1. µø°T¨t²Î·§½×¤¶q´úÀ³¥
1

2. Seminar Agenda
• Basic of Analog baseband video signal
• Basic of Digital baseband Video signal
• Demo : Measure analog & SDI Video signal by
VM700T
• DTV (Digital Television Video) Introduction and
Theory
• Digital Television Video SD/HD Testing
2

3. Basics of Analog Video
3

4. Class Content
• Additive Color System
• Raster Scan Concepts
• Analog Component Signals
• Analog Composite Signals
• Test Equipment
• Testing Concepts
• List of Additional Study Material
4

5. Additive Color System
5

6. Additive Color System
Different Luminance ( «G«× )
( no chrominance )
©ú«G¤Æ«×ÅÜ
Chrominance (±m«× ) with different
Luminance
( same hue ¦â¬Û & saturation ¹¡©M«×
±m«×ÅܤÆ
Chrominance with different
saturation
¹¡©M«¤Æ×ÅÜ ( same luminance & hue )
Chrominance with different hue
( same luminance & saturation )
¦â¬ÛÅܤÆ
6

7. Class Content
• Additive Color System
• Raster Scan Concepts
• Analog Component Signals
• Analog Composite Signals
• Test Equipment
• Testing Concepts
• List of Additional Study Material
7

8. Camera Scanning Patterns
Electron
Gun
Horizontal Retrace
Video Signal
Active Video
8

9. Camera Interlace Scanning Patterns
A B C D
1
3 2
4
5
6
Odd lines in Inactive lines in Even lines in Inactive lines in
1st vertical trace. 1st vertical retrace. 2nd vertical trace. 2nd vertical retrace.
625 - 1st Field = 312.5 Lines (25/sec) 625 - 2nd Field = 312.5 Lines (25/sec)
525 - 1st Field = 262.5 Lines (30/sec) 525 - 2nd Field = 262.5 Lines (30/sec)
625 - Frame = 625 Lines (25Hz)
525 - Frame = 525 Lines (30Hz)
525 = North American
625 = Europe and Most of the World
9

10. Camera Scanning Patterns
• Vertical Resolution
– 525 horizontal lines per picture. (North America)
– 625 horizontal lines per picture. (Most of world)
• Vertical Scan Rate
– Scan at least 48 times per second to reduce flicker.
– 525 or 625 lines at 48 times per second difficult to achieve.
• Interlaced Scan
– Show all odd lines one time, all even lines next.
– Field
– 525 - ~60 Fields
– 625 - 50 Fields
– Frame
– 525 - ~30 Frames
– 625 - 25 Frames
10

11. Class Content
• Additive Color System
• Raster Scan Concepts
• Analog Component Signals
• Analog Composite Signals
• Test Equipment
• Testing Concepts
• List of Additional Study Material
11

12. Television Transmission
Red
Light
Signal
Blue
Light
Signal
Green
Light
Signal
Color Camera Color
Transmission
System Receiver
Red
Light
Signal
Blue
Light
Signal
Green
Light
Signal
12

13. Analog Component Signals
13

14. Component RGB
WHT YEL CYN GRN MGT RED BLU BLK
+700 mV
CHANNEL 1
GREEN
0 mV
-300 mV
+700 mV
• Defined by SMPTE CHANNEL 2
BLUE
0 mV
• +700 mV max value -300 mV
• Each channel is 4 MHz
• Sync pulse on each +700 mV
channel CHANNEL 3
RED
0 mV
-300 mV
14

15. Y, B-Y, R-Y Color Bars
+714 mV WHT
(700 mV) YEL
CYN
GRN
CHANNEL 1
MGT Y*
RED (Y)
BLU
BLK
0 mV
-286 mV
(-300 mV)
+636 mV
• Y - Luminance (+620 mV) CHANNEL 2
B-Y*
(U)
0 mV
• B-Y (U)
-636 mV
(-620 mV)
• R-Y (V)
+500 mV
(+490 mV)
0 mV
CHANNEL 3
-500 mV R-Y*
(-490 mV) (V)
* Derived from 714 mV RGB signals
(Derived from 700 mV RGB signals-
PAL ref burst values not shown)
15

16. Component Vectorscope Display
• Gives X/Y R
M
display of
Y
R-Y (V) and R-Y
or V
B-Y (U) B
chrominance G
CY
components
Tek
B-Y
or U
16

17. Component Measurement
• Bowtie Measurement Component Test Signal Generator
CH1 CH2 CH3
– System Hook Up
– Test Signals
– CH 1 is 500 kHz
sinewave Component Signal
Waveform Monitor
CHs 2 and 3 are
CH1 CH2 CH3
502 kHz sinewaves
– Resultant Waveforms
– If the signals are timed
and of the same
amplitude, the Bowtie
waveform results
17

18. Component Measurement
• Bowtie Measurement
– Purpose
– Compares the amplitude and timing
of the three component signals
– Test Signals CH1 CH2 CH3
– Channel 1 is 500 kHz sinewave. Test Signals
Channels 2 and 3 are 502 kHz
sinewaves
– Resultant Waveforms
– If the signals are timed and of the
same amplitude, the Bowtie CH1-2 CH1-3
waveform results Resultant Waveforms
18

19. Class Content
• Additive Color System
• Raster Scan Concepts
• Analog Component Signals
• Analog Composite Signals
• Test Equipment
• Testing Concepts
• List of Additional Study Material
19

20. Component to Composite
+714 mV WHT
(700 mV) YEL
CYN
GRN
CHANNEL 1
MGT
Y*
RED (Y)
BLU
BLK
0 mV
Composite
-286 mV
(-300 mV)
+636 mV
(+620 mV) CHANNEL 2
B-Y*
0 mV (U)
-636 mV
(-620 mV) QAM
Modulator
+500 mV
(+490 mV)
0 mV
CHANNEL 3
-500 mV R-Y*
(-490 mV) (V)
* Derived from 714 mV RGB signals
(Derived from 700 mV RGB signals-
PAL ref burst values not shown)
20

21. NTSC Color Encoding
Y S
Adder Transmitter
Matrix
R-Y
C
90 Degree R-Y C
Phase Shift Modulator
-27 Offset =Yellow
o
B-Y
3.579545MHz
Subcarrier B-Y
Oscillator Modulator
21

22. Luminance and Chrominance
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-20 -20
-40 -40
Luminance Chrominance
22

23. Transmitted NTSC Color Burst
100
80
60
Color
40 Breezeway
Burst
20
0
-20
-40
Tek
Front Porch H Sync Back Porch
Pulse
23

24. Waveform Monitor NTSC Signal
Peak Active Picture
White
100
.714V
100 IRE 80
60
Setup
Level 40
53.5mV
7.5 IRE 20
0 0
Blanking
0V, 0 IRE -20
-40
Sync Tip Tek
-.286V
-40 IRE Horizontal Sync Pulse Horizontal Blanking Interval
24

25. Transmitted NTSC Color Burst
Color Burst
Local Color oscillator
frequency and
phase based on the
color burst of input signal
25

26. NTSC Receiver Luminance and
Chrominance Decoding
RF, IF and S
Video Y
Detector R
Amplifier
Circuirts B-Y Matrix G
R-Y B
Chrominance
Filter and
Amplifier
Color burst
C
B-Y
Demodulator
3.579545MHz R-Y
90 Degree Demodulator
Subcarrier
Phase Shift
Oscillator
26

27. NTSC -
Not Really 60 Fields Per Second
• North America uses NTSC and the 525 scan rate with
is suppose to be 30 Frames/60 Fields.
• NTSC field and frame rate is actually:
– 29.97 Frames per Second
– 59.94 Fields per Second
• Why these weird numbers??????
27

28. NTSC -
Not Really 60 Fields Per Second
Luminance (Y) Chrominance Sound
Carrier Carrier Carrier
.75 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.58 4.0 4.2 4.5 MHz
• Changed field/frame rate to correct audio
distortion caused by color carrier.
28

29. Broadcast Standards
• The table in the notes section below shows several
broadcast standards:
– Code
– Number of frames
– Number of scan lines
– Frequency band use
– Sound offset
• Codes B, G and M are most commonly used
29

30. Broadcast Standards
Name Field/Frame Stds Encoding Scan Subcarrier Aspect
Rate Org System Lines Frequency Ratio
NTSC 29.97/59.94 EIA NTSC 525 3.58MHz 4:3
PAL-M 29.97/59.94 EIA PAL 525 3.58MHz 4:3
SECAM-M 29.97/59.94 EIA SECAM 525 ?.??MHz 4:3
PAL 25/50 ITU PAL 625 4.43MHz 4:3
SECAM 25/50 ITU SECAM 625 4.25MHz 4:3
4.40MHz
PALplus 25/50 ITU PAL 625 4.43MHz 4:3
30

31. MEASUREMENTS
31

32. Test Equipment
• Waveform Monitor
– Special oscilloscope that has been optimized for video signals
– 75 Ohm Termination
– Passive Loop Through
– Optimized TV frame, Field, Line Triggering
– Optimized Graticule
– Optimized Frequency Response
– Line Select Capability
• Vectorscope
– Shows the resulting colors generated by the color signals
• Test Signal Generator
– Video and audio signal generation capability
32

33. Measurement Categories
1. Video Amplitude and Time Measurements
2. SCH Phase (SubCarrier to Horizontal)
3. Linear Distortions
4. Non-linear Distortions
5. Noise
33

34. NTSC Luminance and Chrominance
• QAM 3.58 MHz color
information mixed with
the luminance.
• This is the display for 100
the color bar test 80
signal. 60
40
20
0 0
-20
-40
Tek
34

35. Video Amplitude and Time Measurements
(Amplitude)
Composite 525 Format Signal Levels
Luminance (Y)
Peak
White
100
.714V
100 IRE 80
60
Setup
Level 40
53.5mV
7.5 IRE 20
0
Blanking
0V, 0 IRE -20
-40
Sync Tip Tek
-.286V
-40 IRE Horizontal Sync Pulse Horizontal Blanking Interval
35

36. Composite 625 Format Signal Levels
Luminance (Y)
Peak
White
100
.700V
80
60
40
20
Blanking 0
0V
-20
-40
Sync Tip Tek
-.300V
Horizontal Sync Pulse Horizontal Blanking Interval
36

37. Chrominance & Luminance
Chrominance : refers to the color information in a TV picture. includes
Hue and Saturation
Luminance : represents brightness, or the amount of light in the picture.
In color system it is obtained as a weighted sum Y=.3R+.59G+.11B of the
R,G,& B signals
Luminance
Saturation
Chrominance
Hue
37

38. NTSC Vectorscope Display
• Displays phase of the
R-Y (NTSC)
chrominance signals.
• X/Y display of R
M
R-Y and B-Y
Y
components. -(B-Y) B-Y
(NTSC) (NTSC)
B
Y Y G
CY
Tek
Y Y
Phase of -(R-Y) (NTSC)
the Color
Subcarrier
38

39. Video Amplitude and Time Measurements
(Time)
¡@ Measurements of horizontal and vertical synchronization pulse widths
¡@ Both RS-170A and FCC provide recommended limits
¡@ Cause the picture breakup
¡@ Any composite signal containing horizontal, vertical and burst sync.
BLANKING 10.49¡@ SEC ~ 11.49¡@ SEC
10.9¡@ ¡@
SEC0.2 ¡@ SEC 9.22¡@ SEC MIN.
9.4¡@ ¡@
SEC0.1¡@ SEC 7.94¡@ SEC MAX.
1.27¡@ SEC
7.8¡@ SEC MIN.
100IRE
714mV FRONT REF
BURST COLOR WHITE 0.254¡@ SEC 0.254¡@ SEC
PORCH BACK MAX. MAX.
2.5¡@ SEC 4 IRE
1.5¡@ SEC BREEZWAY PORCH
90% TO 110%
REF BLACK 0 IRE
¡@ +.1¡@ SEC0.6¡@ SEC 1.6¡@ SEC
OF M SYNC
LEVEL -4 IRE AMPLITUDE
SYNC 7.5IRE
4 IRE 4.7¡@ SEC 
¡@ 4 IRE
40IRE
0.1 ¡@ SEC 8 TO 11
BLANKING
20IRE LEVEL 0.38¡@ SEC CYCLES
40IRE
REF SYNC MIN.
286mV
AMPLITUDE
-36 IRE
-40 IRE
RS-170A Horizontal Pulse FCC
39

40. SCH Phase (SubCarrier to Horizontal)
¡@ Timing relationship between the 50 % point of the leading edge of
sync. and the zero crossings of the reference subcarrier
¡@ RS-170A SCH Phase within + 40 deg. Modern facilities < few deg.
¡@ Two or more sources are combined or sequentially switched
-
¡@ Any signal with both sync and burst
Phase
=0.0Deg
Zero crossing
50% Leading
edge point
40

41. Linear Distortions
Frequency Response
0.5 1.25 2.0 3.0 3.58 4.1 MHz
• Linear Distortions 4 8 10 14 16 18 Cycles
– Definition:
– Waveform distortions that
are independent of signal
amplitude are referred to as
linear distortions.
– Example:
– Frequency Response -
Higher frequency signal
components (such as the
color information) are
attenuated.
41

42. NonLinear Distortion Measurements
Differential Phase and Gain
• Purpose
– Checks to see if either the
chrominance phase or gain is
affected by luminance level
changes.
• Test Signals
– Modulated Five Step Staircase
42

43. Noise Measurement
Signal to Noise Ratio ( S/N or SNR )
43

44. STANDARDS
 No standards ,Depends on governments and
experiences
 Timing and Amplitude
¡@ EIA RS-170A
¡@ FCC73.699 Diagram#6
 Distortions
¡@ NTC-7
¡@ RS-250 (EIA-250C)
44

45. 1740A/50A/60 Combination
Waveform Monitors/Vectorscopes
45

46. WVR500
Waveform/Vector Rasterizer
• Application: Studio applications where space is at a
premium. Signal is monitored at point of use and
display is routed to
a convenient
picture monitor.
• Customer: Production
studios, house and
remote monitoring
systems, video
training.
46

47. VM700T
Video Measurement Set
• Automated Video Measurement Set
• Video Parametric Testing on Test Patterns
– NTSC (525/59.94i) Option 1
– PAL (625/50i) Option 11
– Component (RGB/YPbPr 525/625) Option 30
– Audio (Analog) Option 40/41
– SDI (143/270/360Mbs) Option 1S
47

48. Manual Mode
Waveform
Monitor
48

49. Manual Mode
Vectorscope
49

50. Manual Mode
Picture
50

51. Measure Mode Screen
In /nvram0/Executable~Files/Video~Measurements
Bar Bounce Burst
LineTime Frequency
ChromLum Chrominance Chrominance
GainDelay AMPM FreqResp
Chrominance ColorBar DGDP
NonLinearity
GroupDelay H_Blank H_Timing
Sin X/X
ICPM Jitter Jitter
Audio Diags Video Previous Leave
Options Selection Directory
51

52. VmtWin© Software:
PC Remote Control Software for the VM700T
• Access and Remote control the
measurement capabilities of
the VM700T
• Windows based interface for
simple, intuitive PC control
• Manual or full automatic
screen capture and display of
VM700T graphics.
• Capability to remotely create,
edit and run user defined
functions
• Multiple connection
capabilities: Direct RS 232,
Network via Serial Server, or
RS 232 with modem
• Available as a free download
from the Tektronix Web site
52

53. TG2000 Multi-Format TV Signal
Generator
• TG2000 Modules
– HDVG1/HDTV Digital Video Generator
– 14 Formats of HDTV SDI signal generation
– 8 Channels of Embedded Audio support
– AVG1/Analog Video Generator
– NTSC, PAL, PAL-M, PAL-N, SECAM, Y/By/Ry, R/G/B,
Beta-Cam and other major formats support
– AWVG1/Analog Wide-band Video Generator
– 525/625/HDTV and other wide-band signal support
– Moving Zone-Plate Signal with variable parameter

54. TG2000 General
• TG2000 Modules
– DVG1/Digital Video Generator
– 525/625-270MHz, 525/625-360MHz, 525-143MHz SDI and Parallel
Digital Signals generation
– SDI Stress Test (Option S1)
– Variable Jitter, Amplitude, Through-rate and Rise/Fall Time of SDI
signal
– High Level Embedded Audio Support
– AGL1/Analog GenLock
– Adds GenLock capability to TG2000
– Lock to NTSC/PAL, CW (Continuous Wave)

55. SDP2000 Basic
• SDP2000
– Signal Generation Tool for
TG2000
– Works on MS-Windows
(95, 98, NT)
– Huge Test Signal Libraries
for TG2000 Modules
– Powerful set of Waveform
Functions
– Easy to use Editing
Features

56. TG700 Multiformat Generator
– AGL7
• Built for flexibility and upgradability Analog GenLock module
– AG7
• Consists of mainframe (TG700) Audio Generator module
Holds up to 4 modules per frame – ATG7
Analog Test Generator module
– AVG7
Analog Video Generator module
– AWVG7
Analog WideBand Video Generator
module
– BG7
Black Generator module
– DVG7
SDTV Generator module
– HDVG7
HDTV Generator module
56

57. ATG7 Analog Test Generator Module
• Four Independent Outputs
– NTSC/PAL Analog Test Signals
– 2 Black Bursts
– BARS with ID TEXT
• ID Text Overlay
– ID Text overlay for Test Signal and Color
Bar (1 Row x 18 Characters)
• Output Formats
– NTSC/PAL Independent selection for 4
outputs
– Timing Pulse output (1Vpeak to peak)
• Output Timing
– Independent Timing adjustment with Full
Color Frame range
57

58. AVG7 Analog Video Generator Module
4 Analog Test Signal
0NTSC/PAL analog composite signal
0525/625 analog component signal
0APL and Bounce
4 High Quality Test Signal Generator
03 channel with 12 bits, 27 MHz clock
4 Frame Picture Feature (TG700 with Option FP)
0Create PIC file from Windows BMP
4 Active Picture Scroll
Pr Pb Y
Composite Composite Composite 0For both test signals and frame pictures
Composite C Y 4 Overlay Support
0Logo, ID text and circle overlay
4 Output Timing
0Full (color) frame timing adjustment with fin
resolution
58

59. AWVG7 Analog WideBand Video
Generator Module
4 2 Identical HD Analog Test Signal
03 Channel with 30 MHz band width
0Supports major HD formats 1080/720p
4 High Quality Signal Generation
0 3 channel with 12 bits, 74.25 MHz clock
4 Frame Picture Feature (TG700 with Option FP)
0Can create PIC file from Windows BMP
4 Active Picture Scroll
Pr/R Pb/B Y/G
0For both test signals and frame picture
4 Overlay Support
0Logo, ID text and circle overlay
4 Output Timing
0Full (color) frame timing adjustment with fine
resolution
59

60. 1. 75% Color Bar (With 100% White)
¡@ Full Amplitude 140 IRE
¡@ Hue and Saturation of Chrominance
¡@ Level of Luminance (Video Filter)
¡@ Amplitude, Timing, SCH Phase
60

61. 2. FCC, NTC-7 Composite
 Combine four kind of signal to one
 Amplitude, Timing, SCH Phase,
C to Y Gain &Delay, Short & Line
time distortion, K Factor Rating, DGDP
61

62. 3. Multiburst Test Signal
¡@ Six frequency from 0.5MHz to 4.1 or 4.2MHz
¡@  Frequency Response
0.5 1.25 2.0 3.0 3.58 4.1 MHz
4 8 10 14 16 18 Cycles
62

63. Television Signal Formats
Analog
Composite Parallel Digital Composite
Video PAL=17.7MHz
(PAL/NTSC) NTSC=14.3MHz
M
R a B-Y
t Serial Digital Composite
G R-Y Composite A to D 143Mb/sec (NTSC)
r Conv 10 Bits Parallel Serializer
B Y Encoder 177Mb/sec (PAL)
i
x
Color Difference
Component 4Fsc Clock X10
Analog Video (PAL=17.7MHz)
(Y, B-Y, R-Y) (NTSC=14.3MHz) DVD
Component Digital Versatile
Analog Video MPEG2 (Video) Disk
(RGB) Protocol
Program Stream
B-Y R-Y Y
6.75MHz MPEG2
Sample 13.5MHz Protocol
A to D A to D A to D Sample Transmission
Rate for B-Y Audio Transport Stream
Conv Conv Conv Rate for Y MPEG2 Channel
and R-Y Data Program Tx
Encoder
Clock
ITU-R BT.601-2 Picture SDH, ATM,
Multiplexed 27MB/sec X10 MPEG2 Transmission
Serial Digital Quality SONET or
B-Y/Y/R-Y/Y/B-Y/Y Protocol Channel Analysis
Component Analysis Modulated
10 Bits Parallel Analysis
270MB/sec RF Signals.
Serializer
ITU-R BT.601-2 Serial Digital Transmission
Component 270MB/sec Channel
ITU-R BT.601-2 Analog Composite MPEG2
Program MPEG2 Rx
Parallel Digital Component Video (PAL/NTSC)
27MB/sec Decoder Protocol
Data Transport Stream