6. Basic of Telecom System / Network
Communication means transporting
information (Voice / Data / Video) from one
point to other.
Transmitter Receiver
Source Destination
Output
Transmission System
Transmission Media
7. Communication System
Duplex Communication Link
Location
B
RX
TX
Voice
Voice
Data
Data
Video
Video
Channel (carries Information) Link
Any Communication System can be characterized by :
• Source : Transmit Point (TX)
• Destination : Receive Point (RX)
• Communication Medium : Copper, Co-axial, MW, Satellite, Optical
• Information Transfer Capacity : function (Channel, Link) = Bandwidth
• Traffic : Flow of Information from one location to other
8. Basics of Telecom System / Network
Comparative Study of CoxialCable and
OFCable
Characteristics Coaxial OFC
1. Right of way Required Required
2. Bandwidth Limited Very High
3. Expansion /
Scalability
Medium Excellent
4. Immunity to
Interference
Prone Quite immune to
interferences
9. VSAT Network
HBJ Network
GREP Network
JLPL Network
MCPC Network
Sub Network-1 Sub Network -2
Sub Network-3
Sub Network -4
Sub Network -5
GAILnet
(GAIL’s own dedicated integrated communication network)
Sub Network-7
Sub Network-6
DVPL Network
GAILTEL Network
VSPL Network
Sub Network-8
11. Phase 1 Network
Deployed in 2002, spans over 1650 Km, extends from
Bareilly to Vijaipur via Delhi and from Palanpur to
Mumbai via Baroda
It also provides the connectivity to major cities like:
Ahmadabad, Baroda, Surat, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur,
Agra, Meerut.
In this network SDH & DWDM equipment of M/s Nortel
have been deployed.
The equipped capacity of Phase-I network is 2.5 Gbps.
13. Phase 2A Network
Deployed in 2003-04 and spans over 1700 Km.
It consists of Links:
a) from Baroda to Mumbai as a redundant link,
b) from Bareilly to Kanpur,
c) from Delhi to Chandigarh
d) DVPL link from Vijapur to Dahej
It also provides connectivity to major cities like:
Lucknow, Bhopal, Indore, Nasik, Thane, Ambala, Karnal
& Panipat
In this network SDH & DWDM equipment of M/s Nortel
have been deployed.
The equipped capacity of Phase-IIA network is 2.5 Gbps
15. Phase 2B Network
Deployed in 2003-04 and spans over 1800 Km.
It consists of Links:
a) from Kanpur to Vijaipur,
b) from Pune to Hyderabad,
c) VSPL link from Hyderabad to Vizag
It also provides connectivity to major cities like: Auraiya,
Pata, Jhansi, Rae-Bareilly, Aligarh, Solapur, Sangareddy,
Secunderabad, Vijayawada, Rajahmundry
In this network SDH & DWDM equipment of M/s Fibcom
have been deployed.
The equipped capacity of Phase-IIB network is 2.5 Gbps.
19. Communication in GAIL PATA PLANT is
achieved by following ways:
EPABX
PA SYSTEMS
RADIO PAGING SYSTEM
WALKI TALKI/VHF based System
PSTN/Wll/GSM
SCADA SYSTEMS
OFC Backbone (SDN STM1O)
21. GAIL
TOWN
SHIP
EXCHA
NGE
GAIL
PLANT
EXCHA
NGE
(SS4)
TMUX
PMUX
ADM
R.R. R.R.
DCC
34 Mbps (E3)
Tributary Side
16*2Mbps
(E1)
Back Bone
2 Wire Copper
Router Interface
RS232/ V.35
2 Wire Copper
Router Interface
R232 or V.35
5 K.M.
Connectivity Plant to Town
Through Backbone
ADM
ADM: Add Drop Multiplexer
RR: Repeater & Regenerator
TMUX: Tributary Multiplexer
22. Telephone
RJ11 Socket
Rosette
Box
Drop Wire
2/4 Pair
DB
Junction
Box
Feeder
Cable
Field
(MDF)
Exchange
(MDF)
Exchange
Jumper Wire
Connection of Exchange to Telephone
MDF: Main Distribution Frame
DB: Distribution Box
24. PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
• Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost
Synchronous , but not fully synchronous.
• In Plesiochronous system every equipment is
generating its own clock for synchronization.
25. Digitisation Process
Telephony signals:
• 4 Khz Voice signal is sampled at twice the frequency-
8000 Hz
• Samples are Quantized- Benchmarked to nearest
predefined levels
• Quantized samples are encoded using 8 binary bits
• Each Voice channel hence occupies
8x8000 = 64000 Bits per Second = 64 Kbps
00000001
00000010
00000011
.
.
.
.
27. Limitations
There is insufficient provision for network management with
in the PDH frame format for them to be able to do this.
No standard for synchronization
Standard equipment from different vendors are not compatible
Increase in number of equipments required.
There's no standardized definition of PDH bit rates greater than
140 Mbit/s
29. SDH Equipment
Terminal Multiplexer
• Path Termination equipment which acts as
concentrator of tributary signals like E1
Regenerator
• Regenerator is used to boost the signals
between multiplexers placed across a long
distance
Add-Drop Multiplexer
•Add Drop Multiplexer is used to access the signals to be
dropped or inserted while allowing the other signals to
flow through without processing
STM-4
E 1
E 3
T 1
Path Termination
Equipment
Path Termination
Equipment
Regenerator
STM-4
STM- 4
STM- 4 STM- 4
30. SDH- Network Topologies
Point to Point
• Involves two terminal multiplexers
connected together with an optical
fiber with or without regenerators
Point to Multipoint
• This configuration necessarily
involves a Add Drop Multiplexer
which connects to multiple sites
adding or dropping signals at
each site
PTE Regenerator PTE
PTE
Regenerator
ADM PTE
Regenerator
31. SDH- Network Topologies
MUX
Regenerator
DCS
Regenerator
Regenerator
MUX
MUX
MUX
Regenerator
Hub Configuration
• Hub configuration involves a Digital Cross Connect
System at the centre of a mesh network, grooming the
traffic from various directions.
Ring Configuration
• Ring configuration involves multiple ADMs connected
along the optical fiber ring either in bi-directional or
Uni-Directional connectivity.
ADM
ADM ADM
ADM
