1. STRUCTURE

3. STRUCTURALS ELEMENTS.

4. TYPES OF UNIONS: Permanent and non-pernanent unions.

5. FORCES ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : ( tension strain compression forces shear strain... )

6. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL STRUCTURES.

10. The most important stone was called “keystone”.

13. There are two types: Natural and man- made structures.

14. They have adventages(Held in place by its own weight) disadventage(need much material).

16. Space between the two coloums is called “spam”

17. Advetages:Good for covering large spans.

18. Disadventage:The price

20. Foundation:An element joined to the ground and to the column.

21. Column:Is joined to the primary beans.

24. COMPRESSIONS FORCES

25. SHEAR STRAIN

26. TORSION FORCES

27. BENDING FORCES

32. the element is fixed to a suppe at the other end,the element twists.

34. LOCAL STRUCTURE

35. INTERNATIONAL STRUCTURES