2. TWO NATIONS BORN at ONCE
United States of America
British North America
REVOLUTION V. EVOLUTION
3. Loyalists
Thousands did not support rebellion—Now what…
Issues
Economic relations with Britain
Patriotism—loyal to king—good citizens
Family ties
Natives [Iroquois] allied with Britain
Location, location, location
Demography—Age and race
Persecution
Sense of tradition
Conservatives
4. Migration Routes
Western Nova Scotia/became New Brunswick
Cape Breton Island and PEI
Eastern Townships of Quebec
Western Quebec/Ontario
Iroquois
Black Loyalists
Sherman, George. The Canada Connection in American History:
A Guide for Teachers. Plattsburgh: Center for the Study of Canada,
SUNY Plattsburgh, 1992.
5.
6. Preparation for Loyalists BUT…
Land grants
Confusion
Dilemmas with francophone population
British governor sympathetic with USA
Still hardships
Suspicious
7. Constitutional Act of 1791
a.k.a. Canada Act
Direct result of American Revolution
BNA divided into 2 colonies @ Ottawa R.
Lower Canada—Francophone
Upper Canada—Anglophone
British and French centers separated
French Catholics given voting rights, civil law
Government outline
No democracy
Some self government
8. New Map of Canada 1791
https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-5003-e.html
9. Canada at turn of century--1800
Maritimes—Newfoundland, NS, NB, PEI [St. John]
Lower Canada [Quebec]
Upper Canada [Ontario]
Rupert’s Land—Hudson Bay Company
Jay’s Treaty 1794—Ohio Valley & Great Lakes
Metis population growing due to movement
west by fur traders
10. War of 1812
Second War of Independence
USA = 8,000,000
BNA = 500,000
Impressment of sailors—no brainer
Tecumseh—Battle of Tippecanoe 1811
June 1, 1812, Declaration of War
Could not attack Britain but BNA close enough
Not all in USA agreed—i.e. New England
11. Classic Routes of Invasion
St. Lawrence
Lake Champlain
Detroit
BTW--US record was 3-19-1 according to
Canada
Won Lake Erie, Lake Champlain, New Orleans
14. Major Battles
Queenston Heights [Niagara region] Oct. 1812
Detroit—surrendered without shot Aug. 1812
Lake Erie—Oliver H. Perry in October 1813
York [Toronto]—took Royal Standard--1813
Washington—August 1814
Baltimore and Fort McHenry—Sept. 1814
New Orleans 1/8/15—Oops
15. Laura Secord
Loyalist family from Massachusetts
1795 to Upper Canada
Married UEL member
Walked 19 miles—June 1813
Warned British of attack
Heroine of Canada
http://laurasecordhistory.blogspot.com/
http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng/Topic/43
16. Treaties
Treaty of Ghent—December 24, 1814
At the end of War of 1812—a draw
Battle of NOLA followed
U.S. and Canada never at war again
Disputes resolved peacefully
Rush Bagot Agreement—1817
Limited development of navy on Great Lakes
Disarmament agreement
Future differences resolved with negotiation
17. Rebellions of 1837
War of 1812 developed BNA national spirit
Disagreed with lack of democracy
Loyalists who fled north--hope of new society
Lower Canada—Louis Joseph Papineau
Upper Canada—Wm. Lyon Mackenzie
18. Upper Canada
Family Compact controlled wealth
Control politically
Welland Canal built with favoritism in play
Church of England got privileges
Rejected reform
William Lyon Mackenzie—leader of rebels
www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
19. Lower Canada
Chateau Clique ruled Lower Canada
Anglophone elite
Influence over governor
Poverty among habitants
Govenment called for end of francophone rights
Call for union of Upper and Lower Canada
Louis Joseph Papineau and Habitants
http://www.librairiemonet.com/blogue/tag/rebellion-des-patriotes/
http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/qc/manoirpapineau/natcul/natcul2.aspx
20. Rebellions
Both rebellions were armed
Both groups of rebels too weak
Meeting of leaders in brewery in 1837—WAIT
Papineau defeated in Lower Canada
Mackenzie defeated at Yonge St. Rebellion
Both fled to USA and became heroes to north
Trials with some hanged others exiled
LOST BATTLES BUT WON WAR
21. Durham Report
Fact finding team sent 1838
Lord Durham—aristocrat, short visit, parties
Friend of reform
Three recommendations
1. End conflict between Anglo/Franco
2. Step toward blending cultures yet bilingual
3. Democratic responsible government
Rebels failed but did influence history
22. Preview of BNA in 1850s
Population
Natives
Religion
Education
Economy
Transportation
Boundary Issues
23. Population at 2,500,000
Natural increase
Revenge of the cradle
Immigrants
Loyalists
Scots to Cape Breton
Irish—potato famine in 1840s
Blacks—loyalists and fugitives later
Germans—Lunenburg, NS
Other Europeans
25. Natives
Disease—smallpox, measles, consumption
Diet and alcohol
Disruption of life--War
Distribution of land—taken by whites
Depression—emotional toll
From 4-5 million in 1492 to ½ million by 1700
26. Religion
Vital to every day life
Christians in vast majority
Catholics—Francophones, Acadian, Irish
Separate parishes across street—French and Irish
Protestant
Anglican in Upper Canada
Presbyterians [Scots] in Cape Breton
Baptists
27. Education
Churches shaped education in Catholic areas
Formal education only for rich at first
Ryerson—reformed education
Methodist minister
Schools open to all regardless of wealth
Higher education religious based
No separation of church and state in Canada
Tax supported church schools
28. Economy
Primary activities—worked with hands
Fishing—Grand Banks
Fur trade—western reaches, exploration
Forests—New Brunswick, Ottawa River
Farming—subsistence also wheat, tobacco
Trade and banking
Business in large urban areas
Factories—ships, mills, textiles, beer, glass,
paper, potash, leather
29. Fishing and Sealing near the
Grand Banks
http://www.waughfamily.ca/Russell/sealfishery.htm
http://www.frenchshore.com/en/discoverconche.htm
30. Fur Trade
Continued into western regions
Manitoba and prairies plus HBC
Metis population growth
31. Clearing the land
One acre per year the norm
Jefferies, C.W. The Picture Gallery of Canada—Volume 2. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1942.
32. Threshing and Winnowing
Subsistence first
Wheat sold eventually
Hard work—entire family
Few horses or oxen
Jefferies, C.W. The Picture Gallery of Canada—Volume 2.
Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1942
34. Transporation
Water—still best
Steam, sail, canoes
Canals built
Lachine—1825 at same time as Erie
Welland—1829 around Niagara Falls
Rideau—1832—south of Ottawa for protection
Roads—poor, dirt, logs, gravel
Rail—1836 near Montreal
Winter best travel on land—sleds, sleighs
35.
36. Boundary Issues
New Brunswick/Maine
Maine a state in 1820 no worry re: boundary
Aroostook War—1839
Loggers wanted trees
Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842
Western boundary
54-40 or fight
49th parallel except Vancouver Island in 1846
37.
38.
39. Trade with US
1848 suggestion of union with USA
No favored trade status with Britain
No real support for union with USA
Still fear
1859—dropped tariffs
Farm
Fish—rights to both in coastal waters
Forest
Minerals
US won at L. Erie, Plattsburgh, Fort McHenry
3-19-1 [Lundy’s Lane]
York “Just as long boats brought the Am. Army to shore in morning, 500 barrels of gunpowder exploded. This is nearest thing to an atomic blast seen in that age. Trees and tons of stone fell on Americans, killing or maiming more than 300.” one was Zebulon Pike—expected to be President
Burned public buildings, destroyed Br. Naval supplies, open jail, burned churches, looted, sang YANKEE DOODLE