MPA 213 Management of Rural and Urban Developmnt

1. URBAN GOVERNANCE
Prepared By: MA. FATIMA CANARIA-BALAOING
Professor: Dr. Jo Bitonio
MPA 213: Management of Rural and Urban Development

2. What is URBAN GOVERNANCE?
Urban governance refers to
how government (local, regional and national)
and stakeholders decide how to plan, finance and
manage urban areas. It influences whether the
poor benefit from economic growth, and
determines how they bring their influence to
bear and whether political and institutional
systems, processes and mechanisms facilitate
inclusive and pro-poor decisions and outcomes.
It involves a continuous process of
negotiation and contestation over the allocation
of social and material resources and political
power. It is not just about the formal structures
of city government but encompasses a host of
economic and social forces, institutions and
relationships, formal and informal.

3. Elements that contribute to effective governance include:
 The city-national interface: Effective
urban governance depends not only
on local institutions and actors, but
also on the framework set by
national governments that links the
city and broader regional and
national development. However, in
many contexts inadequate
institutional frameworks have
impeded urban governance.

4.  Municipal capacity: Expanding
capacity to plan, manage and finance
urban growth is a fundamental
component of effective urban
governance. Each tier of government
needs sufficient capacity to ensure
that physical and socio-economic
planning processes are well-
coordinated, legally enforced,
inclusive and cross-sectoral. However,
many municipalities lack the skills,
capacity and resources to meet
obligations.

5.  Political systems and institutions: Urban
governance is political, influenced by the
creation and operation of political
institutions, government capacity to make
and implement decisions and the extent
to which these recognize and respond to
the needs of the poor. The most
vulnerable are often excluded from, or
ignored in, decision-making processes.
There are gaps between poor and better-
off residents’ access to social, economic
and political opportunities and in their
ability to participate in and leverage
benefits associated with urban living.

6. Good Urban Governance
Over the past decade, the notion of good
governance has occupied a central role in the
development and underdevelopment
discourse. It has been argued that good
governance was the "missing link" in the
analysis of the failure of development
strategies of many countries in the third
world. In other words, "development" and
progress have been elusive not because of
poor economic growth, but because of poor,
or generally bad governance.
Bad governance was manifested in graft
and corruption, excessive red tape,
bureaucratic inefficiency, lack of
participation, lack of transparency and
accountability, among others.

7. It as therefore within this context that it was argued that the promotion of good
governance – epitomized by transparency, accountability, participation, continuity,
predictability, and the rule of Jaw, among others, would help conquer the continuing
malaise of
underdevelopment manifested by general poor quality of life. For instance, in the
case of graft and corruption, the argument was quite simple: where there is
transparency and accountability, there would be less graft and corruption, and as a
consequence, more resources would be spent for programs and projects that would
improve the quality of life of the people.

8.  One dimension in the whole discussion on good
governance is "good urban governance." Indeed,
urbanization has been a major development in the
world and in the Philippines today. Based on present
trend, it has been predicted that by year 2020, more
than half of the Philippine population will be living in
urban areas.

9. Urbanization brings accompanying problems of pollution, squatting, traffic, floods, and the like.
Urbanization increases the pressures on the already very stressed and stretched resources of the
communities. It is therefore imperative for urbanized and rapidly urbanizing communities -mostly
cities -to cope with the demands of living -and surviving - brought about by the demands of
urbanization. It has been within this context that the notion of "good urban governance"
emerged. Hence, many local and international agencies have sharpened the focus of their efforts
from general "good governance" to "good urban governance." Various international institutions such
as the United Nations and the World Bank have crafted development interventions and assistance
that would contribute specifically to the attainment of good urban governance.

10.  Gender-Responsiveness
 Local Environment
Management Protection
 Land Administration
and Management
 Safer Cities
 Integrated Area
Development
Urban Development Strategy in the Philippines
consider as well the following concerns:

11. Developments influencing urban governance at the national level are:
 a shift towards economic globalization;
 competition and cooperation between global cities..
he top 50 cities for real estate investment
chroders. For the basis of the rankings see here. Darker blue circles
indicate a higher global city ranking score. The size of the circle
represents the size of our exposure to that global city.

12. Developments influencing urban
governance at the local level are:
 growing complexity of projects;
 more powerful and vocal actors
functioning in self-organized
networks
ASSOCIATED PRESS RELEASE
Tokyo, Sydney and Copenhagen Ranked
Most Reputable Cities in World’s Largest
Survey of Global Perceptions
Published August 23, 2018 15:56 ET
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hmentNg/83ecf7b1-1eea-4630-bf3d-
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13. The Implications of these developments for Urban governance
are:
 attention now has to be paid to the role of participation and, in
particular, self-organizing networks;
 the emergence of new forms of urban governance through collective
action, such as community-based organizations, NGOs, public-private
partnerships, etc.;
attention now has to be paid to sustainable urban governance, and to the
importance of different levels of governance and their coordination at national,
regional, municipal, neighborhood, and ward levels.

14. Factors contributing to the success of improved
urban governance:
 the role of clear objectives and leadership;
 the need for a legal framework which defines
the roles of the different actors;
 clear decision-making and appeal
mechanisms;
 incentives and appropriate funding
mechanisms;
 cooperation between actors and the gradual
development of trust;
 a clear division of responsibilities.

15. The UN-HABITAT (http://www.unchs.org/campaigns/governance/) has stressed
that “governance” transcends the “formal authority and institutions of government”
as this also involves other sectors including the civil society and the private sector. It
also suggests that the set of norms characterizing “good urban governance” would
include the following:
1. Sustainability – the act of balancing the social, economic
and environmental needs of the present and future
generations.
2. Subsidiarity – the taking of decisions at the appropriate
level with clear frameworks for the delegation of authority.
3. Equity – the involvement of everyone especially the
marginalized sectors in decision making that leads to
impartiality in the access to and use of resources.
4. Efficiency – financial soundness and cost-effectiveness in
the management of revenue sources and expenditures,
administration and delivery of services and in enabling the
development of public-private partnerships.

16. 5. Security – protection of
every individual’s
inalienable right to life
and liberty that
necessitates the taking
up of measures for
crime and conflict
prevention and
disaster preparedness.
It also implies freedom
from persecution,
forced evictions and
provision of security of
tenure.
5. Transparency and Accountability – provision
of information needed by constituencies and
other stakeholders to understand, monitor
and participate in city development programs
as well as in the process of combating
corruption.
6. Civic engagement – identification of ways in
which the ethic of civic responsibility can be
fostered.

17. The Philippines – Manila’s urban profile
Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
Founded on June 24, 1571 by a Spanish
conquistador, it is one of the oldest cities
in the Philippines and was the seat of
power for most of the country’s colonial
rulers. Nowadays the Philippines has an
urbanization rate of 45.3 percent and is
considered a highly-urbanized nation.
Research shows that the steep increase in
urbanization over the last decade has
contributed to an increase of 300 percent
in inequality across the country.

18. Alongside one of Manila’s many rivers

19. The Philippines’ capital is Metro Manila,
also known as the National Capital Region or
NCR. Metro Manila is the 12th most
populous city in the world, with a
population of 12,877,253. It is made up of
16 cities and one municipality and a land
area of 620 square kilometers. Metro Manila
contributes 36.5 percent of the country’s
GDP. Mega Manila, which comprises Metro
Manila and surrounding cities makes up 50
percent of the nation’s total GDP. The region
has an employment rate of 93.5 percent –
one of the highest rates in the country.

20. Manila’s main urban challenges – rapid scan findings
1.Rapid urban growth – The Philippines is one of Asia’s fastest
urbanizing countries, with: 138 cities, 1,496 municipalities, and 42,027
barangays. Metro Manila’s population is projected to reach 14 million by
2030, while Mega Manila’s population is projected to increase from 23
million to 30 million by 2030

21.  2.Habitation challenges – More than a third of
the Philippines’ urban populations are slum
dwellers. The country has 5 million informal
settler families (ISFs), 2.2 million of whom are
receiving government services. Furthermore,
778,458 people live in danger areas

22. 3.Increasing unemployment and
limited economic growth –
Increasing unemployment and
underemployment rates, and
economic growth that is limited
in reaching the poor, are
reasons for the increase in
urban poverty and the number
of informal settlements. Of key
concern is the quality of as
estimates place informal labor
at 63-75 percent of total labor
force. Youth unemployment was
an alarming 28.1 percent, more
than four times the rates for
adults.

23.  4.Lack of urban basic services – There is an ever-
widening gap between demand and supply in
infrastructure services. Basic services are simply
insufficient in urban areas. The government itself
states that 92.5 percent of households had access to
sanitation in 2011 while less than 5 percent of
households are actually connected to a sewerage
network. The government has allocated less than 1
percent of the total government expenditures for the
housing sector in recent years, or less than one-tenth
of a percent of GDP on the average. This makes
Philippine public spending on housing one of the
lowest in Asia. Simply put, expenditures for urban
infrastructure and the delivery of municipal services
have not kept pace with urbanization, and
consequently, the urban environment in most cities is
deteriorating rapidly.

24. 5.Ineffective urban planning and land
management – Local Governments
Units (LGUs) have been given the
principal role in urban and land use
planning, including socialized housing.
At the macro level, the absence of a
strong national agency to assume the
urban mandate makes a fragmented
and incomplete institutional
framework. The political cycle
contributes to the lack of strategies for
urban development.

25.  6.Increasing vulnerability of the urban poor – Urban poverty in the Philippines
is pegged at 14% in 2014 with 778,458 informal settlements in danger areas.
Given the deprived living conditions – both in informal settlements and
relocation sites – the urban poor are more vulnerable to climate-related risks.

26. 7.Water management issues – As described
above and depicted in the photos below.

27. REFERENCES:
• URBAN%20GOVERNANCE/2GoodContents.pdf
• URBAN%20GOVERNANCE/ihsbookchapter1.pdf
• https://www.humancities.co/2016/12/manila-urban-challenges-overview/
• http://gsdrc.org/topic-guides/urban-governance/summary/
• SUB MODULE II: Large Cities and Small Cities,
• MODULE: Urban Governance
• An Inventory of Studies in Good Urban Governance
• and Security of Tenure by Ms. Delia Josef, Director
• Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners
• Studies and Initiatives on Good Urban Governance by Dr. Alex Brillantes, Jr.
• Director Center for Local and Regional Governance
• Capacity Development Framework for
• Urban Management by Ms. Marivel Sacendoncillo, Executive Director Local
Government Academy, DILG
• Ang Bahanggunihanan: The National Agenda for Good Urban Governance and Secure
Tenure by Ms. Luisa Rosales, National Facilitator Philippine Urban Forum

28. Photo credit to
images