Protecting human health in the built environment

Protecting Human Health in the
Built Environment
with
Enhanced Air Filtration Devices
Gerald (Jerry) Lamping
ASHRAE Member
NAFA Member
EPA Master IAQ Class Member
Green Classroom Professional – USGBC
October 18, 2016 Alamo ASHRAE Meeting

ASHRAE History and Future
• The ASHRAE was founded in 1894 at a meeting of engineers in New York City.
• Until 1954, the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (ASHVE);
• In 1954, American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHAE).
• In 1959, ASHAE and the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE)
merged to form ASHRAE.
• In 2012, ASHRAE rebranded itself with a new logo and tagline:
"Shaping Tomorrow’s Built Environment Today

ASHRAE History and Future
• The ASHRAE was founded in 1894 at a meeting of engineers in New York City.
• Until 1954, the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (ASHVE);
• In 1954, American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHAE).
• In 1959, ASHAE and the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE) merged
to form ASHRAE.
• In 2012, ASHRAE rebranded itself with a new logo and tagline:
"Shaping Tomorrow’s Built Environment Today”
•In the Future, it may add the term
Filtration & Air Cleaning to its name

Greetings,
Alamo
ASH-RA-FA-CE
Engineers

In the past, ASHRAE has been concerned about the
• Comfort of building occupants and
• Efficency of devices, equipment, and systems
In the future, ASHRAE will be also concerned about the
• Health of the building occupants and
• Productivity/performance of students, workers and public

In the past, ASHRAE has been concerned about the
• Comfort of building occupants and
• Efficency of devices, equipment, and systems
In the future, ASHRAE will be also concerned about the
• Health of the building occupants and
• Productivity/performance of students, workers and public
Difficult to talk about health issues and illness prevention due lack of
knowledge and regulations on making health improvement statements.

Greetings,
Alamo
ASH-RA-FA-CE
Doctors and Nurses

ASHRAE Standard for
Ventilation for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality, 62.1 -2016
Since 1973, Standard 62 has been the
primary ASHRAE Clean Air and
Ventilation document:
1) reduce indoor contaminant sources
2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow
rates for listed occupancy categories.
3) The standard allows three alternative
ventilation approaches.
Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)
Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)
Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

ASHRAE Ventilation Rate Requirements
• ASHRAE minimum for Ventilation Rate (VRs) in offices is ~17 CFM/person
(Some IAQ organizations are calling for up to 50 cfm/person VR)
• Increased VRs, particularly in offices, may have many positive effects on
occupant wellbeing
• Lower infection risk, less Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), reduced
absenteeism, better productivity and decision making
• However, higher VRs will increase Ozone & Particulate Matter (PM) indoors
• Ozone & PM exposure = reduced health and productivity/performance!

Additional ASHRAE IAQ Documents
A Position Document is a Board of Directors-approved document expressing the views of the Society
on a specific topic pertaining to public policy.
• Airborne Infectious Diseases (PDF) (Updated May 2014)
• Environmental Tobacco Smoke (PDF) (Updated July 2016)
• Filtration and Air Cleaning (PDF) (Approved January 29, 2015)
• Indoor Air Quality (PDF) (Updated July 2014)
• Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in Buildings (PDF) (Updated January 2016)
ASHRAE Guide Books and Conferences
• ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Guide (www.ashrae.org/FreeIAQGuidance)
• ASHRAE IAQ 2013: Environmental Health in Low Energy Buildings
• ASHRAE Annual Handbooks

Proposed ASHRAE Standard for
Filtration and Air Cleaning for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality, 62.X -xxxx
http://www.rimbach.com/cgi-bin/Article/IHN/Number.idc?Number=118
Cleanroom standards are required for manufacturing of
electronics, drugs, food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Indoor Spaces at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Indoor Space
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing

EPA NAAQS PM Standard
For long-term effects of fine PM (PM2.5 ), EPA’s Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from
a current annual average of 15 µg/m3 to somewhere in the range of 11–13 µg/m3.
The EPA’s new standard 12 µg/m3 annual mean
With an annual standard of 12 µg/m3 , the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$2.3–5.9 billion, with costs of $69 million.
About 30% of the U.S. population lives in the 191
counties or parts of counties designated as
“nonattainment” for the current annual PM2.5 standard.
Weinhold B 2012. EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards. Environ Health Perspect
120:a348-a349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.120-a348a
http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.120-a348a#r3
http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/SickOfSoot.pdf

Fresh Air is not always Fresh
ALA’s latest State of the Air-2016 Report concludes the following
• more than half of all Americans—166 million people—live in counties where
they are exposed to unhealthful levels of either ozone or particle pollution.
• More than 27.8 million people (8.9%) in the United States live in 17 counties
with unhealthful levels of all pollutants measured in the report.
• Twenty-two of the 25 most ozone-polluted cities in the report – including Los
Angeles, New York City, and Chicago – had more high ozone days on average.

Outside Air Is Not Always Clean
NAAQS Contaminants
Particle Matter
• PM10,
• PM2.5 ,
• UFPM,
• Nano-PM
Ozone; Hot & Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and
Humid Climates
Other Gases; Sewer, Boiler
Gas, Industrial
Chemical and Biological
Threats; Pranksters
Source: ASHRAE 62.1-2007
Source: www.airnow.gov

EPA’s Air Quality Index
http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi (Accessed 08/19/2013)

AQI Values Greater than 100
Number of days on which AQI values were greater than 100 during 2002-2010 in selected cities
http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/2011/graphics/figure06.gif

Saharan Dust travels across the Atlantic Ocean

Typical San Antonio Day
AQI 30
10 µg/m3
Air Quality Health Alert Day
in San Antonio
AQI 108
40 µg/m3
Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA Ozone Standard
For long-term effects of Ozone, EPA’s Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary
health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 75 ppb to somewhere in the range of 60-70 ppb.
The EPA’s new Ozone standard is now 70 ppb

San Antonio could be in Non Attainment for O3
• Three Year Average of Fourth Highest Ozone Readings, 2014-2016
Monitoring Site Average Current 3-Year Average
• Camp Bullis C58 71
• Calaveras Lake C59 62
• San Antonio Northwest C23 68
• EPA’s NAAQS Limit for Ozone is now set at 70 parts per billion (ppb)
Source:
http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/cgibin/compliance/monops/8hr_attainment.pl

Health Effects of Particulate Matter
Particulate Matter has identified as a air contaminant with significant public health
impacts.
• In 1971, the US Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) was first regulated as a criteria
NAAQS pollutant.
• In 1987 the regulation changed from TSP to respirable particulate matter less than
10 microns (PM10).
• In 1997, the regulation separated into a standard for PM10 and a standard for
PM2.5.
• In 2012, driven by an increasing depth of health effects studies between PM10 and
PM2.5 the PM2.5 standard was lowered from
an annual average concentration of 15 µg/m3 to 12 µg/m3.
• The current WHO and European PM2.5 Standard is 10 µg/m3.

Health Effects of Particulate & Ozone Pollution

Table 5 : Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease, age and sex
Disease Children < 5 years Men Women Total
ALRI 169,250 - - 169,250
COPD - 135,900 106,350 242,250
Lung cancer - 285,900 116,450 402,350
IHD - 606,350 472,450 1,078,800
Stroke - 540,600 542,150 1,082,750
Total 169,250 1,568,750 1,237,400 2,975,400
AAP : ambient air pollution ;
ALRI : acute lower respiratory disease ;
COPD : chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ;
IHD : ischemic heart disease.
Men and women are adults of 25 years and above.
WHO Report - Ambient air pollution:
A global assessment of exposure and
burden of disease

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) report stated that
ambient air pollution from particulate matter was responsible for
• about 3 million deaths
Ambient air pollution: A global assessment
of exposure and burden of disease

Relationship between PM2.5 and mortality

EPA’s Health Effects Pyramid
Indoor air should
be at lowest
contamination
level

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) report stated that
ambient air pollution from particulate matter was responsible for
•about 3 million deaths and
• 85 million DALYs.
Disability Adjusted Life Years
Ambient air pollution: A global assessment
of exposure and burden of disease

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) provide an estimate of the total health burden and are a combined estimate of
• years of life lost (YLL) and
• years living with disability (YLD).
PM2.5 was the pollutant with the greatest DALY (700 DALYs lost per 100,000),
• second hand smoke (100 DALYs),
• radon-smokers (80 DALYs) and
• formaldehyde (35 DALYs).
The DALY for PM 2.5 is several times larger than the second hand smoke,
the indoor pollutant with the next highest ranking.
.
(DALYs)

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) provide an estimate of the total health burden and are a combined estimate of
• years of life lost (YLL) and
• years living with disability (YLD).
PM2.5 was the pollutant with the greatest DALY (700 DALYs lost per 100,000),
• second hand smoke (100 DALYs),
• radon-smokers (80 DALYs) and
• formaldehyde (35 DALYs).
The DALY for PM 2.5 is several times larger than the second hand smoke,
the indoor pollutant with the next highest ranking.
PM 2.5 is identified by the Logue study as
the indoor air contaminant with the
greatest health impact in US buildings.
(DALYs)

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) are defined
by the World Health Organization as “years of healthy life lost”, and
calculated as the sum of Years of life lost (YLL) and
Years of life disabled (YLD).

Research Finds That
Particle Size & Quantity Matters
• An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic
meter of indoor course particle
pollution, there is a 6 % increase in the
number of days of cough, wheeze, or
chest tightness in asthmatic children.
• An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic
meter of indoor fine particle pollution,
there is a
7 % increase in days of wheezing
severe enough to limit speech.
Source: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic
meter of fine particle air pollution
results in an
– increase in life expectancy
of 0.7 years
– in a 10% decrease in the risk
of premature death
Sources: Harvard School of Public Health, Jan. 2009
American Lung Association, Highlight of recent Research
on Particulate Air Pollution: Effects of Long Term
Exposure, www.lungusa.org Oct. 2008
Research Shows The
Effects of Fine Particles

Buildings Located Near Major Highway
(Keck School of Med.)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air
Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell, et al
•Results indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-
related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of
developing asthma.
•Almost 10% of public schools in California are located within
150 m of roadways with >25,000 vehicles daily.
•Students in urban areas in eastern U.S. cities are even more likely
… to attend schools near major highways.
•And one in three US public schools is within about 1,300 feet, or a
quarter mile, from a major highway.
• Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source: Pope and Dockery, 2006
http://www.noaca.org/pmhealtheffects.pdf

Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized
Particulate Matter (PM)
• Pulmonary inflammation initiating a
systemic response;
• Translocation of UFPM into the
blood circulation, leading to
interaction with endothelium and
white blood cells;
• Distribution to extra pulmonary
organs (e.g., liver, heart) thereby
inducing vascular effects and cardiac
events;
• Translocation of UFPM along
sensory neuronal pathways to the
CNS causing inflammation,
and activation of irritant receptors in
the conducting airways affecting
input to the automonic nervous
system.
Source: Assessment of Ambient UFP Health
Effects:Linking Sources to Exposure and
Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs : 2010
Grant EPA R827354, Günter Oberdörster et al,
University of Rochester; EPA PM Research Center

Health Risks of Indoor Exposure to Particulate Matter:
Workshop Summary
available at http://www.nap.edu/23531
Studies have shown that PM2.5 and UFPs can reach the brain,
either via the nose and olfactory nerve (Oberdorster et al., 2004) or
via the lungs and systemic circulation (Peters et al., 2006).
Crossing from the systemic circulation into the brain involves direct
transport or damage to the blood–brain barrier (Calderón-Garcidueñas
et al., 2008).

Health Risks of Indoor Exposure to Particulate Matter:
Workshop Summary
available at http://www.nap.edu/23531
Effects of PM exposure on the
central nervous system.
NOTE:
BBB = blood-brain barrier;
ROS = reactive oxygen species.

Studies have found that PM air pollution is harming brains of urban kids and have found that when airborne PM
and their components such as metals are inhaled or swallowed, they pass through damaged barriers, including
respiratory, gastrointestinal and the blood-brain barriers and can result in long-lasting harmful effects.
The results found that the children living in Mexico City had significantly higher serum and cerebrospinal fluid
levels of autoantibodies against key tight-junction and neural proteins, as well as combustion-related metals..
Calderon-Garciduenas notes that once there is a breakdown in the blood-brain barrier, not only will particulate
matter enter the body but it also opens the door to harmful neurotoxins, bacteria and viruses. "The barriers are
there for a reason. They are there to protect you, but once they are broken the expected results are not good,"
The results of constant exposure to air pollution and the constant damage to all barriers eventually result in
significant consequences later in life. The autoimmune responses are potentially contributing to the
neuroinflammatory and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's pathology they are observing in young urban children. While
the study focused on children living in Mexico City, others living in cities where there are high levels of PM.
Professor Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas
(University of Montana) studies on PM

Significant health effects of Unclean Air
1. Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease*;
2. Decreased lung function*;
3. Increased frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms*;
4. Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections*;
5. Effects on the nervous system¥;
6. Cancer ¥;
7. Premature death ¥
American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatric Environmental Health, 2012.
Kampa M and Castanas E, Environmental Pollution, 2008.
http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/3_90_022.html (Accessed 08/19/2013)
*Effects likely to occur in childhood and adulthood
¥Effects likely to occur in adulthood, but associated with exposures in childhood

ASHRAE Position Document on
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC)
• Filtration technologies, in which particles are removed by attaching
them to the media (often called mechanical or media filters), have been
documented to be capable in many cases of reducing particle
concentrations substantially, including reductions from levels being
above to levels being below the associated regulatory exposure limits
for reducing health risk set by recognized cognizant authorities.
• Modest empirical evidence suggests that mechanical filters will have
positive effects on health, especially for reducing adverse allergy or
asthma outcomes...
• Models predict large reductions in morbidity and mortality associated
with reduction of indoor exposures to particles from outdoor air, but
these health benefits have not been verified empirically.

Invisible Particles In The Air

Current USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 62.1-2013
MERV 8 before coil
Only one level of particle filtration and no level
of gas phase filtration for all HVAC systems

A MERV 8 Ain’t (isn't) Great
Selecting Ventilation Air Filters to Reduce PM2.5. B Stephens, et al, ASHRAE Journal Sept 2016

3 Levels of Outside Air Quality - 4 Levels of Indoor Air Quality
Gas Phase Filters required in polluted areas for Clean Indoor air
http://www.freedom2choose.info/docs/EC_Standard_For_Ventilation.pdf
European Union Filtration Law

Air Filters for Particle Matter

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter Needed
to Measure PM Levels in Indoor Spaces
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from .3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

Actual Experience in Removing Invisible
Particles with Enhanced Air Filtration
Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-effective
by Pawel Wargocki and David P. Wyon, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy,
DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132312002727
Particle
Size
Outside Air Injection Rate
Particles
Per
cm3
Without air
filter operation
With air filter
operation
ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles From Classrooms
Providing better thermal and air quality conditions in school classrooms would be cost-
effective by Pawel Wargocki and David P. Wyon, International Centre for Indoor
Environment and Energy, DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132312002727
ASHRAE Research Project RP 1257

Particles In Classrooms
2,895
13,735
2,118
181
7,396
5,127
663
169,339
167
670
3,367
6,512
187,836
9,779
203,028
260,521
120,352
1,663,402
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Particle Size, Micromenter
Part./CuFt
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Air Cleaning in Room
After Air
Cleaning
Before Air
Cleaning
Particles From Classrooms

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Clean Air
School B had higher percentages (up to 4% higher) of students passing reading, writing and mathematics sections.
School B had 11% and 16% more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests
(students correctly answered 90% or better of the TAKS questions).
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
PercentMet
StandardR
eading/E
LA
W
riting
M
athem
atics
Science
C
om
m
.R
eading
C
om
m
.M
ath.
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had ASHRAE
Standard 62.1
Ventilation and Air
Filtration Practice with
CO2 Demand Control
School B had ASHRAE
Standard 62.1 IAQ
Procedure Filtration
and Air Cleaning
Practice with constant
7.5 CFM OA Ventilation

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Clean Air
School A had slightly higher percentages (up to 0.4% higher) student attendance rates
School A had ASHRAE
Standard 62.1
Ventilation and Air
Filtration Practice with
CO2 Demand Control
School B had ASHRAE
Standard 62.1 IAQ
Procedure Filtration
and Air Cleaning
Practice with constant
7.5 CFM OA Ventilation
School 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 Average
A 97.3 97.5 97.4 97.2 97.35
B 97.1 97.2 97.0 96.9 97.05
School Year Average Daily Attendance Rate, %
http://www.neisd.net/athletics/PE/documents/DetectingAerosolsPPP.pdf

Position Document: Airborne Infectious Diseases
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission.
Strategies for Indoor Spaces
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation
Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtration/cleaning
Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Society’s Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee.
http://www.ashrae.org/about-ashrae/position-documents
Also the transmission of Shed and Re-suspended Particles

Enhanced Air Filtration Can Reduce
the Risk of Flu Infection at Lower Cost
• Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens, Ph.D., Department
of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering
at Illinois Institute of Technology have shown that
enhanced air filtration and cleaning can reduce the
risk of infection from the influenza virus.
• The annual costs for dilution and filtration are shown,
a break point is at ASHRAE’s Minimum Efficiency
Reporting Value (MERV) of 13.
• Annual costs are shown for one 24x24x1 filter.

Enhanced Air Filtration Can Reduce
the Risk of Flu Infection at Lower Cost
Source: Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens, Ph.D., the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental
Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago http://built-envi.com/
Costs for Dilution at
Different Climates
Costs for Filtration at
Different Levels

Harvard School of Public Health Study
• Recently, Kathleen Ward Brown, John D. Spengler and others from
Environmental Health & Engineering Inc. and the Harvard School of Public
Health, respectively, assessed the effectiveness of commercially available air
filters to reduce the levels of asthma and allergy triggers in indoor
environments.
• Their analysis found that an air filter valued at an ASHRAE MERV 12 and 13
level can effectively lower the indoor concentrations of asthma triggers and
allergens by greater than 50% when installed in a central HVAC system.
• Annual operating costs for these air filters were calculated to be $70 and $80,
respectively.
• Other studies throughout the world have demonstrated that improved filtration
and air cleaning (FAC) practices are successful in reducing indoor levels of
potentially harmful contaminants.

Impact of High-Efficiency Filtration
Combined with High Ventilation Rates
on Indoor Particle Concentrations and
Energy Usage in Office Buildings
Michael S. Waring
Associate Professor
Director of Architectural Engineering Program
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering at Drexel University
Indoor Environment Research Group (http://www.indoor-envi.com/)
Drexel Air Resources Research Laboratory (DARRL)
Building Science & Engineering Group (BSEG)
msw59@drexel.edu
National Air Filtration Association (NAFA)
Friday, August 28, 2015
NAFA + ASHRAE funded research project

National Criterion on Filtration and IAQ Procedure
Recommended Enhanced/Best Practice ASHRAE 62.1 IAQ Procedure
NAFA “Best Practice Guidelines” for Commercial Spaces MERV 13 Not mentioned
NAFA “Recommended Practice Guidelines” for Schools MERV 8 MERV 13 Not mentioned
Texas - TX-CHPS-CRITERIA 2015 MERV 11 1 pt MERV 13 - 2pts MERV 15 Allowed
CALIFORNIA – CA-CHPS CRITERIA – 2014 MERV 13 MERV 15 Not Allowed
Washington Criteria for High-Performance Schools, 2015 MERV 13 or better Not mentioned
United States-US-CHPS CRITERION - 2014 MERV 11 MERV 13 Not Allowed
NORTHEAST CRITERIA (NE-CHPS) VERSION 3.O MERV 11 MERV 13 Not Allowed
European Standard for Ventilation – EN 13779-2007 Low PM outside air Medium PM outside air -----------
Air Filtration Requirement based on Particles(PM) in Outside Air MERV 8 MERV 13 Gas phase filter allowed
EPA - Energy Savings Plus Health: IAQ Guidelines for School Upgrades MERV 8 MERV11 to MERV 13
Gas phase filter allowed
EPA - School Siting Guidelines: Sections 6, 8.1, and 8.2
Evaluate the outside air quality at a particular
location for
Evaluating Impacts of Nearby Sources of Air Pollution
either six Criteria Pollutants or Hazardous Air
Pollutants (HAPs) Gas phase filter allowed
LEED v4 - Enhanced indoor air quality strategies ------ MERV 13 Alternative Compliance Path
WELL Building Standard® Version 1.1 - 2014 MERV 13 Meet WELL Air Quality Standards Allowed
ASHRAE 62.1-2016 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
MERV 8 Minium
Depending on Outside Air
Quality Allowed
National Criterion on Filtration and Air Cleaning

ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
www.ashrae.org/FreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects,
U.S. Green Building Council,
Builders and Owners Management
Association International,
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning
Contractors of North America,
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.

Additional References on Impacts of
Indoor Environments on Human
Performance and Productivity
Source: and http://www.iaqscience.lbl.gov/
Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and Performance
Indoor Dampness, Biological Contaminants and Health
Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Health
Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
Benefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality
Scientific Findings Resource Bank
(IAQ-SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

A Tribute in memory of
Paul G. Silber, Jr.
January 15, 1925 - November 19, 2015.

Thanks to
Joe Fly Co.
Sponsor Meeting
and
Leader in Development of
National Air Filter Association Guidelines

Protecting human health in the built environment

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