The Parts of a Paragraph
M.Ghazanfar (DDP-FA14-BCS-005)
Talha Riaz (DDP-FA14-BCS-009)
Hassan Jahangir (DDP-FA14-BCS-165)
Hamza Ahmed (DDP-FA14-BCS-100)

A paragraph generally has three parts:
•Topic Sentence
•Supporting Details
•Concluding Sentence

Topic Sentences
Enticing your reader
What is a Topic Sentence?
•The topic sentence tells the topic (What the paragraph is about).
•It tells about the writer’s attitude or idea about the topic.
•A topic sentence is often, but not always, the first sentence in
paragraph.
What it’s NOT
•A topic sentence is not a simple fact.
• Ted Hoff developed the microprocessor
• This is a detail
• This could be used in the body of the paragraph.
•A topic sentence is not a question.
• Who developed microprocessor that we used today?
• This could be used as an “attention grabber”.
Parts of a Topic Sentence
•The Topic Sentence is the main-idea sentence. Consist of two
things.
• The Topic (Subject)
• The controlling idea
The Controlling idea
The part of sentence that tells what the author is going to
say about is called Controlling idea.

More about controlling ideas
• A controlling idea limits the subject.
• It can express an opinion.
• It can provide focus by answering a question.
• It may suggest a list.
Remember this Formula:
• Topic Sentence = Topic + Controlling idea
Examples:
• The invention of microprocessor
• (Subject)
• Revolutionized the world in many ways
• (Controlling idea)
• The invention of microprocessor revolutionized the world in
many ways.
• Raw Vegetables
• (Subject)
• Might not be healthy as we thought they were.
• (Controlling idea)
• Raw Vegetables Might not be healthy as we thought they
were.

Supporting Details
•It is another major part of the paragraph.
•The sentence with details called supporting sentences.
•They come after the topic sentence of ta paragraph.
•They give details and support the main idea stated in the topic
sentence.
•Supporting sentences includes facts, details and examples that
expands and explains the topic sentence.
•Use linkers or connectors to connect the supporting ideas.
Example:
• There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best
countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent
health care system. All Canadians have access to
medical services at a reasonable price. Second,
Canada has a high standard of education. Students are
taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged
to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's
cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian
cities have many parks and lots of space for
people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to
live.

• The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and
goddesses and each one had their own role to play in
maintaining peace and harmony across the land. Some gods
and goddesses took part in creation. Other gods and
goddesses brought the flood every year. Some offered
protection, and some took care of people after they died.
Egyptians had local gods who represented towns, and
minor gods who represented plants or animals. The ancient
Egyptians believed that it was important to recognize and
worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued
smoothly.

Concluding Sentence
•It reminds what the topic sentence was about.
•Concluding sentences have three crucial roles in paragraph
writing.
•They draw together the information you have presented to
elaborate your controlling idea by:
• summarizing the points you have made.
• repeating words or phrases (or synonyms for them)
from the topic sentence.
• using linking words that indicate that conclusions are
being drawn, for example, therefore, thus, resulting.
•The last sentence in your paragraph is called a Concluding
Sentence. The Concluding Sentence does NOT introduce anything
new. It either summarizes what you already talked about or
paraphrases the Topic Sentence.

Example:
•There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries
in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All
Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price.
Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are
taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue
studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and
efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of
space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place
to live.
•The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and
goddesses and each one had their own role to play in maintaining
peace and harmony across the land. Some gods and goddesses
took part in creation. Other gods and goddesses brought the flood
every year. Some offered protection, and some took care of people
after they died. Egyptians had local gods who represented towns,
and minor gods who represented plants or animals. The ancient
Egyptians believed that it was important to recognize and
worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued
smoothly.

Coherence
•Coherence means establishing a relationship between the ideas
presented in a paragraph.
•It brings about a rationale in the arrangement of the ideas which
are introduced either in the chronological order or in the order of
importance.
•Besides, transitions that compare, contrast, illustrate, add or show
cause and effect build logical bridges.
•The ideas, thus expressed in the paragraph, flow smoothly from
one to the other in a logical sequence.
•This helps the reader to understand the paragraph.
Example:
(1) The human body is a wonderful piece of work that nature has
created. (2) It is not beautiful like the body of a butterfly or peacock but it is
shaped practically. (3) It can do many types of work which other animals
cannot. (4) It is not strong like the body of a tiger. (5) But in place of physical
strength it has a big and sharp brain. (6) By using this brain the human
physique has been able to overcome many of its limitations. (7) By sitting in
an aero plane it flies faster than a kite, by riding a motorcycle it travels faster
than a leopard, and by firing a machine gun it fights much better than a
tiger.(8) In spite of all this, the human body suffers from many diseases
because it has a weakness for habits such as smoking, drinking and
overeating. (9) When it is healthy the body can give great pleasure but
when it is sick it can cause great pain. (10) The wise man would always
keep his body fit because a healthy mind can work only in a healthy body.

Thank You!