1. prepared by
Prasanth.K

2. “THREE” “ LETTERS”
“CHANGES”
“THE”
“ENTIRE”
“WORLD”……………..!

3. “ E” INSTEIN
“ M” ADE
“ C” REATIVE
WORLD

4. M

6. E = mc is everywhere!
2

8. What do you think of…
Energy (in joules)
= Mass (in kilograms) X
The Speed of Light Squared
(in meters squared per second squared) ?
Complex Science?!?
But did you know these units?
No…
Because you never used E = mc2 !!!
for us…
≠ Using
Knowing = Memorising

9. Mass
 What is the mass of 1 litre of water?
A litre of water is defined to have a mass of
one kilogram!
○ m=1
So, E = 1 (9 X 1016)
= 9 X 1016 Joules
That is it!
Was that tough?
You just fruitfully used Einstein’s Equation!!!

10. Isn’t that a strange question?
Lots No energy be
Neither can goes
of it’s Not!
E = mc2 tells you
destroyed but, under
into making even a
MattermassEnergy can
and and it are
exactly how much
special circumstances,
small
twoenergyof the same
formsgot given in
a
eitherbe be turned
also can back
amount of mass
into thing!
some form.
the other
contains.
Use it Properly!

11. THEORY OF RELATIVITY
OF EINSTEIN

12. Einstein’s hypotheses:
1. The laws of nature are equally valid
in every inertial reference frame.
2. The speed of light in empty space is
same for all inertial observers, regard-
less of their velocity or the velocity of
the source of light.

13. Summary (so far)
 Moving clocks run slow γ
o f
o r shorter
 Moving t
objects appear
c
f a
Moving a
object’s mass increases
y

B

14. WHAT IS THE MAIN THEME OF
THIS ??/?!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
 HE JUST SAID THAT THE
VARIATION IN THE SPEED OF THE
PHOTON IS DUE TO THE FRAME
OF REFERENCE.
 THE VARIATIONS WAS CLEARLY
EXPLAINED BY EINSTEIN.
 FOR THAT PURPOSE HE
CONSIDERED A CART SYSTEM AND
HE EXPLAINED AS FOLLOWS.

16. APPLICATIONS

17. Best use…
 All our energy
comes from the
Sun!
 The Sun has
E=mc2 as its
source of energy.

18. Einstein’s relation: E = mc2
4m p − mHe = ∆m > 0 !
∆m = 0.048 ×10 −27 kg
Energy released in one reaction:
(Binding energy)
E = ∆m × c 2 = 26.8 MeV = 4.3 × 10 −12 J
0.007, or 0.7% of the rest energy
of protons (4mpc2) is released
This is 107 times more efficient than
Hans Bethe 1939
chemical reactions!

20. Nuclear reactions?
• Fission: decay of heavy nuclei into lighter fragments
•Fusion: synthesis of light nuclei into a heavier nucleus
Energy released per proton is ~10-20 MeV!!

21. Energy is released in fusion reaction if the sum of masses of initial
nuclei is larger that the mass of the final nucleus
hydrogen
mp + m p
hydrogen
Positron (antielectron)
Deuterium MD + me < 2 mp
∆M = 2 mp- MD - me
Energy released E = ∆M c2
neutrino
Famous Einstein’s relation: E = mc2
Deuterium has larger binding energy than protons (more tightly bound)

22. Fusion: light bind together to form heavy
Fission: break up heavy to form light
Shown is the energy released per fusion/fission event; this is
called the binding energy. Note that a relatively large
amount is released from hydrogen to helium.
Still, it takes 1038 reactions per second to support the sun!
That is the conversion of 5 millions tons of mass into energy
every second. Thus mass is lost from the sun forever. Still,
only 0.07% of its mass will be lost this way (added up over
the billion life time of the sun).
Note the special location of iron.
We revisit this later in Ch 10.

23. Energy Production
Energy generation in the sun
(and all other stars): Binding energy
due to strong
Nuclear Fusion force = on short
range, strongest
= fusing together 2 or more of the 4 known
lighter nuclei to produce forces:
heavier ones. electromagnetic,
weak, strong,
Nuclear fusion can gravitational
produce energy up to
the production of iron;
For elements heavier than
iron, energy is gained by
nuclear fission.

24. Proton-proton cycle

25. ATOMIC BOMB

26. EFFECT OF ATOMIC BOMB
 200,000 people have been killed by just 2
atomic bombs.
 One Hydrogen Bomb could kill 50 times as
many!
 We hope that this type of situations should
not occur in future.
 Use this technology to a create energy
which will be useful to some other.

27. Achievements
of scientists

28. Scientific achievements – Nature
22 nd December 2005
Direct test of mass/energy relationship E = mc2
ILL-MIT-NIST
GAMS Interferometer ILL

29. E=mc might be
2
wrong???????????????
?

31. Neutrino image of the Sun

32. Observed neutrino flux is 2 times lower than the theoretical prediction!

33. The problem has been finally solved just recently:
Neutrinos “oscillate”!
They are converted into other flavors: mu and tau neutrinos
Neutrinos should have mass
Particle physics models should be modified

34. Conclusion
 Research improves the quality of
living.
 If this great equation might be wrong
nothing will be happen to science.
 Quality of science increases.
 “EINSTEIN”
 “GREAT MIND OF
EXCELLENCE”

35. Science is not story telling….!
 Also painstaking observations to
nature
“RESPECT NATURE”
Thank you
“prasanth”

36. Any queries???????
 If u have queries or if u want any
information regarding this please
send a mail to me.
 my mail

kammaprasanth@gmail.com
“your clarification is our responsibility”

37. Feed back:-
Finally I want ur valuable feed back on
this presentation.
please send your feedback to my
mail id whether your feed back is
“good” or “bad”
mail “kammaprasanth@gmail.com”