This document discusses common urinary system pathologies and procedures. It begins by defining acute renal failure (ARF) as the sudden loss of kidney function to remove waste and concentrate urine. ARF can be caused by prerenal issues reducing blood flow to the kidneys, intrarenal kidney damage, or postrenal blockages. Common ARF symptoms and those at high risk are described. Tests like BUN, cystoscopy, retrograde pyelogram, and treatments like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy are explained. Potential results and complications of these tests and procedures are also outlined.

1. Jeff Buttram Bio 120 Medical Terminology Common Urinary System Pathologies and Procedures

2. ARF Acute Renal Failure

4. leads to build up of waste products, fluids, and electrolytes in body.

5. also called acute kidney injury (AKI).

6. was once called uremia or uremic poisoning (contamination of blood with urine). Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

8. Seizures.

9. Bloody Stools.

10. Breath odor.

11. Flank pain (pain between ribs and hips).

12. Decreased urine output.

13. Swelling in ankle, foot, hands.

14. Nausea or vomiting.

15. Metallic taste in mouth.

16. Fatigue.Acute Renal Failure (ARF) symptoms

18. Intrarenal- damage from medicines, poisons, or infection.

19. Postrenal - damage from a form of blockage.Three Main Causes of ARF:

20. Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

22. Pain Medications - such as aspirin or ibuprofen.

23. Blood Pressure Medications - such as ACE inhibitors.

24. Also dyes from certain x-ray tests.

25. Usually only affects individuals with long-term health issues.Medicines that can contribute to ARF

27. Tumor

28. Injury

29. Enlarged prostateCommon causes of ARF kidney blockage

31. Those with long-term health issues such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart failure, or obesity.

32. Those already ill and in hospital - often follows heart/abdominal surgery or a bone marrow transplant.High-risk populations for ARF

33. BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen

35. used to evaluate general health as part of a basic metabolic panel (BMP) or a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP).

36. used to monitor patients with acute or chronic kidney dysfunction or failure.BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

38. usually part of CMP/BMP for non-specific complaints.

39. as part of routine-testing panel.

40. kidney function check before starting new therapies or medications.

41. as part of ER/Hospital admission and/or stay.Reasons for BUN test

43. low levels are uncommon but are rarely cause for concern.

44. both increased and decreased levels are part of a normal pregnancy.

45. can appear normal in person with one functional kidney despite significant dysfunction in other.BUN test results

46. ESWLExtracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

48. externally applied, focused, high-intensity, acoustic pulse.

49. generated by a lithotripter machine.

50. can be performed with intravenous sedation or general anesthesia.

51. takes 1 - 2 hours.Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

52. * Patient and lithotripter (ESWL) apparatus.

54. work best on softer stones (uric acid) and stones 1-2 centimeters in diameter.

55. less success on harder stones (oxalate monohydrate or cystine).

56. large stones may require multiple treatments.Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

57. * Kidney stones before and after ESWL procedure.

59. who are pregnant.

60. have an active urinary tract infection (UTI).

61. who are morbidly obese.

62. have an anatomical abnormality of the urinary tract.ESWL should be avoided in patients (contraindications):

63. cysto Cystoscopy

65. allows for views of bladder that do not show up well on an x-ray.

66. biopsies and urine samples can be taken.

67. sometimes bladder stones can be removed.Cystoscopy

68. * Physician using a cystoscope.

70. look for blockages.

71. place urethral stents to help with urine flow.

72. to take biopsies or blood samples.

73. for Retrograde Pyelography ( * next slide section ).Reasons for Cystoscopy

74. * Cystoscope instruments

76. urinary tract infections.

77. pink tinge to urine for a few days following.

78. punctures in urinary tract wall (extremely rare).Cystoscopy complications

80. bladder tumors or inflammation.

81. congenital (from birth) structural abnormalites.

82. pelvic organ prolapse (women).

83. urethra, bladder, and ureters appear healthy and intact.

84. no polyps or abnormal tissue, swelling, bleeding, or strictures (narrow areas) in the urinary tract.Cystoscopy results

85. RPRetrograde Pyelogram

87. retrograde refers to the direction in which the dye moves (which is the opposite of urine). Retrograde Pyelogram (RP)

89. thin, lighted tube called cystoscope inserted into urethra.

90. dye is injected into tube (catheter) and x-rays are taken.

91. done under local or regional anesthetic.

92. often done when Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) is inconclusive.Retrograde Pyelogram Procedure

94. normal - blockage is not seen and the kidney, ureters, etc. appear healthy.Retrograde Pyelogram (RP) results

95. * Retrograde Pyelogram in an immunocompromised patient with Aspergillosis (a fungal infection). Clumps of fungus balls and debris are discovered in the collecting duct system of the kidney.