4. Post Stonewall
1970’s is a difficult Decade
Despite key Trans involvement in
Stonewall, the 1970’s was a difficult
decade for the courageous ’60 and ’70’s
Trans Activist’s like Louise Lawrence,
Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson, Sylvia
Rivera, Andrea Douglas, Beth Elliot,
Marsha P. Johnson, Jude Patton,
Joanna Clark, Mario Martino, Judy
Bowen and so many more.
7. Post Stonewall
Transgender Activism and Gay Liberation
• 1970 – Sylvia Rivera, Marsha P. Johnson and
Angela Keyes Douglas play pivotal roles in the
Gay Liberation Front and the Gay Activists
Alliance
• 1971 – In spite of their involvement, GAA
decides to exclude Transgender rights from the
proposed NYC Gay Rights Bill. In Sylvia’s
words:
“It’s not us that they are afraid of — its you! Get rid of
us. Sell us out. Make us expendable. Then you’re at
the front lines. Don’t you understand that?”
8. Post Stonewall
Transgender Organizations
• 1970 – Sensing G&L Transphobia, Sylvia Rivera
and Marsha P. Johnson form Street Transvestite
Action Revolutionaries (S.T.A.R.) Though STAR
House only survived two years, it inspired the
creation of other NYC shelters for homeless
“street queens”
• 1970 – Angela Douglass (CA) forms the
Transsexual Activists Organization and began
publishing “Moonshadow”, a quirky newsletter
for and about Trans people and the struggle for
legal rights. TAO moved to Miami in 1972 and
became the first truly International Transgender
Organization
10. Post Stonewall
1973 – “Gay is Good” Rally
• New York TransActivist Sylvia Rivera is
followed at a Gay Pride Rally by Jean
O’Leary who denounces transgendered
people as female impersonators profiting
from derision and oppression of women.
This marked the beginning of a series of
such high profile Transphobic attacks from
the lesbian community
11. Post Stonewall
Lesbian Backlash
• 1973 - Beth Elliott, aka: “Mustang Sally,”
vice-president of the Daughters of Bilitis is
‘outed’ as transsexual and hounded out of
the organization by Transphobic lesbian
separatists.
12. 1977 – San Francisco
Transphobic Backlash Continues
• Listener supported KPFA (Pacifica radio)
broadcasts vitriolic, absurd and
Transphobic comments
• This was amplified in letters published in
the feminist journal Sister
• SF Parade Committee’s policies excluded
“Drag Queens, Transvestites and
Transsexuals”
13. Post Stonewall
Anti-Transsexual Discourses
• 1979 - Janice Raymond publishes The
Transsexual Empire, a semi-scholarly
Transphobic attack.
• Janice Raymond casts Transwoman
Sandy Stone’s involvement in Olivia
Records as “divisive” and “patriarchal”
forcing her to leave Olivia Records
These views helped institutionalize
discrimination against transsexuals in the
’80’s
14. Post Stonewall
Womyn’s Music Festival
In 1991, Nancy Burkholder was attending
Michigan Womyn's Music Festival and was
asked by another attendee if she was a
transsexual woman. She answered honestly
"yes," and was evicted from the festival
ground. This incident drew attention to the
festival's unwritten rule against transsexual
women on the land, and became the rallying
point for trans activists' protests against the
"womyn-born womyn" policy
15. Post Stonewall
90’s 2 steps forward, 1 step back
• 1993– “Camp Trans” set up outside Michigan
Womyn’s Festival to protest “Womyn-Born-
Womyn” policy
• 1993 – Jessica Xavier makes a brave though
unsuccessful attempt to gain inclusion of
Transgender in the “March on Washington”
• 1993 – TransActivist’s working with Gay &
Lesbian Activist’s pass MN law protecting
Transgender people along with Gay & Lesbians
16. Post Stonewall
90’s 2 steps forward, 1 step back
• 1994 - Transsexual Menace founded by
Riki Wilchins
• 1994 – Gay games denied Trans
participation unless individuals met the
restrictive HBIGDA guidelines
• 1994 – Transsexual Menace of NYC
proclaims “Gay Games Message to
Transgendered: Drop Dead!!”
The uproar and embarrassment forced the
Gay Games to drop their restriction
17. Post Stonewall
90’s 2 steps forward, 1 step back
• 1994 – Several Cities on the west coast pass
anti-discrimination laws protecting Transgender
people
• 1994 ~ Phyllis Frye proclaims “HRC objects to
Trans inclusion in ENDA”
• 1994 - It’s Time, America is formed
• 1995 ~ Oregon gay and lesbian group secretly
strips out transgender protections in State ENDA
bill
• 1996 - GPAC is formed
• 1999 - NTAC is formed
18. Post Stonewall
Forward Progress Finally Occurs
Due to increasing Transgender
awareness, advocacy and activism the
second half of the ’90’s saw organizations
officially add transgender to their mission
statements.
And each year sees what started as
inclusive lip service become real support
19. A Century comes to a close
At the end of the 20th century, the Transgender Question in
the G&L community was still unsettled, and unsettling for the
majority!
20. As of December 31, 1999
Legislative
• State of Minnesota enacts law prohibiting
discrimination based upon ones gender
identity or expression (1993)
• 26 Municipalities enact laws prohibiting
discrimination based upon ones gender
identity or expression
• 4 States enact hate crime laws based
upon one’s gender identity or expression
(MN, CA, MO, VT)
21. As of December 31, 1999
Corporations
• Two Corporations included protections
based upon ones Gender Identity or
Expression [Lucent Technologies and
Apple]
24. Inclusive Hate Crime Legislation
Gender Identity or Expression
• Eight States
1. Minnesota 1988
2. California 1998
3. Missouri 1999
4. Vermont 1999
5. Pennsylvania 2002
6. New Mexico 2003
7. Hawaii 2003
8. Connecticut 2004
25. Corporate Policies
Gender Identity or Expression
Aetna
Agere
Agilent
Air Products & Chemicals
American Airlines
American Express
Apple
AT&T
Avaya
Bank One
Bausch & Lomb
Best Buy
Borders Group
Capital One
Cargill
Charles Schwab
Chubb
Cisco
Citigroup
Coors
Dell
Ford
Goldman Sachs
HarperCollins
Hewlett-Packard
IBM
Intel
JP Morgan Chase
Keyspan
Kodak
Kraft
Lehman Brothers
Levi-Strauss
Lexmark
Lucent
MetLife Financial
Miller Brewing
Motorola
Nationwide
NCR
New York Times
Nike
Owens Corning
PepsiCo
Pfizer
PG & E
Prudential
SC Johnson & Son
Sprint
Sun Microsystems
Tech Data Corp.
US Airways Group
Wells Fargo
Whirlpool
Xerox
26. Trans Organizations
• National Trans Organizations
– NCTE
– NTAC
– GPAC
• State Trans Organizations
– Multitude of State Organizations, some arising
out of It’s Time, America
• Many Trans Education/Legal/Medical
Organizations and Support Resources
27. Washington DC Needs Assessment
1998- 2000
by Jessica Xavier
• 42% Unemployment rate
• 29% Have no income
• 31% Incomes < $10,000
• 47% Lack health insurance
• 43% Victims of Transphobic violence
• 45% Did not finish high school
• 34% Had substance abuse
• 35% Experienced suicidal ideation (16% act)
• 25% HIV positive and 22% never tested
28. 2003 SF Trans Legal Needs Assessment
by Shannon Minter & Christopher Daley
• 50% experienced gender identity based
employment discrimination
• 33% experienced gender identity based public
accommodations or housing discrimination
• >30% experienced health care discrimination
• >25% experienced law enforcement harassment
or abuse
• 20% experience service provider discrimination
• 14% experienced incarceration discrimination
29. Issues facing GI/E in the 21st
Century
• Legislative [Federal and State]
– Non-Discrimination Laws
• Explicit Protections for GI/E
• As part of Sex Discrimination and Title VII
• Federal ENDA
– Hate Crimes
– Marriage
– Definition of Woman & Man
– Child Custody
30. Issues facing GI/E in the 21st
Century
• Medical
– DSM Stigmatization
– Though “Medical Condition” excluded from:
• American with Disabilities Act of 1990
• Insurance Coverage
– Progressive SOC [Waddell]
– Outreach to Legal Community
– Medicare and Medicaid
– Health Care
– Trans Knowledgeable Health Care Providers
31. Issues facing GI/E in the 21st
Century
• Service Providers
– Domestic Violence Shelters/Counseling
– Sexual Assault Crisis Centers
– Homeless Shelters
– Transitional Housing
– Family Services
– Youth Services
– Adult Care
32. Issues facing GI/E in the 21st
Century
• Documentation
– Driver License’s/State ID’s
– Birth Certificates
– Social Security Administration
– Passport
– Name Changes
33. Issues facing GI/E in the 21st
Century
• Employment
– Job Readiness Training
– Job Placement Assistance
– Corporate Inclusion
– Transitioning Policies
– Small Business Outreach
34. Issues facing GI/E in the 21st
Century
• Law Enforcement
– Training
– Incarceration policies
– Discharge processes
– Policies
– HRT and general medical services
35. Issues facing GI/E in the 21st
Century
• Education
– Elementary, High School, Collegiate and
Trade
– Non Discrimination policies
– Residence Housing
– Bathrooms and Showers
– Health Services
– Trans Inclusive GSA’s
36. How do we effect this change
• National Level
• State Level
• Coalitions
• Organizing
• Grassroots
• Education
• Visibility
37. Who is the Transgender
Community?
The following slides are a small sampling of
the beauty, talent, diversity, braveness,
wonder and courage of our Community.
TRANS, OUT AND PROUD!!!
38. Georgina Beyer
1957 - Present
Mayor of Carterton 1995 – 2000
Member of New Zealand Parliament
1999 - Present
First Transsexual in the world to be elected as a Mayor
Former Mayor of Carterton District 1995 to Feb 2000
First Transsexual to be elected to a Parliament in the world
39. Wendy Carlos
1939 - Present
American Composer and Electronic
Musician
Wendy Carlos was one of the first famous
performers of electronic music using
synthesizers. Notable works: Switched on
Bach, The Well-Tempered Synthesizer, A
Clockwork Orange Soundtrack
40. Caroline Cossey
1954 - Present
Actress best known for her
role as a Bond Girl in For
Your Eyes Only
British model Caroline Cossey, is sometimes known under her
professional name Tula. Though she has achieved the title
only through necessity, she is one of the world's most famous
male-to-female transsexuals, and the first to ever pose for
Playboy
http://tgmedia.enacre.net/lorna_lynne/tula.html
41. Dana International
1954 - Present
World Famous Israeli
Dancer and Singer. Voted
Female Vocalist in 1995 and
1998.
Dana has been a guest of honor in the Knesset,
Israeli Parliament and of the education and
culture committee. She tours Internationally.
42. Christine Jorgensen
1926 - 1989
First highly publicized Sex
Reassignment Surgery in 1952.
The publicity surrounding her surgery enabled
Jorgensen and medical professionals to educate the
larger public about the differences between
homosexuality, transvestism, and transsexuality. .
43. Billy Tipton
1914 - 1989
Successful Jazz Saxaphonist in the
1940’s and 1950’s.
Tipton died in 1989 and was Outed by his coroner!
44. Lili Elbe
1886 - 1931
Well known Art Deco
painter and illustrator
along with her partner
Gerda.
Her marriage to Gerda was invalidated by the
King of Denmark in October of 1930. Outed in
the press, she may have faked her death in
1931.
45. Sylvia Rivera
1952 - 2002
Ms. Rivera was the famous
transgendered woman who was at
the Stonewall Inn, New York City,
on the night of 27th of June, 1969,
the night that a riot at the bar.
Touched off the open radicalization of the Gay
Liberation Movement. She literally led the charge,
fought back against police harassment directed at
the most visible members of the community.
46. Jin Xing
1969 - Present
One of China’s most celebrated
modern dancer and choreographer.
Jin Xing, (which means golden star) has acted,
directed, choreographed, and danced into people's
hearts and to much public acclaim everywhere from
New York to Rome to Brussels.
48. Brandon Teena
1972 - 1993
Brandon’s tragic murder is the one
such incident that managed to strike
a chord with the general public,
raising the spotlight that anatomy
does not equal gender identity and
the tragic consequences.
50. Renee Richards
1934 - Present
World renowned champion
Tennis player, who transitioned
during her career. She was also
a practicing opthomologist.
Reneé Richards wrote an autobiography
entitled Second Serve. Dr. Richards
continues to practice medicine in New York
and serves on the editorial board of the
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology &
Strabismus
51. Joanna Clark
1938 - Present
Also known as Sister Mary Elizabeth,
Episcopal nun. Served in the US Navy
as a man and in the US Army as a
woman, though “booted out” 18
months after enlisting.
52. "I know I'm not a man...and I've
come to the conclusion that I'm
probably not a woman,
either...The trouble is, we're living
in a world that insists we be one
or the other.“
--Kate Bornstein in Gender Outlaw: On
Men, Women, and the Rest of Us
Editor's Notes
A few weeks after Stonewall, gay and lesbian activists organized the Gay Liberation Front (GLF).
The founders of the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) were members of the Gay Liberation Front. In December 1969 they convened a group of approximately twenty people in the New York apartment of Evans's lover Arthur Bell and organized their new association.
In 1970 Rivera joined the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) and worked on its campaign to pass the New York City Gay Rights Bill. She attracted media attention when she attempted to force her way into closed-door sessions concerning the bill held at City Hall. In spite of Rivera's (and other drag queens') participation in the GAA, the organization decided to exclude transgender rights from the Gay Rights Bill so that it would be more acceptable to straight politicians. Note that 19 years later, ESPA spurns trans inclusive language in SONDA.
Perhaps already sensing that transgendered people could not rely on the gay rights movement to advocate for their civil rights, in 1970 Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson had formed a group called Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (S.T.A.R.). The members of this organization aimed to fight for the civil rights of transgendered people, as well as provide them with social services support. Douglas had been active in GLF-Los Angeles in 1969 and wrote extensively about sexual liberation issues for Southern California's counter-cultural press. In 1970 she founded TAO (Transsexual/Transvestite Action Organization), which published the Moonshadow and Mirage newsletters.
In July of 1973, during a “Gay is Good” rally, Sylvia Rivera was followed on the stage by lesbian separatist Jean O’Leary. She denounced transgender people as men who, by “impersonating women”, were exploiting women for profit. It was the beginning of a series of such high profile Transphobic attacks from the lesbian community. Lesbian Feminist Liberation (LFL) in 1973. One of the first clashes between the LFL and the wider gay rights movement was over the inclusion of transvestite entertainers at the 1973 gay pride parade in New York. Although drag queens had been at the center of the Stonewall uprising, LFL took the position that men dressing as women for profit demeaned women. The dispute resulted in a contentious confrontation at the post-parade rally.
Beth Elliott, aka: “Mustang Sally,” becomes vice-president of the Daughters of Bilitis. Soon after, she is ‘outed’ as transsexual and hounded out of the organization by Transphobic lesbian separatists.
Janice Raymond publishes The Transsexual Empire , a semi-scholarly Transphobic attack. In the book she cites Douglas’ Sister letter out of context as an example of transsexual misogyny and casts Sandy Stone’s involvement in Olivia Records as “divisive” and “patriarchal.”
BURKHOLDER, Nancy In 1991, Nancy Jean Burkholder was attending Michigan Womyn's Music Festival for the second year when she was asked by another attendee if she was a transsexual woman. She answered honestly &quot;yes,&quot; which was reported to the festival security, leading up to her eviction from the festival ground. This incident drew attention to the festival's unwritten rule against transsexual women on the land, and became the rallying point for trans activists' protests against the &quot;womyn-born womyn&quot; policy
1993: &quot;March on Washington&quot; organizers include bisexuals but refuse to include transgender in the name of the march.
