research methods

1. .
Today we remember all the martyrs of the
Catholic Church especially the 190
martyrs massacred on September 2 and
3, during the French Revolution.
Blessed John Mary du Lau,
the archbishop of ArIes; Blessed Francis
de la Rochefoucauld, bishop of Beauvais;
Blessed Louis de la
Rochefoucauld, bishop of Saintes;
Blessed Augustine Chevreux, last su-
perior general of the Maurists; Blessed
Charles de la Calmette, the count of
Valfons; Blessed Julian Massey, Blessed
Louis de la Touche; and Carmes, and One
hundred twenty were martyred at the
Carmelite Church on the rue
de Rennes in Paris. They were
all beatified in 1926

2. Opening Prayer
• Heavenly Father, as we remember our martyrs, their blood, the seeds of the
Catholic Faith,
• We pray for them who gave their lives spreading your Word.
• Lord, we are mindful that so great is our love for you that even though we walk in
a world where speaking your name can mean certain death Your faithful still
speak it.
• Help us work for a world where all may speak their creeds and pray their prayers
without fear of violence.
• Hear the prayers of those who abide with you in dangerous times and in dark
valleys,
• And who die with your name on their lips. Draw them quickly to your side Where
they might know eternal peace. Amen.
• St. Lorenzo Ruiz…..pray for us
• St. Pedro Calungsod…pray for us
• Mary, Queen of martyrs…..pray for us

3. Module 2: Presentation of Review
of Related Literature and Studies

5. Goals
• write the bibliographic entries of a given set of
literature
• enumerate the steps in the paraphrasing
process
• paraphrase a given literature
• gather at least 5 literature entries for the
concept paper and 50 for the dissertation
proposal

6. Reminders!
• You need to complete the 3-title requirement for Module 1
• From the 3, choose one.
• Develop the Statement of the Problem. It will be presented
after the input for this module
• Develop the Statement of the Problem of the other 2 titles. It
will not be presented anymore.
• Develop the concept paper of the 3 titles.
• Submission of the first draft of the 3 concept papers. When?
(Oct 9, 2021)
• Module 1 should contain RO 1 WS, RO 1.1 WS and the 3
concept papers (draft and revised copy)

7. Writing the Chapter I
of the Technical Paper
• Chapter I- The Problem and Its Setting
• Around 30-40 pages
• Sections :
– Introduction
– Review of Related Literature
• Conceptual Framework
– Statement of the Problem
– Significance of the Study
– Scope and Delimitation
– Definition of Terms

8. Writing the Introduction and
Review of Related Literature
• Introduction: 2-3 pages
• Presents how the problem evolved
• Problematic situation must be presented to justify the
conduct of the study
• Organization of ideas follows the inverted pyramid
(universal to local perspective)
• May use 2-4 citations to support problematic situation
• Ends with a concluding statement that will connect the
Introduction to the Review of Related Literature and
the Statement of the problem
• Review of Related Literature: 20 pages or more
– includes a conceptual framework with a one-page description
– Conceptual Framework contains the variables in the SOP
– Arrangement literature is based on the Conceptual
Framework

9. Writing the Significance of
the Study
• Around 3-4 paragraphs
• Presents the major importance of the
study to the following:
– Community
– Students
– Teachers and Administrators
– Other groups of people
– Future researchers
– The Researcher

10. Writing the Scope and
Delimitation
• Around 3-4 paragraphs
• Presents the variables to be investigated
as stipulated in the Statement of the
Problem
• Shows the extent of investigation in
terms of:
– Locale
– Time
– Subjects/Participants
– Constraints

11. Writing the Definition of
Terms
• Around 1-3 pages
• Starts with a short introduction
• Based from the technical terms in the Title
and Statement of the Problem
• Conceptual Definition- dictionary or
universal definition of the term
• Operational Definition- definition as to
how the term is used in the study.

12. Technicalities
• Paper: Short-size bond paper-Substance 20
• Margin: 1”-1”-1”-1.5”
• Spacing: Double Space with 0pt in text
Three single spaces with 0pt
between sections
• Left Flushed not justified
• Font: Times New Roman 12
• Italics for non-English terms
• Tone: Formal and Scientific and Third Person
• Tense: Future

13. Writing the Chapter II
of the Technical Paper
• Chapter II- Research Methodology
• Around 8-12 pages
• Sections :
– (Chapter introduction)
– Research Design
– Figure 2. Research Design
– Locale of the Study
– Respondents of the Study
– Research Instruments
– Data Gathering Procedure
– Data Analysis and Interpretation
– Statistical Tools/Statistical Treatment

14. • Chapter Introduction
– 2-3 sentences explaining the whole Chapter III
• Research Design
– 2-3 paragraphs explaining Figure 2
• Figure 2. Research Design
– on a separate page (second page of the chapter)
– presents in graphic form the actual design of the
whole study

15. • Locale of the Study
– 5-10 sentences explaining where will the study be conducted
• Respondents of the Study
– 1 paragraph explaining who are involved in the study
– if there are different groups involved, it would be better to
present a table for this purpose
• Research Instruments
– 5-10 paragraphs explaining in detail how the instruments will
be developed, validated or pilot tested if necessary

16. • Data Gathering Procedure
– 3-5 paragraphs explaining how the data will be gathered
– includes protocol and specifications how the respondents/ participants
will be involved in the study
• Data Analysis and Interpretation
– 3-5 paragraphs explaining the manner of analysis and interpretation of
data
– will include criteria or rubrics for data analysis
• Statistical Tools/Statistical Treatment
– 1 paragraph explaining the statistical tools that will be used aligned to
the statement of the problem

17. Writing the Back Matters
• References
– will follow the APA format
– arranged alphabetically
• Appendix
– A. Official Communication (later)
– B. Research Instruments

18. Process for Module 2
• From the 3 titles accepted, choose 1.
• Gather at least 50 literature entries.
• Literature should be directly related to the variables under
investigation. Please refer to the Statement of the Problem.
• Consider the recency of the literature. It should be 2005
and above.
• Include Conceptual Literature, Research Literature or
Related Studies and Legal Literature or Legal Basis
• Vary your sources of literature (only 20% is allowed for
webpages)

19. Process for Module 2
• BOOKS
• Should comprise 50% or more of the bulk of the
literature
• Entries to be considered:
• 1. Author (complete)
• 2. Year of Publication
• 3. Title and Edition
• 4. Place of Publication
• 5. Publisher

20. Process for Module 2
• PERIODICALS: Journals (Hardcopy format and e-Journals),
Magazines and Newspapers
• Should be 50-100% of the bulk of literature
• Entries to be considered:
• 1. Author (complete)
• 2. Year/Date of Publication
• 3. Title of the Article
• 4. Name of the Journal
• 5. Volume
• 6. Inclusive Pages
• 7. Digital Object Identifier (for e-Journals only)

21. Process for Module 2
• WEBPAGES
• Should not be more than 20% of the bulk of literature
• Entries to be considered:
• 1. Author (complete)
• 2. Year/Date of Publication
• 3. Title of the Article
• 4. Hyperlink
• 5. Digital Object Identifier
• 6. Date of Retrieval

22. Process for Module 2
• UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS (thesis &
dissertations)
• Entries to be considered:
• 1. Author (complete)
• 2. Year
• 3. Title of the Thesis/Dissertation
• 4. Institution
• 5. Nature of the Unpublished Material

23. Caveat: Should be included only in special cases and with proper discretion. It
should never comprise the bulk of the literature.

24. Bibliography and References
• Bibliography contains all the works cited in a
paper, but it may also include other works that
the author consulted, even if they are not
mentioned in the text
• References contain only the sources cited in
text.

25. RO 2:
The References

26. • Books
• Author. (Year). Title of the Book. Publisher
• For the authors
• Author, A. (1 author)
• Author, A. & Author, A. (2 authors)
• Author, A. , Author, A. & Author, A. (3-20 authors)
• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F.
F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author,
L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q.,
Author, R. R., Author, S. S., Author, T. T., . . . Author, Z. Z. (21 or more authors)
• N.B. The title is italicized. In the 7th Edition of the APA Manual, the place of publication is
removed.
Writing Bibliographic Entries

27. Item # 1
• Write the bibliographic entry for this book:
• Authors: Thomas McLeod, Therese Cox
& Angus Churchill
Title: Essentials of Professional Ethics
Year: 2008
Place of Publication: New York
Publisher: Corvin-Cage Inc.

28. Answer
McLeod, T., Cox, T. & Churchill, A.
(2008). Essentials of Professional
Ethics. Corvin-Cage Pub.
• Parenthetical citation: (McLeod, Cox & Churchill, 2016)
(McLeod et al., 2016) for the succeeding citations
• Narrative citation: McLeod, Cox and Churchill (2016) explained that…
McLeod et al. (2016) explains that……for the succeeding citation

29. • WebPages
• Author's name. (Date of Publication). Title of
work. full URL
• Note: In the 7th Edition of the APA Manual, the URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved
from,” unless a retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it’s the same as
the author), and web page titles are italicized
Writing Bibliographic Entries

30. Item # 2
• Write the bibliographic entry for this webpage:
• Author: Theodore Devit
Date: 2001
Title of the Article: Lightning injures four at music festival
Date of Retrieval: January 23, 2002
URL: http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html

31. Answer
Devit, T. (2001). Lightning injures four at music
festival.
http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/
index.html
• Parenthetical citation: (Devit, 2001)
• Narrative citation: Devit (2001) emphasized that……
• If the date of retrieval is needed:
• Devitt, T. (2001). Lightning injures four at music festival. Retrieved
January 5, 2020, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/ index.html

32. • Periodicals (Journals and Magazines)
• Author. (Year). Title of the Article. Name of the
Journal, Volume Number, Inclusive Pages
• Note: The name of the journal is italicized, not the tile of the article.
Writing Bibliographic Entries

33. Item # 3
• Write the bibliographic entry for this periodical:
• Author: Harold Winston Harlow
Title: Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles
Journal: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
Year: 1993 Volume: 55 Pages: 893-896

34. Answer
Harlow, H. W. (1993). Fundamentals for
preparing psychology journal
articles. Journal of Comparative and
Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
• Parenthetical citation: (Harlow, 1993)
• Narrative citation: Harlow (1993) opined that……

35. Writing Bibliographic Entries
• Unpublished Materials
• Author's name. (Date ). Title of
work (Nature of the
Unpublished
material).Institution, Place
• Note: The title of the work is italicized and the nature of the
material is specified whether it is a masters thesis or a doctoral
dissertation

36. Practice Exercise # 4
• Write the bibliographic entry for the
following:
• 5. Author: Spitzer, Stefan Levi
Date: 2001
Title of Work : No words necessary: An
ethnography of daily
activities with young
children who don’t talk
Nature: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation
Name of Institution: University of
Southern California
Place: California

37. Answer
Spitzer, S. L. (2001). No words necessary: An
ethnography of daily activities with young
children who don’t talk (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation). University of
Southern California, California
• Parenthetical citation: (Spitzer, 2001)
• Narrative citation: Spitzer (2001) explains that……

38. Paraphrasing
• A restatement of a text in another form or
other words, often to simplify or clarify
meaning.

39. Essence of Paraphrasing
• According to Brenda Spatt……..
• You retain everything about the original
writing but the words.

40. How to Paraphrase a Text
• 1. Quickly review the passage to get a sense of the whole, and
then go through the passage carefully, sentence by sentence.
• 2. State the ideas in your own words, defining words as
needed.
• 3. If necessary, edit for clarity, but don't change the meaning.
• 4. If you borrow phrases directly, put them in quotation
marks.
• 5. Check your paraphrase against the original for accurate
tone and meaning.

41. Drills

42. • Sample Item: My car needs gasoline.
• My automobile requires fuel.
• Item 1. She was a successful author and lawmaker.
• She found success as a writer and legislator.
• Item 2. The still waters of Boracay were
aquamarine in color.
• The calm waters of Boracay were blue-green in
hue.