID THE PASSAGES OF WASTE
THROUGH PATIENT CARE AREAS. DEDICATED
WHEELED CONTAINERS, TROLLEYS OR CARTS
SHOULD BE USED TO TRANSPORT. SEPARATE TIME
SHOULD BE EAR MARKED FOR TRANSPORTATION OF
BIOMEDICAL WASTE.

80.  AIR POLLUTION
 WATER POLLUTION
 LAND POLLUTION
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