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Insular cortex,[object Object],By ShuangShuangHu and Kyu Hwang,[object Object]
What is it?,[object Object],is located between the temporal lobe and parietal lobe,[object Object],is connected to the experience of emotions, the processing of tastes, the memory of procedures, the control of motor responses and interpersonal behaviour. ,[object Object],negative emotions activate in this region. ,[object Object]
    The insular cortex comprises two main sections: the anterior and posterior regions ,[object Object],AIC = the anterior insular cortex,[object Object],PIC= the posterior insular cortex,[object Object],Tasks:,[object Object],Such as:,[object Object],-motor tasks,[object Object],-amygdale activation,[object Object],-social emotions,[object Object],-language,[object Object],-interceptive awareness,[object Object],Tasks:,[object Object],Such as:,[object Object],-time and decision making,[object Object],-is related more to auditory function,[object Object],*perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions.,[object Object]
Functions:,[object Object],Risky decision making,[object Object],Anxiety and neuroticism,[object Object],Interoceptive awareness,[object Object],Motor control,[object Object],Homeostasis,[object Object],Self,[object Object],Social emotions,[object Object],Emotions,[object Object],Salience,[object Object]
Study 1:Antonio Damasio’s“Choosing between the indistinguishable” study(2005),[object Object],Aim: To determine, whether a person can have the preference for one taste over another without being able to distinguish between the two.,[object Object],Participants: Patient B, suffered from damage to the insular-cortex and a controlled patient (without damage to the insular-cortex),[object Object],Procedure: ,[object Object],Asked them to taste 38 drinks in succession (each drink was either a mixture of salt and water – “disgusting”, or sugar and water – “nice”), presented in random orders.,[object Object],Results:,[object Object]
Continuing…,[object Object],Procedure:,[object Object],Presented two drinks at a time: the salt drink and the sugar drink side by side.,[object Object],Patient B was asked to sip each and then to drink the one he preferred.,[object Object],On 19th trials, he chose the sugar drink.,[object Object],Findings:,[object Object],“The taste comparison likely provides patient B with an overt feeling that he would rather drink one solution than another, without any over knowledge of the taste experiences that would normally provide justification for this preference”,[object Object]
Study 2: Nicolas Danziger & colleagues“The empathic powers of those who can’t feel pain” study(2009) ,[object Object],Aim: To see if patients with the inability to feel pain in real life can feel it vicariously,[object Object],Participants:,[object Object],13 patients with the inability to feel pain,[object Object],13 healthy controls,[object Object],Procedure:,[object Object],Participants had their brains scanned while they viewed videos of body parts being injured and people’s painful facial expressions.,[object Object],Results:,[object Object],Even though the patients had never felt pain themselves, the sight of other people’s pain triggered activity in the insular of their brains.,[object Object],Findings:,[object Object],Activity in insular cortex may reflect processing of the aversive emotional significance of what the patients were witnessing.,[object Object],Insular cortex is associated with psychological pain, induced by social exclusion or grief.,[object Object]
Study 3: Romantic Rejection Stimulates Areas of Brain Involved in Motivation, Reward and Addiction(2010),[object Object],conducted by Fisher & Brown & others,[object Object],Aim: ,[object Object],-  to see if the pain of rejection by a romantic partner is related to brain activity associated with motivation, reward and addiction craving.,[object Object],Procedure: ,[object Object],-  researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to,[object Object],record brain activity in 15 college-age, men and women who had recently been rejected by their partners but reported that they were still in love. ,[object Object],-  participants were asked to take  the Passionate Love Scale test. All participants scored high on the test. They said they spent more than 85% of their waking hours thinking of the person who rejected them.,[object Object],- participants viewed a photograph of their former partners. Then they completed a simple math exercise to distract them from their  thoughts. Finally, they viewed a photograph of a familiar "neutral" person. ,[object Object]
Results:,[object Object],While looking at the pictures of their formerpartners:,[object Object],It stimulated several key areas of the participants’ brains more than looking at photos of neutral people.,[object Object],The areas :,[object Object],- the ventral tegmental area ,[object Object],   -the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex,[object Object],   -the insular cortex and the anterior cingulate,[object Object]
Findings:,[object Object],romantic rejection is a specific form of addiction ,[object Object],why the beloved is so difficult to give up,[object Object],why feelings related to romantic rejection can be hard to control,[object Object],a insight into extreme behaviors associated with rejection,[object Object],the pain of rejection by a romantic partner may be the result of activity in parts of the brain associated with motivation, reward and addiction cravings,[object Object]
Dysfunctions:,[object Object],Mood disorders,[object Object],Panic disorders,[object Object],PTSD,[object Object],Obsessive-compulsive disorders,[object Object],Eating disorders,[object Object],Schizophrenia,[object Object]
THANK YOU,[object Object]

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The Insular Cortex

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