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Soil Erosion,[object Object],Chapter 6 Section 3,[object Object]
I.  Soil:  An Important Resource,[object Object],Erosion,[object Object],The process of carrying away sediment from one place to another. ,[object Object],Soil Erosion is harmful because plants do not grow well when topsoil has been removed.,[object Object],It takes may years for soil to recover the nutrients that  crops use up and erosion carries away. ,[object Object]
II.  Causes and Effects of Soil Erosion,[object Object],Water or Wind Erosion,[object Object],Erosion occurs as water flows over Earth’s surface or when wind picks up and transports sediments. ,[object Object],Erosion is generally more severe on steep slopes than on gentle slopes. ,[object Object],Erosion is more severe in areas where there is little vegetation. ,[object Object]
II.  Causes and Effects of Soil Erosion,[object Object],A.  Water or Wind Erosion,[object Object],Trees protect the soil from erosion; when forest is removed, soil erodes rapidly.,[object Object],Under normal conditions soil erosion occurs at the same rate as soil production. ,[object Object],Humans sometimes cause erosion to occur faster than new soil can form. ,[object Object],When people remove ground cover erosion increases. ,[object Object]
B.  Agriculture Cultivation,[object Object],Topsoil contains many nutrients, holds water, and has a porous structure that is good for plant growth. ,[object Object],If topsoil erodes rapidly, the nutrient balance might be negative. ,[object Object],Fertilizer may be needed to compensate for nutrient loss. ,[object Object],The remaining soil might not have the same open structure and water holding ability that topsoil does. ,[object Object],Plowing is the mechanical turning and loosening of the soil. ,[object Object],Plowing increases the rate of erosion because the soil can now be moved more easily. ,[object Object]
C.  Forest Harvesting,[object Object],When forests are removed, soil is exposed and erosion increases. ,[object Object],Creates problems, especially in tropical regions. ,[object Object],Soils in tropical rain forests appear rich in nutrients but are almost infertile below the first few centimeters. ,[object Object],Soil is only useful to farmers for a few years. ,[object Object],Farmers/lumber jacks then clear new land, repeating the process and increasing the damage to the soil. ,[object Object]
D.  Overgrazing,[object Object],Increases soil erosion.,[object Object],In some arid regions of the world, sheep and cattle raised for food are grazed on grasses until almost no ground cover remains to protect the soil. ,[object Object],In these regions plants grow back slowly because they receive little rain. ,[object Object],Without protection the soil is carried away by wind, and the moisture in the soil evaporates.  ,[object Object]
E.  Excess Sediment,[object Object],If soil erosion is severe, sediment can damage the environment. ,[object Object],Severe erosion occurs where land is exposed. ,[object Object],Examples: ,[object Object],Strip Mined Areas,[object Object],Construction Sites,[object Object],Eroded soil is moved to a new location where it is deposited. ,[object Object],If the sediment is deposited in a stream the stream channel might fill,[object Object]
F. Desertification,[object Object],Desertification is a very rapid process that affects a lot of land each year. ,[object Object],Can be caused by severe drought. ,[object Object],Chiefly caused by man made activities and climate variations.  ,[object Object],Poor Farming Plan,[object Object],Overgrazing,[object Object],Forest Harvesting,[object Object],Wind Erosion with a combination of other factors. ,[object Object]
III.  Preventing Soil Erosion,[object Object],Manage Crops,[object Object],Farmers work to slow soil erosion. ,[object Object],Plant shelter belts of trees to break the force of the wind. ,[object Object],Plant crops to cover the ground after the main harvest. ,[object Object],In dry areas instead of plowing under crops, many farmers graze animals on the vegetation.,[object Object]
A.  Manage Crops,[object Object],No-Till Farming,[object Object],Usually famers till or plow their fields one or more times each year. ,[object Object],Using no-till farming farmers leave plant stalks in the field over the winter months. ,[object Object],Seed crops without destroying stalks and without plowing the soil. ,[object Object],Provides year-round cover for the soil, which reduces water runoff and soil erosion. ,[object Object]
A.  Manage Crops,[object Object],Chisel Plowing,[object Object],Instead of turning over a complete field, chisel plows cut small furrows between previously planted and harvested crops,[object Object],Previous crop roots hold soil, decaying plants fertilize the soil,[object Object],Newly loosened area is planted,[object Object]
A.  Manage Crops,[object Object],Cover Cropping,[object Object],Farmers plant two crops that can grow together, harvest one & leave the other to continue growing,[object Object],Ex: Grains with Grasses,[object Object],Grains get combined off in early summer,,[object Object],Grasses continue to grow and can be cut as hay,[object Object]
B.  Reduce Erosion on Slopes,[object Object],On gentle slopes, planting along the natural contours of the land, called contour farming, reduces soil erosion. ,[object Object],This practice slows the flow of water down slopes and helps prevent the formation of gullies. ,[object Object]
B.  Reduce Erosion on Slopes,[object Object],Where slopes are steep,  terracing often is used. ,[object Object],Terracing is a method in which steep sided, level topped areas are built onto the sides of steep hills and mountains so that cops can be grown. ,[object Object],These terraces reduce runoff by creating flat areas and shorter sections of slope. ,[object Object],Terracing has been used in the Philippines, Japan, China, and Peru for centuries. ,[object Object]
C.  Reduce Erosion of Exposed Soil,[object Object],Variety of methods used to control erosion of exposed soil. ,[object Object],During construction water is sometimes sprayed onto bare soil to prevent erosion by wind. ,[object Object],When construction is complete topsoil is added and trees are planted. ,[object Object],At strip mines, water flow can be controlled so that most of the eroded soil is kept from leaving the mine. ,[object Object],After mining is complete the land is reclaimed . ,[object Object],This means that steep slopes are flattened and vegetation is planted. ,[object Object]

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Chapter 6 Section 3 (Revised)

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