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Chapter 5.pptx
1.
© Palmatier, Petersen,
and Germann 1 Perceptual and Preference Mapping for Competitive Positioning Marketing Analytics Based on First Principles: Chapter 5
2.
Agenda Learning Objectives
Introduction Objectives of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Uses of Perceptual and Preference Mapping in Marketing Perceptual and Preference Mapping Overview of Methods used in Perceptual and Preference Mapping Underlying Mathematical Models of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Other Approaches for Mapping Similarity, Perceptions, and Preferences Summary Takeaways © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 2
3.
Describe the
objectives of perceptual and preference maps. Know the different types of data that can be used to create perceptual and preference maps. Understand the difference between similarity data and preference data and how the latter can be used to infer similarity. Describe (broadly) how multidimensional scaling (MDS) works. Describe (broadly) how principal component analysis (PCA) works. Know when to use MDS and when to use PCA (or both) to create maps. Appreciate how perceptual and preference maps can clarify underlying relationships. Know how to create, read and interpret similarity-based maps, perceptual maps, preference maps, and joint-space maps using R and Tableau. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 3 Learning Objectives
4.
Agenda Learning Objectives
Introduction Objectives of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Uses of Perceptual and Preference Mapping in Marketing Perceptual and Preference Mapping Overview of Methods used in Perceptual and Preference Mapping Underlying Mathematical Models of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Other Approaches for Mapping Similarity, Perceptions, and Preferences Summary Takeaways © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 4
5.
Objectives of Perceptual
and Preference Mapping Today’s markets are crowded with options. Consumers face increasing number of choices Over 8,200 mutual funds Over 500 make-models of cars Over 30,000 products in a grocery store Over 40 flat screen TV brands If companies can find a way to stand out from the crowd, then they are likely to outperform their competitors. Perceptual and preference mapping can do that. These maps help companies understand how consumers’ perceptions and preferences compare across products and brands of different competitors on key dimensions that are relevant to those consumers. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 5
6.
Objectives of Perceptual
and Preference Mapping Differentiation This entails distinguishing a product or brand from others that exist in the marketplace with the goal of making your product or brand more attractive to the target customer segment. The key question: What dimension(s) do consumers consider as key as they compare and evaluate products and brands. Positioning Tis is about deciding how a company wants its products and brand to be perceived in the minds of the target customer segment. The key questions: What is it that is unique about the products and brands? How are they different? What makes them stand out? Why should target customers purchase the focal company’s products and brands and not those of competitors? © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 6
7.
Objectives of Perceptual
and Preference Mapping Positioning usually centers around a value proposition. Companies can pursue one or more value proposition depending on their competitive advantage. Value propositions usually fall into the following areas: © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 7 Emotional/Self Expressive Benefits Superior Attribute Design Systems Solution Corporate Social Programs Customer Intimacy Niche Specialist Value Quality Value Propositions
8.
Objectives of Perceptual
and Preference Mapping Mapping Companies can visualize the positioning of their products and brands compared to competing products and brands using perceptual and preference maps. In these maps, each product or brand occupies a specific point. The maps can be multi-dimensional (although more than 2 or 3 dimensions is difficult to visualize). Products and brands that are more similar should show up on the map closer to each other relative to products and brands that are more dissimilar in the minds of consumers. These maps allow marketing managers to develop positioning strategies and understand the competitive structure of their markets. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 8
9.
Uses of Perceptual
and Preference Mapping in Marketing Perceptual maps are visual representations of competing products and brands based on several product and brand attribute dimensions. Preference maps are visual representations of competing products and brands based on consumers stated or revealed (i.e., actual) choices. Perceptual and preference maps are generated using multi-dimensional scaling (MDA) and principal components analysis (PCA). © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 9
10.
Uses of Perceptual
and Preference Mapping in Marketing Example: The 4-door Sedan Market in the USA 4-door sedans had been traditionally popular in the US market. In recent years, though, sedans have lost some of their popularity. Market researchers decided to conduct a survey to determine customer perceptions and preferences for 4-door sedans. They asked a sample of consumers how similar they thought various 4-door sedans were to one another. How similar are these cars to one another? © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 10 Ford Taurus vs. Chevrolet Impala 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ford Taurus vs. Dodge Charger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ford Taurus vs. Buick LaCrosse 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ford Taurus vs. Toyota Avalon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chevrolet Impala vs. Dodge Charger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chevrolet Impala vs. Buick LaCrosse 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chevrolet Impala vs. Toyota Avalon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dodge Charger vs. Buick LaCrosse 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dodge Charger vs. Toyota Avalon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Buick LaCrosse vs. Toyota Avalon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Very similar Very different
11.
Uses of Perceptual
and Preference Mapping in Marketing Example: The 4-door Sedan Market in the USA The average similarity ratings of the survey are in the following table. Considering these responses, the Ford Taurus and the Chevrolet Impala are the most similar, and the Buick LaCrosse and the Dodge Charger are the most different in the eyes of the consumers that took the survey. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 11 Ford Taurus Chevrolet Impala Dodge Charger Buick LaCrosse Toyota Avalon Ford Taurus -- Chevrolet Impala 3.3 -- Dodge Charger 4.6 4 -- Buick LaCrosse 7.2 6.1 7.3 -- Toyota Avalon 4.5 5.1 7.1 6.5 -- 1 = very similar 9 = very different
12.
Uses of Perceptual
and Preference Mapping in Marketing Example: The 4-door Sedan Market in the USA Multi-dimensional scaling allows us to visualize these similarities on a 2- dimensional axis. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 12 Toyota Avalon Dodge Charger Buick LaCrosse Chevrolet Impala Ford Taurus
13.
Agenda Learning Objectives
Introduction Objectives of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Uses of Perceptual and Preference Mapping in Marketing Perceptual and Preference Mapping Overview of Methods used in Perceptual and Preference Mapping Underlying Mathematical Models of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Other Approaches for Mapping Similarity, Perceptions, and Preferences Summary Takeaways © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 13
14.
Overview of Methods
used in Perceptual and Preference Mapping Depending on what you want to map, you would choose a different method. Here is an overview of the data types and mapping methods. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 14 Type of Data Available Perceptual Mapping Preference Mapping Joint Mapping Similarity Ratings Only Similarity Map using MDS Preference Ratings Only Ideal Point Map using MDS Perception Ratings Only Perceptual Map using PCA Perception AND Preference Ratings Vector-based Map Using PCA & MDS
15.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Similarity Maps Based on multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) and can be used to infer the underlying dimensions from similarity or preference judgments. Example Suppose we want to create a similarity map for 8 hotels, labeled A through H. We ask the consumers to report their perceptions of the similarities of the 8 hotels by asking them to rate all the pairs of hotels (i.e., 8 x 7/2 = 28 pairs). Here is a set of similarity judgements by a given individual where 1 is most similar and 28 is least similar. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 15
16.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Similarity Maps Once you have the similarity ratings, multi-dimensional scaling can map the hotels (A through H) onto a visual surface – often a 2-dimensional X- and Y-axis (similar to the 4-door Sedan example earlier). MDS then measures the Stress of the fit of the data to evaluate goodness- of-fit. Stress is measured as: where 𝑑 = the average distance on the map 𝑑𝑖𝑗 = the original distances provided by the respondents 𝑑𝑖𝑗 = the distance from the similarity map © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 16 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑𝑖𝑗 − 𝑑𝑖𝑗 2 𝑑𝑖𝑗 − 𝑑 2
17.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Similarity Maps The Stress measure can help determine the optimal number of dimensions to plot using a Scree Plot similar to the one below: Here we see that a 2-dimensional figure fits the data well as it has a Stress level at 0.05 © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 17
18.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Perceptual Maps Based on Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and can be used to understand the relationship between attributes of products and brands with a set of products and brands. Principal components summarize data across variables by transforming the original variables into a smaller set of variables that account for most of the variance in the data. The new variables are called principal components (sometimes they are also referred to as factors). Perceptual maps have several advantages over similarity maps. Can visualize the similarity of products and brands (same as similarity maps) Allow researchers to understand a product or brand’s strength and weaknesses on the attributes measure (cannot be done by similarity maps) © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 18
19.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Perceptual Maps Perceptual maps are drawn based on consumer ratings of attributes about each of the products or brands in the sample. This is done by through data dimension reduction (i.e., factoring the attributes into 2 or 3 dimensions). In PCA, principal components are extracted sequentially (i.e., the first principal component accounts for the most variance in the data). For example, if we have data on p brand or product attributes, x1, x2,…, xp, the first principal component, PC(1) is given by a linear combination of the variables: PC(1) = w(1)1x1 + w(1)2x2 + w(1)pxp, The weights w(1)j are chosen such that the variance of PC(1) across all the variables in the data is maximized. The second principal component, PC(2), is calculated similarly, but it must be orthogonal (that is, uncorrelated) to PC(1). In a perceptual map, PC(1) is (typically) captured by the x-axis and PC(2) by the y-axis. These axes are orthogonal to one another and hence uncorrelated. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 19
20.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Perceptual Maps Example: Suppose we want to understand how different supermarket chains perform on four attributes: Level of Prices, Quality of Service, Store Ambiance, and Breadth of Assortment. We ask a set of consumers about their perceptions of 5 stores (Aldi, Costco, Wamart, Wegmans, and Whole Foods). Using their responses, we draw the following 2-dimensional perceptual map. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 20 Quality of Service Store Ambiance Breadth of Assortment Level of Prices
21.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Perceptual Maps To understand each supermarket’s perceived performance along the attributes measured, we draw perpendicular lines from the respective attribute vectors. Based on the data collected, Wegmans is perceived to perform quite well on Breath of Assortment and reasonably well on Store Ambiance and Quality of Service. Only Whole Foods outperforms Wegmans on Store Ambiance and Quality of Service. However, Wegmans is perceived to perform rather poorly as far as Level of Price is concerned. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 21 Quality of Service Store Ambiance Breadth of Assortment Level of Prices
22.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Perceptual Maps When comparing different attribute vectors, you can look at their relative positions to each other. The closer the two vectors, the more highly correlated. And, if the two vectors are pointing in the opposite direction, these vectors essentially mean the opposite (i.e., negatively correlated). © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 22 Highly Correlated Somewhat Correlated Uncorrelated Negatively Correlated
23.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Preference Maps Preference maps are drawn similar to similarity maps using multi- dimensional scaling with ideal point and can be used to understand the relationship between consumer preferences of products and brands. Ideal point preference maps use a set of preference (not similarity) ratings, but the underlying mathematical process is the same as for similarity maps. Preference maps have several advantages and disadvantages when compared to similarity maps and perceptual maps. Can visualize the similarity of products and brands (same as similarity maps and perceptual maps) Allow researchers to identify the space on the map where each consumer’s ideal product or brand is located (unlike similarity maps and perceptual maps) © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 23
24.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Preference Maps To collect preference ratings, researchers usually ask respondents to provide preferences for products or brands. For example, we can assume we asked the same shoppers to evaluate their preference of the same 5 supermarkets using the following scale: Here is a sample of 5 respondents’ preference ratings: © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 24 Walmart 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Aldi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Whole Foods 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wegmans 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Costco 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Not at all Very much Brands / Respondents Walmart Aldi Whole Foods Wegmans Costco 1 3 6 9 9 3 2 4 5 7 7 4 3 3 5 8 9 5 4 2 6 9 8 3 5 4 4 3 4 3 Average 3.2 5.2 7.2 7.4 3.6
25.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Preference Maps MDS then uses the preference ratings to generate a preference map with points on it that represent each respondent’s ideal preference point and each product or brand. The distances between products or brands represents the similarities (near) or dissimilarities (far) between products or brands. The relative distances between the ideal preference point of a respondent and the products or brands represents the respondents’ preferences where when an ideal point is closer to a product or brand, it means the respondent is more likely to purchase that product or brand. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 25
26.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Joint-space Perceptual and Preference Maps Joint-space maps combine both perceptual (i.e., how well products or brands perform along certain attributes) and preference (i.e., which products or brands customer prefer). These joint-space maps are usually created in two steps. Create the perceptual map using PCA Overlay the perceptual map with the ideal point preference map These joint-space maps are useful in that they help managers understand respondents’ perceptions of attributes and preferences simultaneously. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 26
27.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Joint-space Perceptual and Preference Maps Example: Suppose we use the supermarket data from the perceptual map and preference map examples and put them together into a joint space map. We would get something that looks like: The red dots represent the supermarkets; the green vectors represent the attribute vectors; the blue vectors represent each respondents’ preferences. This figure suggests two segments of consumers: those who prefer price and those who prefer store ambiance. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 27 Quality of Service Store Ambiance Breadth of Assortment Level of Prices
28.
Underlying Mathematical Models
of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Joint-space Perceptual and Preference Maps With the help of the preference vectors (or ideal points), it is also possible to predict a product or brand’s market share. There are two rules one can apply First-choice rule: Assumes that respondents will always choose the object closest to the ideal point. The first-choice rule is usually appropriate in high-involvement and/or infrequently purchased product categories that are publicly consumed. Share of preference rule: Assumes that respondents will spread their purchases across several objects proportional to their preference. This choice rule is usually appropriate in low-involvement and/or frequently purchased product categories where customers are variety seeking. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 28
29.
Agenda Learning Objectives
Introduction Objectives of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Uses of Perceptual and Preference Mapping in Marketing Perceptual and Preference Mapping Overview of Methods used in Perceptual and Preference Mapping Underlying Mathematical Models of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Other Approaches for Mapping Similarity, Perceptions, and Preferences Summary Takeaways © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 29
30.
Other Approaches for
Mapping Similarity, Perceptions, and Preferences There are other analytical approaches that might be useful to further extend the usefulness of brand positioning maps. Here are two such approaches. Multiple Brands and Consumer Segments If you believe that there exist multiple segments of consumers, it may be useful to first segment the customer base (see Chapter 3 – Cluster Analysis for Segmentation) and then draw a perceptual map for each customer segment. Data Mining Perceptual Maps One common limitation of positioning maps is the data is often sourced using consumer surveys. However, given the vast availability of user generated content (e.g., social media posts and product reviews), it is possible to gather consumer sentiments and perceptions of brands without repeatedly running consumer surveys. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 30
31.
Agenda Learning Objectives
Introduction Objectives of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Uses of Perceptual and Preference Mapping in Marketing Perceptual and Preference Mapping Overview of Methods used in Perceptual and Preference Mapping Underlying Mathematical Models of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Other Approaches for Mapping Similarity, Perceptions, and Preferences Summary Takeaways © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 31
32.
Summary Consumers can
choose from among many different goods and services (i.e., products) in most markets. Thus, if companies can find a way to stand out in these markets by appealing to their target segment or segments, they stand much to gain. An attractive brand positioning can help companies accomplish just that. perceptual and preference maps allow managers to measure and represent customers’ perceptions and preferences about the brands that exist in a market. Once managers know customers’ perceptions and preferences, they can seek strategies to differentiate their brands vis-à-vis their competitors on key dimensions that are relevant to their target customers thus gaining favorable responses. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 32
33.
Agenda Learning Objectives
Introduction Objectives of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Uses of Perceptual and Preference Mapping in Marketing Perceptual and Preference Mapping Overview of Methods used in Perceptual and Preference Mapping Underlying Mathematical Models of Perceptual and Preference Mapping Other Approaches for Mapping Similarity, Perceptions, and Preferences Summary Takeaways © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 33
34.
Takeaways Most of
today’s markets are very crowded and (potential) customers hence face many choices. If companies can find a way to stand out from the crowd in a good way then they are likely to outperform their competitors. Perceptual and preference mapping can help companies do just that. Perceptual and preference mapping allows marketers to measure and represent (potential) customers’ perceptions and preferences about their brands as well as their competitors’ brands on maps. Once marketers know (potential) customers’ perceptions and preferences about brands that compete in a market, they can seek strategies to differentiate their brands vis-à-vis their competitors on key attributes that are relevant to their target customers. © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 34
35.
Takeaways (Cont.) Differentiation
entails distinguishing a brand from other brands that exist in the marketplace (i.e., the competition) with the goal to make the brand more attractive to the target audience. Differentiation should occur on key attributes that are relevant to the target audience. Perceptual and preference maps are typically based on customer data that captures the customers’ perceptions of (1) brand attributes, (2) brand similarities, (3) brand preferences or (4) a combination of (1) – (3). Marketers don’t usually collect data on only one brand or product attribute, but often 7 or 8 or even more. Yet, presenting information in a map about so many different brands and/or attributes in a managerially meaningful way is difficult. Hence, perceptual and preference maps are created using data reduction techniques such as multidimensional scaling (MDS) and principal component analysis (PCA). © Palmatier, Petersen, and Germann 35
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