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Social work with differently able people made Jyoti Pali,Research Scholar, SW
1. By Jyoti Pali
PhD scholar, Department of Social work, CURAJ
DISABILITY
MODELS, CLASSIFICATION, CAUSE,
ASSESSMENT, AND ITS SOCIAL CONSTRUCT
2. DISABILITY:
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
(ICF) defines disability as an umbrella term for impairments, activity
limitations and participation restrictions.
Disability is the interaction between individuals with a health condition
(e.g. cerebral palsy, Down syndrome and depression) and personal and
environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible
transportation and public buildings, and limited social supports).
Globally, persons with disabilities have poorer health outcomes, lower
education achievements, less economic participation and higher rates
of poverty than persons without disabilities (UNO-SDG)
3. MEDICAL MODEL OF DISABILITY
• The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the
way society is organised. The medical model of disability says
people are disabled by their impairments or differences.
• Under the medical model, these impairments or differences
should be ‘fixed’ or changed by medical and other treatments,
even when the impairment or difference does not cause pain or
illness.
• The medical model looks at what is ‘wrong’ with the person and
not what the person needs. It creates low expectations and leads
to people losing independence, choice and control in their own
lives.
• Disable= less abled
4. SOCIAL MODEL OF DISABILITY
• The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the way
society is organised, rather than by a person’s impairment or difference.
It looks at ways of removing barriers that restrict life choices for disabled
people. When barriers are removed, disabled people can be
independent and equal in society, with choice and control over their own
lives.
• Disabled people developed the social model of disability because the
traditional medical model did not explain their personal experience of
disability or help to develop more inclusive ways of living.
*(An impairment is defined as the limitation of a person’s physical, mental
or sensory function on a long-term basis)
5. CHANGING ATTITUDES TO DISABLED PEOPLE
Barriers are not just physical. Attitudes found in society,
based on prejudice or stereotype (also called disablism),
also disable people from having equal opportunities to be
part of society.
The social model says that people are disabled by
barriers in society, not by their impairment or difference.
Barriers can be physical, like buildings not having
accessible toilets.
6. SOCIAL MODEL OF DISABILITY: SOME
EXAMPLES
• A wheelchair user wants to get into a building with a step at the entrance. Under a social
model solution, a ramp would be added to the entrance so that the wheelchair user is free
to go into the building immediately. Using the medical model, there are very few solutions
to help wheelchair users to climb stairs, which excludes them from many essential and
leisure activities.
• A teenager with a learning difficulty wants to work towards living independently in their
own home but is unsure how to pay the rent. Under the social model, the person would be
supported so that they are enabled to pay rent and live in their own home. Under a
medical model, the young person might be expected to live in a communal home.
• A child with a visual impairment wants to read the latest best-selling book to chat about
with their sighted friends. Under the medical model, there are very few solutions but a
social model solution ensures full text audio-recordings are available when the book is
first published. This means children with visual impairments can join in with cultural
activities on an equal basis with everyone else.
7. WHAT IS THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF
FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY AND HEALTH (ICF)?
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health,
also known as ICF, is a classification of the health components of
functioning and disability. The World Health Assembly on May 22nd,
2001, approved the International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health and its abbreviation of "ICF."
This classification was first created in 1980 and then called the
International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps,
or ICIDH by WHO to provide a unifying framework for classifying the
health components of functioning and disability.
8. CLASSIFICATION OF DISABILITY BY ICF:
• Mobility and physical impairments
• Spinal cord injury
• Head injury-brain disability
• Vision disability
• Hearing disability
• Cognitive or learning disability
• Psychological disorder
9. 1 - MOBILITY AND PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENTS
This category of disability includes people with varying types of physical
disabilities including:
• Upper limb(s) disability
• Lower limb(s) disability
• Manual dexterity; (problem in skill and ease using hands)
• Disability in co-ordination with different organs of the body
Disability in mobility can be either an in-born or acquired with age
problem. It could also be the effect of a disease. People who have a
broken bone also fall into this category of disability.
Ex. Motor neuron disease
10. 2. Spinal Cord Disability
• Spinal cord injury (SCI) can sometimes lead to lifelong disabilities. This kind of injury
mostly occurs due to severe accidents. The injury can be either complete or
incomplete. In an incomplete injury, the messages conveyed by the spinal cord is not
completely lost. Whereas a complete injury results in a total dis-functioning of the
sensory organs.
• In some cases spinal cord disability can be a birth defect.
3 - Head Injuries - Brain Disability
A disability in the brain occurs due to a brain injury. The magnitude of the brain injury
can range from mild, moderate and severe. There are two types of brain injuries:
• Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
ABI is not a hereditary type defect but is the degeneration that occurs after birth. The
causes of such cases of injury are many and are mainly because of external forces
applied to the body parts. TBI results in emotional dysfunctioning and behavioral
disturbance.
11. 4 - Vision Disability
• There are hundreds of thousands of people that have minor to various serious vision
disability or impairments. These injuries can also result into some serious problems
or diseases like blindness and ocular trauma, to name a few.
• Some of the common vision impairment includes scratched cornea, scratches on the
sclera, diabetes related eye conditions, dry eyes and corneal graft.
5 - Hearing Disability
• Hearing disabilities includes people that are completely or partially deaf, (Deaf is the
politically correct term for a person with hearing impairment). People who are
partially deaf can often use hearing aids to assist their hearing. Deafness can be
evident at birth or occur later in life from several biologic causes.
• Deaf people use sign language as a means of communication. Hundreds of sign
languages are in use around the world. In linguistic terms, sign languages are as
rich and complex as any oral language, despite the common misconception that
they are not "real languages".
12. 6 - Cognitive or Learning Disabilities
• Cognitive Disabilities are kind of impairment present in people who are suffering
from dyslexia and various other learning difficulties and includes speech disorders.
7 - Psychological Disorders
• Affective Disorders: Disorders of mood or feeling states either short or long term.
Mental Health Impairment is the term used to describe people who have
experienced psychiatric problems or illness such as:
• Personality Disorders - Defined as deeply inadequate patterns of behavior and
thought of sufficient severity to cause significant impairment to day-to-day activities.
• Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by disturbances of thinking, mood,
and behavior.
8 - Invisible Disabilities
• Invisible Disabilities are disabilities that are not immediately apparent to others.
• It is estimated that 10% of people in the U.S. have a medical condition considered a
type of invisible disability.
13. AFFECTS OF DISABILITY :
Disabilities can affect people in different ways, even when one person has the
same type of disability as another person. Some disabilities may be hidden,
known as invisible disability. There are many types of disabilities, such as
those that affect a person's:
• Vision
• Hearing
• Thinking
• Learning
• Movement
• Mental health
• Remembering
• Communicating
• Social relationships
14. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) PUBLISHED THE INTERNATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY AND HEALTH (ICF) IN 2001 THAT
COVERS;
• Activity
• Participation
• Body Structures
• Body Functions
• Personal Factors
• Health Conditions
• Activity Limitations
• Functional Limitations
• Environmental Factors
• Participation Restrictions
The ICF is structured this around:
• Body functions and structure.
• Additional information on severity and environmental factors.
• Activities (related to tasks and actions by an individual) and participation (involvement in a life
situation).
15. CAUSE OF DISABILITY:
Some Key Facts: WHO (2018)
• Over a billion people, about 15% of the world's population, have
some form of disability.
• Between 110 million and 190 million adults have significant
difficulties in functioning.
• Rates of disability are increasing due to population ageing and
increases in chronic health conditions, among other causes.
• People with disabilities have less access to health care services
and therefore experience unmet health care needs.
16. CAUSES OF DISABILITY
• Mental disorder – depression is leading cause followed by anxiety disorder
• Leprosy (caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae)
• Birth effect
• Injury
• Cerebral palsy
• Down syndrome
• Multiple sclerosis
• Hearing impairment
• Developmental disability
• Learning disability
17. SOCIAL CONSTRUCT OF DISABILITY:
The social construction of disability is the idea that society and its institutions have the
power to construct disability around social expectations of health.
According to Wendell, Susan (1996) (book- The Rejected Body)
• Environments, including (to mention just a few) tolerance of high-risk working condition
• War, Migration
• Abuse and neglect of children and women
• Low public safety standards,
• The degradation of the environment by contamination of air, water, and food,
• Overwork, stress, and daily grinding
• Lack of good parental care
• Inadequate obstetrical practices and Inadequate medical care
18. CONTI..
• Deprivations by poverty
• The social factors of castism, racism, sexism, heterosexism,
ageism,
• Disadvantages of class background, wealth, and education
• Pace of life
• Stereotypes of disabled people as dependent, morally
degenerate, asexual or pitiful are still the most common cultural
portrayals of people with disabilities
19. DISABILITY ASSESSMENT:
Disability assessment is the gateway through which anyone claiming a publicly or privately
provided disability related benefit, service, product or support must pass.
The assessment is an evaluation of the type and level of disability that a person has, which is
then included in a more complex administrative process known as the disability determination
process. (WHO,2017)
9 months on disability assessment using the ICF. The Scope of Work for this contract consists of
the following tasks:
• To conduct a systematic review on how the ICF has been used in countries for disability
assessment in the context of disability determination and develop criteria for good practices.
• To produce a policy brief on guiding principles how to use the ICF for disability assessment in
the context of disability determination.
• To produce case studies that can be used in the context of policy documents.
20. IN INDIA ..
The Universal guidelines for assessment and certification of the following Disabilities were
finalized by group of experts and were notified by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment,
GOI in June 2001. . According to the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of
Rights and Full Participation) Rules, 1996:
AS: Unique Disability ID
1. Visual Impairment
2. Locomotor Disability
3. Speech & Hearing
4. Mental Retardation
5. Multiple Disabilities
For this, The minimum degree of disability should be 40% in order to be eligible for any
concession/benefit.
As per PWD Act and in its compliance, various benefits & concessions are to be provided to the
‘persons with disability’
