El documento describe cómo los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) pueden unificar la teoría y los métodos entre el periodismo y las ciencias sociales. El autor explica que los SIG son herramientas poderosas para el análisis de datos y la visualización de información que pueden usarse en todos los departamentos de una organización de medios. También proporciona varios ejemplos de cómo los periodistas ya están usando los SIG para mejorar la narración de historias y el análisis.
PROYECTO FINAL. Tutorial para publicar en SlideShare.pptx
#3-GIS as Unifying Theory for the Social Sciences and Journalism (Span-English).ppt
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Seminario enSeminario en
Periodismo AnalíticoPeriodismo Analítico
14 Febrero, 2007
University de Zulia
w w w . a n a l y t i c j o u r n a l i s m . c o m
t o m @ a n a l y t i c j o u r n a l i s m . c o m
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““Sistemas geográficos deSistemas geográficos de
información”:información”:
Unificando la teoría y los métodosUnificando la teoría y los métodos
científicos para el periodismo y lascientíficos para el periodismo y las
ciencias socialesciencias sociales
Seminario en Periodismo AnalíticoSeminario en Periodismo Analítico
Prof. Tom Johnson
Institute for Analytic Journalism
Santa Fe, New Mexico EEUU
t o m @ j t j o h n s o n . u s
65. 65
Seminario enSeminario en
Periodismo AnalíticoPeriodismo Analítico
14 Febrero, 2007
University de Zulia
w w w . a n a l y t i c j o u r n a l i s m . c o m
t o m @ a n a l y t i c j o u r n a l i s m . c o m
Gracias
“Geographic Information Systems: “Sistemas geográficos de información
Unifying Theory (and Methods) forJournalism and the Social Sciences?”
¿Unificando la teoría (y los métodos) para el periodismo y las ciencias sociales?
Periodismo es…
“El propósito central del periodismo es proveer a los ciudadanos de información veraz y socialmente importante, necesaria en función de las necesidades de la sociedad libre”
The story is NOT the singularly important product of journalism. Information -- that knowledge which can be used to make decisions -- is the important thing that journalism should provide our fellow citizens.La historias no es singularmente importante producto del periodismo. Información- que el conocimientio puede ser usado para tomar decisiones- es el punto importamnte que el periodismo debe proveer a nuestros ciudadanos.
Objectives
SIG is relatively mature as a discipline for making two-dimension maps; progress in 3-D; VRML
Strong statistical tools
Correlation between power of the tool and potential to do harm
Objetivos:
SIG es relativamente maduro como disciplina para hacer mapas de dos dimensiones; progreso en 3-D; VRML
Es una fuerte herramienta de análisis
Hay una correlación entre el poder de la herramienta y el potencial para hacer daño
Objectives
Increasingly easy for citizens to literally see patterns and trends
Baltimore stuff
NYC 3-D of Dorothy’s building
Reflects a major power shift from authorities to citizens
People LIKE maps
Objetivos:
Cada vez es más fácil para los ciudadanos ver patrones y tendencias
Baltimore stuff
NYC 3-D del edificio de Dorothy
Refleja un poder mayor para el cambio desde las autoridades a los ciudadanos
A las personas le gustan los mapas
Objectives
That shift means that we as journalists and social scientists have to be better at using the data and tools to
Make sense out of various phenomena
Tell the stories reflecting our analysis and interpretation in a manner better than citizens can do on their own. Otherwise our work is irrelevant, devoid of meaning and utility for citizens. When that happens not only are we out of work, but a different kind of democracy may be afoot. Hyper-individuation and quasi-anarchy may be a possible result.
Objetivos
Ese cambio significa que nosotros como periodistas y cientificos sociales tenemos que hacerlo mejor usando la data y las herramientas para:
Contar historias que reflejen nuestro análisis e interpretación de manera mejor que los ciudadanos pueden hacerlo por ellos mismos. Si no nuetro trabajo es irrelevante, desprovisto de significado y utilidad para los ciudadanos. Cuando eso sucede no solo estamos fuera del trabajo, sino un tipo diferente de democracia puede estar por venir. Hiper-individualización y cuasi-anarquía puede resultar posible.
Objectives
Quick introduction to SIG (Geographical Information Systems/Science) -- definitions and concepts
SIG = a tool for all aspects of publishing and broadcasting
News/editorial -- circulation -- advertising -- marketing -- production
Objetivos:
Rápida introducción al SIG o SIG (en español) (Sistema de información geográfica) definiciones y conceptos
GIS: una herramienta para todos llos aspectos de publicación y transmisión
Noticias/editorial—circulación—publicidad--mercadeo--producción
Objectives
Whet appetite for the types of stories/products/ services better understood and communicated by GIS
Trigger some ideas on how to make current content (stories, advertising, services) better
Show that all this is knowable, possible and affordable
Objetivos:
Despertar el apetito por este tipo de historias/productos/servicios son mejor entendidos y comunicados por el GIS
Dispara algunas ideas sobre como hacer el contenido actual (historias, publicidad, servicios) mejor
Muestra que todos es sabido, posible y producible
Key points
SIG as important as telecommunications, word processing, spreadsheets and data bases to Digital Age journalists
SIG is not about making maps, per se.
It is about analyzing often large sets of data to generate information – hypotheses, conclusions, insights, new hunches – about widely varied socio-economic phenomena.
Maps are one unique aspect/artifact of the methodology. But not the end product: knowledge and insight are.
Puntos clave
SIG es tan importante como las telecomunicaciones, los procesadores de palabras, hojas de cálculo y las bases de dato en la era digital de los periodistas
SIG no es sólo hacer mapas per se
También sirve para analizar frecuentemente largos sistemas de datos para generar información– hipótesis, conclusiones, profundizar en el tema, nuevas propuestas—abiertamente sobre un fenomeno socieconomica variado.
Los mapas un aspecto unico/artefacto de la metodología. Pero no el producto final: el conocimiento and insight are
Key points
SIG is about being better – more insightful – journalists (Journos good at description, not analysis. SIG will make us better analysts, ultimately supplying readers with a better description of event or phenomena.)
SIG is about literally showing our readers stories in ways they can quickly grasp.
Puntos claves
SIG es acerca de hacerlo mejor-más profundidad- periodistas
Los periòdicos son buenos en la descripción, no en el análisis. SIG nos hará mejores analistas, en ultima instancia proveerá a los lectores con una descripción mejor del evento o fenomeno
SIG es literalmente acerca de mostrale a sus lectores historias de forma que puedan capturarlo rápidamente
Puntos clave
SIG es una rica, herramienta de cambio que puede ser empleada a través de la organización mediatica
Promueve el conocimiento compartido y la profundidad
Un fabuloso “Yo no sé eso” dispositivos para managers, periódicos y lectores ¿¿¿???
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“Information System with the Face of a Map”
User Skills = front-loaded training + continuous investment in people
Sistemas de información con la cara del mapa
Habilidades de los usuarios:
Frente-cargado entrenamiento+inversión continua en las personas
If we only look at data as series of letters and numbers, it is simply too difficult to understand, to draw any meaning. Which is highest, lowest of X. Where is nation Y on the globe compared to nation Z? Are there any patterns in this table? Any changes over time? Too time consuming to make meaning from.
Si sólo miramos la data como series de letras y números, es simplemente muy dificil de entender, para dibujar un significao. El cual es mayor, menor que X. Dónde está la nación Y en el globo comparada con la nación Z? hay algunos patrones en esta tabla? Algunos cambios en el tiempo? Mucho tiempo consumiendo
Prompts you to set vehicle speeds over your street network
Builds delivery routes based on actual network drive times, not straight-line distances
Takes into account specialty of vehicles and drivers
Imports customer orders from any Open Database
Connectivity-Compliant database
Geocodes customer addresses
Outputs route summary reports, detailed and overview maps, street-level directions, driver
manifests, and more.
reduced mileage
reduced overtime
better schedule adherence
higher customer satisfaction
more "first trip" job completions
better asset yield
more stops per day
better directions
streamlined route-planning process
Production? - Prod. employees homes - Toxic waste sites - Copies of varied editions or products
Do newspaper printing plants have to print only newspapers?
Producción
Empleados en casa
Tóxico pierde sitios
Copias de ediciones o prductos variado
Hacer un periódico impreso plantea tener solo un periodico impreso
How Production can use GIS
Press status?
Repair reports
Equipment maintenance schedule
Facilities management
Clickable Campus #1
Press status?
Repair reports: Can display a geographical pattern of problems that might not be mechanical or explained initiatively. Perhaps a whole team of workers in the same dept. simply were not trained correctly and are all making the same mistake? Or perhaps a particular resource is contaminated? Is the paper web not quite aligned or??????
Equipment maintenance schedule: a good data base and map layers can show different types of equipment that could, perhaps, be taken care of by one visit to machine A, even though the schedule might not yet call for a check of Machine B. If the engineer is there on Tuesday, does he really have to go back again on Friday?
Facilities management
Back office? - Employee homes - Accounts due - Travel time to work - Health-care facilities
De vuelta en la oficina
Empleados en casa
Cuentas debidas
Viaje tiempos para trabajar
Cuidados de salud facilitados
Backoffice
Clickable Campus #1http://www.sfsu.edu/clickmap/sfsumap.htm
Designing work space
Allocating office space
Tracking office equipment
Building Maintenance
De vuelta en la oficina
Cliquea en http://www.sfsu.edu/clickmap/sfsumap.htm
Asignación espacio oficina
Seguimiento de los equipos de oficina
Mantenimiento del edificio
Personnel (Human Relations?)
Mapping employees residence
Who is available to covering breaking story?
Sharing transportation:
“Suggested” co-op transit
“Ride sharing”
Adjusting work schedules to avoid traffic congestion
Personal (relaciones humanas)
Mapeando la residencia de los empleados
Quien está disponible para cubrir la historia?
Compartiendo transporte:
Sugiere
Compartir
Ajustar los horarios del trabajo para evitar la congestión de tráfico
Editorial? - Demographics - Crime - Housing - Businesses - Voting patterns/places - Education
Campaign Contributions
Public Health - Taxation- Church membership- Environment- Traffic- Urban sprawl- Political negotiations
Frenso Bee story: http://www.valleymeth.com/graphics/superlabs.html
Philadelphia Inquirer’s daily commuter patterns
San Jose Mercury News projected mud slides, building permits
Historia de Frenso Bee http://www.valleymeth.com/graphics/superlabs.html
Los patrones diarios de los viajeros del Philadelphia Inquirer’s
How reporters use GIS
Weather
Hurricane Andrew
Census analysis/story telling
USAToday http://www.usatoday.com/news/census/index.htm
Crime mapping
Crime Mapping Research Centerhttp://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/
Crime mapping tutorial http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/cmtutorial.html
Story telling, economics, education, urban development, taxation, voting patterns, environment, traffic
http://www.regis.berkeley.edu/baydelta.html
Historic Bay Margins
The historic margins of bay open waters and marshlands provide a useful indicator for identifying lowlands and
areas with potential for wetland restoration (when used in conjunction with layers on land uses and constraints).
Source: Preliminary map of historic margins of marshland, San Francisco Bay, California / by Donald R.
Nichols and Nancy A. Wright. [Menlo Park]: United States Geological Survey, 1971. Scale 1:125,000. Series
title: Basic data contribution; 9.
Note: the images at center and right are a temporary setup for the Marin Independent Journal, 2-20-95. In the
center: historic open water (blue), historic marsh (light green), and present shoreline (black). Compare to
Wetlands (above) to note wetland losses to salt evaporators (red) and farmed wetlands (tan). The image at the
right used GRASS GIS software to isolate existing land uses in what were once historic open water or
marshlands. Note the importance of the remaining marshlands in the Petaluma River mouth and Suisun Marsh;
and historic impacts of salt evaporators and airports.
3D display of crimes against taxi drivers
Note: Layers
Vertical “pins” used to display specific incidents in all variable layers
Pin connected to multi-variable – and often non-geographic – database
3D exhibición de crímenes contra choferes de taxi
Nota: capas
Los pines verticales son usados para exhibir especificamente los incidentes en todas las capas variable
El pin coectado a un multivariable—y no usualmente no geográfico-base de dato
Same data base but now the map has been rotated 180-degrees, just as though a helicopter were flying over the city and its passengers were trying out various spatical hunches.
Human brain can often see connections that the computers might not be programmed to recognize. But vice-versa is also true.
La misma base de datos pero ahora el mapa ha sido rotado 180 grados, solo como aunque un helicopetro estuviera volando sobre la ciudad y sus pasajeros estuviesen tratando fuera varios spaticla hunches
El cerebro humano puede usualemnte ver las conexiones que el computador no están programadas para reconocer. Pero viceversa es también verdad.
Again, using the same data base but to tease information from the data using a different – but closely-coupled – analytic tool.
Otra vez, usando la misma base de datos pero tease la información desde la data usandola diferebre—pero cerrada-doble- herramienta analística
Trends: Animated mapping
Maps and images that can be controlled, on the WWW, but by the user.
Emphasis is on layering
Note, the graphics are tied, in a fundamental way, to the database. Any map is only as good as the database used to create it.
Manhattan Timeformations: http://www.skyscraper.org/timeformations/animation.html
Manhattan Timeformations: a computer model which simultaneously presents a layered, cartographic history of the lower half of Manhattan Island, and an exploded time line chronicling the real estate development of high-rise office buildings, which constitute the skylines of Midtown and Downtown Manhattan. Be sure to click “Next” to see all the forms.
Trends: Concept Mapping
Intellectual – or conceptual space -- geography
How are ideas related?
How are people or places with or tied to ideas/concepts related?
Where is cyberspace? How to map it?
Atlas of Cyberspace
Web Mapping http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/web_sites.html
Mapping how people use a web sitehttp://mappa.mundi.net/maps/maps_022/
Show me the Power Players in a society?http://theyrule.orgo.org/
Techniques and tools to visualize dynamic processes like Web usage are poorly developed. In this issue of Map of the Month we look at the work of one of the leading researchers trying to overcome this weakness, through the use of the concept of organic information design. His name is Ben Fry and he works in the MIT Media Lab, where he is busy creating innovative adaptive visualizations of how people use websites. http://mappa.mundi.net/maps/maps_022/
This page spread shows VR visualisation of Web traffic as virtual skyscrapers. It was created by Stephen E. Lamm, Daniel A. Reed and Will H. Scullin.]
SOURCE: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlasofcyberspace_content1_3.html
Newsmap:
Is this SIG? Not in the traditional manner, but SIG can move us very quickly and closely to Infographics. Here we have a sense of the geography of news, but also the news items.
The digital magazine of InfoVis.net.
[Number 113]
Visualising Social Interaction
by Juan C. Dürsteler
Social interaction provides us with visual patterns that help us to situate ourselves in our environment. In Internet, however, this doesn’t happen so easily. Some visualisations are appearing to remedy the problem.
See the illustrated version of this issue at http://www.infovis.net/E-zine/2003/num_113.htm
Social interaction produces many visual patterns we are so used to that we don’t notice them. But they provide us with indispensable information in order for us to navigate our social environment.
Some of these patterns deal with the flux of human activity, like the colourful scene of the bathers in a swimming pool or the appearance of the mushroom-shaped silhouettes of the umbrellas in a rainy afternoon. They allow us to situate and to coordinate our behaviour with that of the environment. Haven’t you ever felt strange dressed in a dinner jacket on a nudist beach, or wearing a swimming suit at a Christmas party?
Other visual patterns are related to affiliation, like the one made up of the business suits getting off a commuter train early in the morning. We create these and many other patterns just by standing where we stand and being what we are. This is what some call “social weather” http://www.kottke.org/02/09/020930social_weath.html, something that you can feel immediately in a soccer match where it can sometimes be really stormy depending on the results of the local team...
But in cyberspace the social interaction is becoming more and more important and we don’t have the indicators that the visualisation of our immediate environment provides. For example, when we are at the office a simple look around at our environment allows us to know who is present and who isn’t, the ones that are interacting and the ones that are buried in solitary work.
Not so in Internet where it’s not easy to know what the social network we are interacting with is like, who is doing what and where the social magma we are incorporated in goes.
Some initiatives are working on this in order to remedy the situation. We already spoke about chat visualisation in issue 46 (http://www.infovis.net/E-zine/num_46.htm) or about digital cities in issue 102 (http://www.infovis.net/E-zine/2002/num_102.htm), But there’s still more:
A good starting point is Judith Donat’s PhD thesis , http://smg.media.mit.edu/people/Judith/Thesis/. Donath works for MIT Media Lab and is one of the most active researchers in this field. For her, one of cyberspace’s most important problems is the absence of a body that in the social reality provides us with the possibility of
* Expression: Verbal but mainly non verbal. How we move, how we dress.
* Presence. Where we are, with whom, in which social circle we are moving.
* Control. Social control of individuals has been centred on the body but it is lacking in cyberspace...
* Recognition. Typically associated to the face, it allows us to assert the others identity.
So that many of the visualisations are centred on the representation of
* presence, how many there are
* identity, who they are
* interaction in abstract, who relates to whom
* conversation as exchange of messages
The most evident schemes draw the social networks as graphs, i.e. nodes representing the actors and lines or arrows that represent the link between them. One of the most well known is the typical organization chart of a company. A more advanced example http://www.mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de/%7Elk/netvis/SocMorph.html shows the so called Hxaro practice of exchanging gifts among the members of the ¡Kung culture in Botswana and Namibia.
Chat Circles http://chatcircles.media.mit.edu/ by Fernanda Viegas, is a chat where your presence is revealed by a coloured circle, you have a history of the conversation in the form of a line with transversal bars proportional in length to the duration of every message. Your presence leaves a trace that vanishes slowly taking about 10 hours in the process.
We have also seen in issues 65, 66 and 67 the visualisation of the visits to a web site, but Nelson Minar offers us a different perspective in http://xenia.media.mit.edu/~nelson/research/crowdvis/. Every visitor is a coloured point close to the web page he/she is visiting.
Visual Who, http://persona.www.media.mit.edu/Judith/VisualWho/, from Judith Donath, places the people in a space related to certain mailing lists. The colour of the names and their situation in space reveal the affinity with each of the lists. As new participants add new themes the morphology of the representation changes.
IBM’s “Social Computing” group is also specially active. Babble http://www.research.ibm.com/SocialComputing/SCGpapers.htm is a chat visualiser that represent every conversation as a circle where you find smaller inscribed circles that represent the individuals. The more in the periphery the less active in the conversation, the closer they are, the more involved in mutual conversation.
As we can see there are multiple ongoing initiatives. Nevertheless and despite the activity deployed by Donath’s group, IBM and other groups and the richness of some representations, I’ve got the impression that we still have a long road ahead before we can interact on the Net with a visual support so rich and versatile so as to allow the deployment of the abundant resources of social interaction we are used to in the real world.
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This article has seen the light thanks to a conversation with Ben Hyde http://hydesign.blogspot.com who was also kind enough to provide a handful of links, some of which you can find attached.
Sociable Media Group MIT
http://smg.media.mit.edu/
Contact map
http://hci.stanford.edu/cs377/nardi-schiano/netWORK%26ContactMap.pdf
Bonnie Nardi
http://www.darrouzet-nardi.net/bonnie/
Virtual Playground: Architectures for a Shared Virtual World http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/r-98-12/
Orgnet's - Inflow software see: http://radio.weblogs.com/0114726/2003/01/02.html#a176
Jonathan Schull's Macroscope Manifesto
http://radio.weblogs.com/0104369/stories/2002/04/09/macroscope022702.htm
IdeasBazaar
http://www.ideasbazaar.co.uk/Linkship.pps
http://www.ideasbazaar.co.uk/blog/archives/cat_networks.html#000048
Spring
http://www.usercreations.com/spring/
visual p-wiki's
http://c2.com/cgi/tour
http://phpwiki.sourceforge.net/phpwiki/VisualWiki
Major trends in JAGIS
Transparency
Easy access to data of all sorts
Data-based decision making
Vital to informed government, business, culture
Dynamic mapping
Data/information when and where we want it
Major trends in JAGIS
Concept mapping
Reflects pervasive interlocking relationships between people, between ideas, linking decisions to data
Geo-location
Real time, wireless location of people, events, resources
Cyber-geographyhttp://www.cybergeography.org/geography_of_cyberspace.html
The hammer and chisel is not the cabinet. (e.g. “The tool is not the product.”)
That means, focus on the information/understanding that SIG can assist with, not just using SIG because it’s fun or pretty or even because it makes newspaper artists’ work easier.
Skillful use of the tool can be applied to many different products with same data but different objectives.
Just as that hammer and chisel can be used to cut out a mortise for a door hinge, the exact same tools can be used to carve a graceful statue. It’s just a matter of having a clear vision of what you want to do and having the skills to do so. But just as one can learn in a few minutes how to lay out and chisel out a mortise for a door and then spend years learning how to make a carving with the same tools, so too with GIS.
Johnson’s Law: the potential power of the tool is directly correlated with the ability to make mistakes of incomprehensible magnitude. And SIG is a very, very powerful tool. If not used correctly…..
Skillful use of the tool can be applied to many different products with same data and the same objectives. Ergo…
Making a map of where employees live is exactly the same process as making a map of where the legislatures live.
It’s in the interest of all in organization to cooperate in building a SIG infrastructure/skill set in the organization. Great synergy for the enterprise.
Focus on the infinitive to transact, not the noun of product
How do we, as a journalistic organization, become the place of intellectual transactions for our communities – economic, social, political, intellectual, cultural?
Conclusion: Why journos need to know about GIS?
Can make us better journalists and improves civic contribution. (Philadelphia data)
Makes the invisible visible
Literally shows the story to our readers
Helps readers connect with us and vice versa
It can make all aspects of our business run more efficiently, profitably
Government and business are using GIS. Ergo, we need to know enough to ask informed questions. And if government is not using it, then we should find out why.