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NEWTON’S
LAWS OF
MOTION
Unit 6, Lesson 6.5
Lesson Outline
 Law 1: Law of Inertia
 Law 2: F = ma
 Law 3: Law of Interaction
 Momentum and Impulse (Introduction only)
Credits to the owner. Some slides are derived from this site:
education.jlab.org/jsat/powerpoint/newtons_laws_of_motion.ppt
Mechanics is the branch of Physics dealing with the study
of motion.
It has two areas:
• Kinematics – describing motion
• Dynamics – what causes changes in motion?
So far, we have already studied Kinematics, that is, we
have described motion in terms of the speed,
acceleration, time, and distance travelled by a certain
body by applying different formulas.
After describing the motion of an object, we will now look
into what caused the motion, in a branch called
dynamics.
What causes something to move?
What causes change in motion?
This can be answered by studying Newton’s 3 Laws of
Motion
Newton’s Laws of Motion
(Summary)
• 1st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in
motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force.
• 2nd Law – Force equals mass times acceleration.
• 3rd Law – For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
Inertia is a resistance to a
change in its state of
motion (speed, direction, or
state of rest).
Inertia is an ability to resist
any change in its state of
motion.
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
In layman’s term:
Objects tend to "keep on
doing what they're doing”.
A moving object will continue moving and a nonmoving
object will remain not moving (at rest)…
UNLESS a FORCE is applied!
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
Which leads us to a formal
statement:
LAW NO. 1:
A body at rest will remain
at rest and a body in
motion will remain in
motion unless acted upon
by an outside unbalanced
force.
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
WHY UNBALANCED FORCE?
Unbalanced forces do not cancel out (in terms of vectors
via tip-to-tail method):
The resultant is a vector, thus, there is a motion going to
that direction.
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
IN BALANCED FORCES…
Vectors cancel out
The resultant is zero, thus, there is no motion.
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
CAN ALL FORCES CAUSE CHANGE IN MOTION?
No. To be able to cause a change in motion, the force
exerted must be greater than the inertia of the object.
Example:
You cannot move your house by pushing it because you
do not have enough energy to do so!. You need to exert
tremendous amount of force to surpass its inertia, which
will of course, if possible, destroy your house!
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
CAN FORCES CAUSE MOTION?
No! It is a big misconception even among
physics students that forces cause motion. Force
causes a change in motion, not motion. Instead,
the correct though is that, force causes
acceleration, not motion.
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
CAN FORCES CAUSE MOTION?
Forces are not the cause of motion, but forces
cause "a change" in motion. I mean, if something
has a straight line motion with a velocity of 3 m/s and
a second later it has a velocity of 5 m/s, Newton's
Laws would say a force interacted with that
something, changing its motion status, but Newton's
Law would not explain why that something had a
straight line motion with a velocity of 3 m/s at the
beginning.
• Unless acted
upon by an
unbalanced
force, this golf
ball would sit
on the tee
forever.
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
Why then, do we
observe everyday
objects in motion
slowing down and
becoming motionless
seemingly without an
outside force?
It’s a force we
sometimes cannot see –
friction.
Slide a book across
a table and watch it
slide to a rest position.
The book comes to a
rest because of the
presence of a force -
that force being the
force of friction - which
brings the book to a
rest position.
In the absence of a force of friction, the
book would continue in motion with the
same speed and direction - forever! (Or at
least to the end of the table top.)
Newtons’s 1st Law and You
Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.
Because of inertia, objects (including you)
resist changes in their motion. When the car
going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall,
your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
2nd Law
F = ma
Units
Force – Newtons (N)
Mass – kg
Acceleration – m/s2
2nd Law
F = ma
If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force. If force remains
constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.
Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses
accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with
different forces.
• We know that objects
with different masses
accelerate to the
ground at the same
rate (9.8 m/s2).
• However, because of
the 2nd Law we know
that they don’t hit the
ground with the same
force.
F = ma
98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s2
F = ma
9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s2
The problem solving part has already been
tackled previously.
F=ma
a=F/m
M=F/a
2nd Law
F = ma
3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION or
LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION
3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION
LAW NO. 3:
For every action,
there is an equal
and opposite
reaction.
3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION
Mathematically:
action = –reaction
The negative (–) sign indicates opposite reaction.
Graphically:
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION
Therefore, if you
punch a wall with a
strong force, it also
punches you back
with the same force
you exerted. That’s
why it hurts.
Flying gracefully
through the air, birds
depend on Newton’s
third law of motion. As
the birds push down
on the air with their
wings, the air pushes
their wings up and
gives them lift.
3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION
MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
• Mass in motion
Mathematically:
p = mv
Where p is the momentum,
from the Latin petere
meaning pressure.
m is mass (kg)
v is velocity (m/s)
MOMENTUM
The higher the
momentum, the
harder it is for
the object to
stop.
MOMENTUM
From the formula
p=mv
We can see the following relationships:
1. Mass is directly proportional to momentum
2. Velocity is directly proportional to momentum
MOMENTUM
Therefore:
-The greater the mass, the greater the
momentum (Converse is also true)
-The faster the velocity, the greater the
momentum (Converse is also true)
MOMENTUM
It makes sense
because its
indeed hard to
stop a heavy train
from moving
compared to
stopping a rolling
ball.
MOMENTUM
Problem Solving:
A fat man weighing 80 kg is running at 4 m/s, while a
thin man weighing 40 kg is running at 10 m/s. Who
has a larger momentum?
MOMENTUM
Problem Solving:
A fat man weighing 80 kg is running at 4 m/s, while a
thin man weighing 40 kg is running at 10 m/s. Who
has a larger momentum?
MOMENTUM
Fat man:
p = mv
= (80 kg)(4 m/s) = 320 kg m/s
Thin man:
p = mv
= (40 kg)(10 m/s) = 400 kg m/s
Problem Solving:
A fat man weighing 80 kg is running at 4 m/s, while a
thin man weighing 40 kg is running at 10 m/s. Who
has a larger momentum?
MOMENTUM
Fat man: 320 kg m/s
Thin man: 400 kg m/s
Therefore, the thin man has the larger momentum!
Note that even the fat man is far heavier than the thin man, the
thin man’s momentum is greater because it is running at a high
velocity. Therefore, it is harder to stop the thin man.
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
• Something that
changes the
momentum of an
object
To change the momentum,
you have to apply a force for
a period of time, which gives
us the formula for impulse
(on the next slide)
IMPULSE
Mathematically:
I = Ft or
I = m∆v = m(vf – vi)
I is impulse (Ns) m is mass
F is force (N) ∆v is change in velocity:
T is time (s) final velocity – initial velocity
IMPULSE
1. Which of Newton's Laws is demonstrated by a ball rolling to a
wall then stopping? (1 pt)
2. It is the tendency of an object to continue doing what it is
currently doing. (1 pt)
3. Calculate the force of a moving body of mass 45 kg
accelerating at 3 m/s2. (3 pts)
4. Refer to the experiment on p. 223-224. Answer no. 1. (4 pts)
5. Answer no. 2 (6 pts)
6. Answer no. 4 (4 pts)
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
7. Solve:
From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum
speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a
train is 40,000 kg moving to the west:
a) Calculate the momentum of the train at its maximum
speed. (3 pts)
b) Calculate the momentum of the train at 15 m/s. (3 pts)
c) Find the impulse if the train slowed down from its
maximum speed to 15 m/s. (5 pts)
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
ANSWERS
1. Which of Newton's Laws is demonstrated by a ball rolling to a
wall then stopping? (1 pt)
FIRST LAW: LAW OF INERTIA
2. It is the tendency of an object to continue doing what it is
currently doing. (1 pt)
INERTIA
3. Calculate the force of a moving body of mass 45 kg
accelerating at 3 m/s2. (3 pts)
F= ma = (45 kg)(3 m/s2) = 135 N
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
For nos. 4-6, answers may vary but must be rational.
4. Refer to the experiment on p. 223-224. Answer no. 1. (4 pts)
The air from the balloon rushes out (action) and propels the
car forward (reaction). (Law of Action and Reaction)
5. Answer no. 2 (6 pts)
Law of Inertia = the unbalanced force from the air coming out
of the balloon caused the car to move
Second Law = The greater the mass placed on the car, the
slower it moves.
Third Law = same to answer in no. 4
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
6. Answer no. 4 (4 pts)
The greater the mass, the greater the momentum, that is, the
harder for the object to cease motion.
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
7. From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum
speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a
train is 40,000 kg moving to the west:
a) Calculate the momentum of the train at its maximum
speed. (3 pts)
p=(40,000 kg)(22.22 m/s)
p=888,800 kg m/s, west
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
7. From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum
speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a
train is 40,000 kg moving to the west:
b) Calculate the momentum of the train at 15 m/s. (3 pts)
p=(40,000 kg)(15 m/s)
p=600,000 kg m/s, west
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
7. From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum
speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a
train is 40,000 kg moving to the west:
c) Find the impulse if the train slowed down from its
maximum speed to 15 m/s. (5 pts)
I = m(vf – vi)
I = (40,000 kg)(15 m/s – 22.22 m/s)
I = -288,800 Ns, west or 288,800 Ns, east
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts

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Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion

  • 2. Lesson Outline  Law 1: Law of Inertia  Law 2: F = ma  Law 3: Law of Interaction  Momentum and Impulse (Introduction only) Credits to the owner. Some slides are derived from this site: education.jlab.org/jsat/powerpoint/newtons_laws_of_motion.ppt
  • 3. Mechanics is the branch of Physics dealing with the study of motion. It has two areas: • Kinematics – describing motion • Dynamics – what causes changes in motion?
  • 4. So far, we have already studied Kinematics, that is, we have described motion in terms of the speed, acceleration, time, and distance travelled by a certain body by applying different formulas.
  • 5. After describing the motion of an object, we will now look into what caused the motion, in a branch called dynamics.
  • 6. What causes something to move? What causes change in motion? This can be answered by studying Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion
  • 7. Newton’s Laws of Motion (Summary) • 1st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. • 2nd Law – Force equals mass times acceleration. • 3rd Law – For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
  • 8. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA
  • 9. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA Inertia is a resistance to a change in its state of motion (speed, direction, or state of rest). Inertia is an ability to resist any change in its state of motion.
  • 10. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA In layman’s term: Objects tend to "keep on doing what they're doing”. A moving object will continue moving and a nonmoving object will remain not moving (at rest)… UNLESS a FORCE is applied!
  • 12. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA Which leads us to a formal statement: LAW NO. 1: A body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside unbalanced force.
  • 13. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA WHY UNBALANCED FORCE? Unbalanced forces do not cancel out (in terms of vectors via tip-to-tail method): The resultant is a vector, thus, there is a motion going to that direction.
  • 14. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA IN BALANCED FORCES… Vectors cancel out The resultant is zero, thus, there is no motion.
  • 15. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA CAN ALL FORCES CAUSE CHANGE IN MOTION? No. To be able to cause a change in motion, the force exerted must be greater than the inertia of the object. Example: You cannot move your house by pushing it because you do not have enough energy to do so!. You need to exert tremendous amount of force to surpass its inertia, which will of course, if possible, destroy your house!
  • 16. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA CAN FORCES CAUSE MOTION? No! It is a big misconception even among physics students that forces cause motion. Force causes a change in motion, not motion. Instead, the correct though is that, force causes acceleration, not motion.
  • 17. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA CAN FORCES CAUSE MOTION? Forces are not the cause of motion, but forces cause "a change" in motion. I mean, if something has a straight line motion with a velocity of 3 m/s and a second later it has a velocity of 5 m/s, Newton's Laws would say a force interacted with that something, changing its motion status, but Newton's Law would not explain why that something had a straight line motion with a velocity of 3 m/s at the beginning.
  • 18. • Unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, this golf ball would sit on the tee forever. 1st Law LAW OF INERTIA
  • 19. Why then, do we observe everyday objects in motion slowing down and becoming motionless seemingly without an outside force? It’s a force we sometimes cannot see – friction.
  • 20. Slide a book across a table and watch it slide to a rest position. The book comes to a rest because of the presence of a force - that force being the force of friction - which brings the book to a rest position.
  • 21. In the absence of a force of friction, the book would continue in motion with the same speed and direction - forever! (Or at least to the end of the table top.)
  • 22. Newtons’s 1st Law and You Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts. Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
  • 27. Units Force – Newtons (N) Mass – kg Acceleration – m/s2 2nd Law F = ma
  • 28. If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force. If force remains constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.
  • 29. Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with different forces. • We know that objects with different masses accelerate to the ground at the same rate (9.8 m/s2). • However, because of the 2nd Law we know that they don’t hit the ground with the same force. F = ma 98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s2 F = ma 9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s2
  • 30. The problem solving part has already been tackled previously. F=ma a=F/m M=F/a 2nd Law F = ma
  • 31. 3rd Law LAW OF INTERACTION or LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION
  • 32. 3rd Law LAW OF INTERACTION LAW NO. 3: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
  • 33. 3rd Law LAW OF INTERACTION Mathematically: action = –reaction The negative (–) sign indicates opposite reaction. Graphically:
  • 38. 3rd Law LAW OF INTERACTION Therefore, if you punch a wall with a strong force, it also punches you back with the same force you exerted. That’s why it hurts.
  • 39. Flying gracefully through the air, birds depend on Newton’s third law of motion. As the birds push down on the air with their wings, the air pushes their wings up and gives them lift. 3rd Law LAW OF INTERACTION
  • 41. • Mass in motion Mathematically: p = mv Where p is the momentum, from the Latin petere meaning pressure. m is mass (kg) v is velocity (m/s) MOMENTUM
  • 42. The higher the momentum, the harder it is for the object to stop. MOMENTUM
  • 43. From the formula p=mv We can see the following relationships: 1. Mass is directly proportional to momentum 2. Velocity is directly proportional to momentum MOMENTUM
  • 44. Therefore: -The greater the mass, the greater the momentum (Converse is also true) -The faster the velocity, the greater the momentum (Converse is also true) MOMENTUM
  • 45. It makes sense because its indeed hard to stop a heavy train from moving compared to stopping a rolling ball. MOMENTUM
  • 46. Problem Solving: A fat man weighing 80 kg is running at 4 m/s, while a thin man weighing 40 kg is running at 10 m/s. Who has a larger momentum? MOMENTUM
  • 47. Problem Solving: A fat man weighing 80 kg is running at 4 m/s, while a thin man weighing 40 kg is running at 10 m/s. Who has a larger momentum? MOMENTUM Fat man: p = mv = (80 kg)(4 m/s) = 320 kg m/s Thin man: p = mv = (40 kg)(10 m/s) = 400 kg m/s
  • 48. Problem Solving: A fat man weighing 80 kg is running at 4 m/s, while a thin man weighing 40 kg is running at 10 m/s. Who has a larger momentum? MOMENTUM Fat man: 320 kg m/s Thin man: 400 kg m/s Therefore, the thin man has the larger momentum! Note that even the fat man is far heavier than the thin man, the thin man’s momentum is greater because it is running at a high velocity. Therefore, it is harder to stop the thin man.
  • 50. • Something that changes the momentum of an object To change the momentum, you have to apply a force for a period of time, which gives us the formula for impulse (on the next slide) IMPULSE
  • 51. Mathematically: I = Ft or I = m∆v = m(vf – vi) I is impulse (Ns) m is mass F is force (N) ∆v is change in velocity: T is time (s) final velocity – initial velocity IMPULSE
  • 52. 1. Which of Newton's Laws is demonstrated by a ball rolling to a wall then stopping? (1 pt) 2. It is the tendency of an object to continue doing what it is currently doing. (1 pt) 3. Calculate the force of a moving body of mass 45 kg accelerating at 3 m/s2. (3 pts) 4. Refer to the experiment on p. 223-224. Answer no. 1. (4 pts) 5. Answer no. 2 (6 pts) 6. Answer no. 4 (4 pts) ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
  • 53. 7. Solve: From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a train is 40,000 kg moving to the west: a) Calculate the momentum of the train at its maximum speed. (3 pts) b) Calculate the momentum of the train at 15 m/s. (3 pts) c) Find the impulse if the train slowed down from its maximum speed to 15 m/s. (5 pts) ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
  • 55. 1. Which of Newton's Laws is demonstrated by a ball rolling to a wall then stopping? (1 pt) FIRST LAW: LAW OF INERTIA 2. It is the tendency of an object to continue doing what it is currently doing. (1 pt) INERTIA 3. Calculate the force of a moving body of mass 45 kg accelerating at 3 m/s2. (3 pts) F= ma = (45 kg)(3 m/s2) = 135 N ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
  • 56. For nos. 4-6, answers may vary but must be rational. 4. Refer to the experiment on p. 223-224. Answer no. 1. (4 pts) The air from the balloon rushes out (action) and propels the car forward (reaction). (Law of Action and Reaction) 5. Answer no. 2 (6 pts) Law of Inertia = the unbalanced force from the air coming out of the balloon caused the car to move Second Law = The greater the mass placed on the car, the slower it moves. Third Law = same to answer in no. 4 ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
  • 57. 6. Answer no. 4 (4 pts) The greater the mass, the greater the momentum, that is, the harder for the object to cease motion. ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
  • 58. 7. From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a train is 40,000 kg moving to the west: a) Calculate the momentum of the train at its maximum speed. (3 pts) p=(40,000 kg)(22.22 m/s) p=888,800 kg m/s, west ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
  • 59. 7. From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a train is 40,000 kg moving to the west: b) Calculate the momentum of the train at 15 m/s. (3 pts) p=(40,000 kg)(15 m/s) p=600,000 kg m/s, west ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
  • 60. 7. From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a train is 40,000 kg moving to the west: c) Find the impulse if the train slowed down from its maximum speed to 15 m/s. (5 pts) I = m(vf – vi) I = (40,000 kg)(15 m/s – 22.22 m/s) I = -288,800 Ns, west or 288,800 Ns, east ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts