1. Ways of the WorldPart I and II Jennifer Yung Mid-term PowerPoint Report History 4 - Fall 2011 Dr. Arguello

2. First Migrations:Homo sapiens & the Paleolithic Era First emerged from Africa 250,000 years ago and into Eurasia, Australia, Americas, and the Pacific Hunting and gathering is the way of life “Original affluent society” – wanted and needed little to obtain mobility Society had rules and structures but everyone had equal power Paleolithic Era lasted for more than 95% of the time Homo sapiens inhabited the earth Global warming at end of Ice Age – nomadic people began settling down = increased in food supply = start of agriculture

3. The Hadza, San, & Chumash Few groups that still practice hunting and gathering lifestyle Hadza of northern Tanzania Only about 1000 members Live in grass huts in mobile camps and move frequently in region Lifestyle threatened by modern era San of southern Africa No formal leaders Equality is important in this society System of unequal gift exchange to establish social relations Chumash of Southern California Created tomol (planked canoe), which brought wealth and power Market economy Permanent and hereditary political elite

4. Agricultural Revolution Agriculture provided foundation for population growth, settled villages, cities, states, empires, civilizations, and much more Domestication – taming and changing nature to benefit humans Intensification – getting more for less Globalization of agriculture occurred through diffusion and slow migration of agricultural peoples Transformed human journey and evolution of life

5. Agricultural Societies Pastoral Societies Food producing economy Agricultural Village Societies Equality and freedom No political hierarchy Similar to Paleolithic societies Chiefdoms Beginnings of inequality Positions of power and privilege Chiefs led rituals, warfare, economic decisions, and internal conflicts

7. Development of written language, hierarchy of class and gender

8. Rise of the state, authority positions, massive inequalities, and state oppression

9. Interaction and exchange among first civilizations – “no one stood alone”

11. Classical Era500 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. Second-wave of civilizations Development of cultural and modern religions, social organization Empires established own political system, cultural values, and ways of organizing society Allowed for exchange of ideas, cultures, and values

12. Religion Played a role in influencing ideas and beliefs Development of modern religions in second-wave: Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Confucianism, and Hinduism These religions changed throughout its expansion into new territory and reformed to fit into its society