1. ÑÏÐÀÂÎ×ÍÀß
×ÀÑÒÜ

2. Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
ÑÂÎÄÍÀß ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ ÂÎÑÜÌÈ ÎÊÎÍ×ÀÍÈÉ
(äëÿ ïðèìåðîâ âîçüì¸ì ïðàâèëüíûé ãëàãîë
“paint” – ïýéíò = «êðàñèòü»):
¹ Âèä îêîí÷àíèÿ: Ê ÷åìó ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ? ×òî îíî äà¸ò?
ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó
1à. +S â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: Ìíîæåñòâ. ÷èñëî:
boyS = = ìàëü÷èêÈ;
ïîñëå «Oí/-à/-î» è «Kòî?»
è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ
1á. +S â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå = êðàñÈÒ;
ê ãëàãîëó:
paintS =
ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì
è ê èìåíàì «Âëàäåëüöà»:
1â. ’S ñîáñòâåííûì:
my mother’S = = ìîåé ìàòÅÐ ’È,
Michael’S = = Ìàéêë’ÎÂ;
ê ïðàâèëüíîìó ãëàãîëó:
+(e)D – ä, paintED =
2. – èä, à) ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ: = (ïî-)êðàñèË;
– ò á) ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåë.: = ïîêðàøÅÍ/íûé,
= îêðàøèâàÅÌûé;
ê ëþáîìó ãëàãîëó:
paintING =
à) äååïðè÷àñòèå: = êðàñß;
3. +ING – èíã á) àêòèâíîå îïðåäåë.: = êðàñßÙèé,
= êðàñèÂØèé;
â) ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå: = êðàøÅÍÈÅ;
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¹ Âèä îêîí÷àíèÿ: Ê ÷åìó ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ? ×òî îíî äà¸ò?
Ðóññêî-Ðóññêèå Ôîðìóëû.
ÇÍÀÉÒÅ, ÷òî ÂÒÎÐÛÌ (II) âàðèàíòàì ÐÐÔ
ê îïðåäåëåíèÿì: Íàðå÷èå:
quickLY = = áûñòðÎ; ñîîòâåòñòâóþò èõ áóêâàëüíûå àíãëèéñêèå ïåðåâîäû:
4. +LY – ëè è ê ñóùåñòâèò.:
timeLY = = âî´âðåìÿ, I: =→ II: = Àíãë.:
dayLY = = åæåäíåâíÎ; ß ðîäèëñÿ =→ ß áûë ðîæä¸í = I was born – áîîí
ê ñóùåñòâèòâèòåëüíûì: Îïðåäåëåíèå: Ñèëüíåå ìåíÿ =→ Ñèëüíåå, ÷åì ìåíÿ = Stronger than me.
5. +Y – è windY = = âåòðÅÍÛÉ; Äàé åìó ñäåëàòü ýòî =→ Ïîçâîëü åìó + ñäåëàòü ýòî!
= Let him + do it
ê êîëè÷åñòâåííûì Ïîðÿäêîâûå
6. +TH – è ÷èñëèòåëüíûì: ÷èñëèòåëüíûå: Ó ìåíÿ åñòü ... =→ ß èìåþ ... = I have ...
sevenTH = = ñåäüìÎÉ; =→ Ó ìåíÿ èìååòñÿ … = I’ve got …
Ó íåãî åñòü ... =→ Îí èìååò ... = He has ...
ê ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì: = «áîëåå ...»: =→ Ó íåãî èìååòñÿ … = He’s got
smartER = = óìíåÅ
7. +ER – ý è ê íàðå÷èÿì: Òû ïîäãëÿäûâàë çà íèìè? – Íåò, ÿ ÍÅ ÄÅËÀË ýòîãî ...
earliER = = ðàíüøÅ, ðàíåÅ; No, I DIDN’T DO that ...
ê ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì: Ìåíÿ íàêàçàëè =→ ß áûë íàêàçàí = I was punished – ïàíèøüò
the smartEST = = ñàìûé óìíûé, Åãî îáèäåëè =→ Îí áûë îáèæåí = He was offended – îôýíäèä
8. +EST – èñò è ê íàðå÷èÿì: íàèóìíåéøèé;
the earliEST = = ñàìûé ðàííèé. 1 2 3
Êâàðòèðà ìîåé ìàòåðè =→ Ìîåé ìàòåð’è êâàðòèða.
———————————————————————————————— = My mother’s flat.
ÂÎÒ È ÂѨ !!! ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû ìåíÿ íàãðàäèëè =→ ß õî÷ó + áûòü íàãðàæä¸í(-íûì).
Áîëüøå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå = I want + to be rewarded.
ðèwîîäèä
ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ ñî ñëîâîì (â öåëÿõ èçìåíåíèÿ åãî ôóíêöèè)
ñäåëàòü ÍÅËÜÇß !!! ß áóäó õóäîæíèêîì =→ ß + áóäó áûòü + õóäîæíèêîì.
= I+ will be + an artist – ààòèñò
————————————————————————————————
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ß ñìîãó … =→ ß áóäó (áûòü) â ñîñòîÿíèè … ÏÎËÍÛÉ
= I will be able (to) …
ÏÅÐÅ×ÅÍÜ «ÍÅ-ÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ» ÃËÀÃÎËÎÂ.
ß êóïèë … =→ Ó ìåíÿ (åñòü) + êóïëåí(-íûé) …
= I have + bought … – áîîò ÏÅÐÂÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ
(ñî âñåìè òðåìÿ îäèíàêîâûìè ôîðìàìè
Ìíå áû ïîéòè =→ ß + äîëæåí áûë áû + ïîéòè.
= I + should + go. (22 øòóêè),
Ìíå áû ñúåñòü ÿáëîêî = 1) ß + áû õîòåë + ñúåñòü ÿáëîêî. òî åñòü èõ ñëîâàðíàÿ ôîðìà,
= I’d like to + eat an apple; èõ ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ
2) ß + äîëæåí áûë áû + ñúåñòü ÿáëîêî. è èõ ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå –
I+ should + eat an apple. – ýòî ôàêòè÷åñêè îäíî è òî æå ñëîâî):
Ìíå ñêàçàëè =→ ß áûë èçâåù¸í = I was told … – òîóëä bet (bet, bet,) – áýò = äåðæàòü ïàðè, ñïîðèòü
burst (burst, burst) – ᜜ñò = ëîïíóòü
cast (cast, cast) – êààñò = áðîñàòü; ëèòü (ìåòàëë)
Ìíå õî÷åòñÿ =→ ß õî÷ó = I want (to) ...
cost (cost, cost) – êîñò = ñòîèòü
cut (cut, cut) – êàò = ðåçàòü
Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ... =→ ß ñèìïàòèçèðóþ / îáîæàþ ... hit (hit, hit) – õèò = óäàðÿòü
= I like (to) ... – ëàéê hurt (hurt, hurt) – õœœò = äåëàòü áîëüíî
———————————————————————————————— knit (knit, knit) – íèò = âÿçàòü
let (let, let) – ëåò = ïîçâîëÿòü
put (put, put) – ïóò = ñòàâèòü, êëàñòü
quit (quit, quit) – êwèò = îñòàâèòü
rid (rid, rid)* – ðèä = îñâîáîæäàòü
set (set, set) – ñýò = ñòàâèòü
shed (shed, shed)* – øüåä = òåðÿòü
shred (shred, shred)* – øüðåä = êðîìñàòü
shut (shut, shut) – øÿò = çàêðûâàòü
slit (slit, slit)* – ñëèò = ðàçðåçàòü
split (split, slplit) – ñïëèò = êîëîòü
spread (spread, spread) – ñïðýä = ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòü
sweat (sweat, sweat) – ñwýò = ïîòåòü
thrust (thrust, thrust)* – θðàñò = òîëêàòü.
* Çâ¸çäî÷êàìè îòìå÷åíû ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíûå ñëîâà.
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ÂÒÎÐÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ â) Çäåñü ↓ òîæå 2-ÿ è 3-ÿ ôîðìû îäèíàêîâû !
ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ Èçìåíåíèÿ ãëàãîëîâ è â ýòîé ↓ ïîäãðóïïå
(î÷åíü ë¸ãêàÿ äëÿ çàó÷èâàíèÿ) òàêæå ëåãêè äëÿ çàó÷èâàíèÿ,
ñ îäèíàêîâûìè 2-é è 3-é ôîðìàìè è ñâîäÿòñÿ
(1-ÿ ÷àñòü ýòîé ãðóïïû – 27 øòóê).
ê ïîÿâëåíèþ “-t” íà êîíöå ãëàãîëà,
ñ îäíîâðåìåííûì «óêîðà÷èâàíèåì» ãëàñíîé
NB. Âñïîìèíàåì, ÷òî â åãî ñåðåäèíå
2-ÿ ôîðìà – ýòî ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ,
(è ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì èçìåíåíèåì â å¸ ïðîèçíîøåíèè !!!):
à 3-ÿ ôîðìà – ýòî (ïàññèâíîå) îïðåäåëåíèå,
îáðàçîâàííîå èç ýòîãî æå ãëàãîëà.
burn (burnt, burnt) – ᜜í (᜜íò) = ãîðåòü
ÊÀÊ èõ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÒÜ? creep (crept, crept) – êðèèï (êðýïò) = ïîëçòè
deal (dealt, dealt) – äèèë (äýëò) = èìåòü äåëî ñ…
a) Èçìåíåíèÿ, ïðîèçîøåäøèå âî 2-õ è â 3-õ ôîðìàõ
äîãîâàðèâàòüñÿ
ñëåäóþùèõ ãëàãîëîâ ↓ î÷åíü îäíîîáðàçíû.
dwell (dwelt, dwelt) – äwýë (äwýëò) = ïðîæèâàòü, æèòü
 äàííîì ñëó÷àå îíè ñâåëèñü ëèøü feel (felt, felt) – ôèèë (ôýëò) = ÷óâñòâîâàòü
ê «óêîðà÷èâàíèþ» ãëàñíîé â ñåðåäèíå ãëàãîëà: keep (kept, kept) – êèèï (êýïò) = (ñî)äåðæàòü
kneel (knelt, knelt) – íèèë (íýëò) = âñòàòü íà êîëåíè;
bleed (bled, bled) – áëèèä (áëåä) = êðîâîòî÷èòü ñòîÿòü íà êîëåíÿõ
breed (bred, bred) – áðèèä (áðýä) = ïîðîæäàòü mean (meant, meant) – ìèèí (ìýíò) = èìåòü â âèäó
feed (fed, fed) – ôèèä (ôýä) = êîðìèòü ãîâîðèòü ñåðü¸çíî
lead (led, led) – ëèèä (ëåä) = âåñòè meet (met, met) – ìèèò (ìýò) = âñòðå÷àòü(-ñÿ)
speed (sped, sped) – ñïèèä (ñïýä) = ñïåøèòü, ãíàòü shoot (shot, shot) – øþóò (ø¸ò) = ñòðåëÿòü
+ sleep (slept, slept) – ñëèèï (ñëýïò) = ñïàòü
have (had, had) – õæâ (õæä) = èìåòü smell (smelt, smelt) – ñìýë (ñìýëò) = ïàõíóòü, íþõàòü
(à çäåñü «ïðî↑ïàëî» “ve-” è ïðèáàâèëîñü «íîðìàëüíîå» “+d”);
spell (spelt, spelt) – ñïýë (ñïýëò) = ïðîèçíîñèòü
ïî áóêâàì
á) Òóò ↓ âñå èçìåíåíèÿ – spill (spilt, spilt) – ñïèë (ñïèëò) = ïðîëèâàòü(-ñÿ),
– ýòî ïåðåõîä “-d” â→ “-t” íà êîíöå ãëàãîëà: ðàçáðûçãèâàòü(-ñÿ)
sweep (swept, swept) – ñwèèï (ñwýïò) = ìåñòè´, ïîäìåòàòü
bend (bent, bent) – áýíä (áýíò) = ñãèáàòü
weep (wept, wept) – wèèï (wýïò) = ïëàêàòü.
build (built, built) – áèëä (áèëò) = ñòðîèòü
lend (lent, lent) – ëýíä (ëýíò) = îäàëæèâàòü
send (sent, sent) – ñýíä (ñýíò) = ïîñûëàòü
spend (spent, spent) – ñïýíä (ñïýíò) = òðàòèòü;
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ÒÐÅÒÜß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ á) Ýòî ↓ – òîæå ÷àñòü ãðóïïû ãëàãîëîâ
ñ îäèíàêîâûìè 2-é = ïðîøåäøèì âðåìåíåì
ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ
è 3-é = ïàññèâíûì îïðåäåëåíèåì
ñ îäèíàêîâûìè 2-é è 3-é ôîðìàìè ôîðìàìè.
(2-ÿ ÷àñòü ýòîé ãðóïïû – 18 + 6 øòóê). Íî ýòè ôîðìû çíà÷èòåëüíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ
îò èõ æå 1-é ôîðìû.
ÊÀÊ èõ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÒÜ?
à) Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî ÊÀÊ èõ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÒÜ?
âî 2-õ è â 3-õ ôîðìàõ ýòèõ ↓ ãëàãîëîâ èçìåíèëàñü Çäåñü ↓ ÷óòü-÷óòü ïîòðóäíåå,
òîëüêî ãëàñíàÿ âíóòðè ñàìîãî´ ñëîâà, íî «Íàäî – çíà÷èò íàäî!».
(÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíî îáëåã÷àåò çàïîìèíàíèå): Âî âñåõ 2-3-èõ ôîðìàõ êîíåö ñëîâà
ïðåâðàòèëñÿ â→ “-ought” = «-ooò»:
1-ÿ ô.: 2-ÿ ô. = 3-é ô.:
cling (clung, clung) – êëèíã (êëàíã) = öåïëÿòüñÿ bring (brought, brought) – áðèíã (áðîîò) = ïðèíîñèòü
dig (dug, dug) – äèã (äàã) = êîïàòü buy (bought, bought) – áàé (áîîò) = ïîêóïàòü
fight (fought, fought) – ôàéò (ôîîò) = äðàòüñÿ catch (cought, cought) – êæò÷ (êîîò) = õâàòàòü;
find (found, found) – ôàéíä (ôàóíä) = íàõîäèòü ëîâèòü, ïîéìàòü;
grind (ground, ground) – ãðàéíä (ãðàóíä) = ìîëîòü seek (sought, sought) – ñèèê (ñîîò) = èñêàòü
hold (held, held) – õîóëä (õýëä) = äåðæàòü teach (taught, taught) – òûû÷ (òîîò) = îáó÷àòü, ó÷èòü
say (said, said) – ñýé (ñýä) = ñêàçàòü think (thought, thought) – θèíê (θîîò) = äóìàòü.
(çäåñü èçì↑åíèëîñü òîëüêî íàïèñàíèå ãëàñíîé: “y → i”)
sell (sold, sold) – ñýë (ñîóëä) = ïðîäà(âà)òü ———————————————————————————————
(à çäåñü åù¸ ↑ ïðèáàâèëîñü «íîðìàëüíîå» “+d”) NB !
shine (shone, shone) – øÿéí (ø¸óí) = ñâåòèòü Î÷åíü ðåêîìåíäóþ îáðàòèòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà ìîè êíèãè
sit (sat, sat) – ñèò (ñæò) = ñèäåòü
slide (slid, slid) – ñëàéä (ñëèä) = ñêîëüçèòü «5 ñåíñàöèé»
spin (spun, spun) – ñïèí (ñïàí) = ïðÿñòü; è
êðóòèòü(-ñÿ) «Â íà÷àëå áûëî ñëîâî. Ðóññêîå».
stand (stood, stood) – ñòæíä (ñòóä) = ñòîÿòü
stick (stuck, stuck) – ñòèê (ñòàê) = ëèïíóòü Ñïðàøèâàéòå èõ â ìàãàçèíàõ Âàøåãî ãîðîäà
sting (stung, stung) – ñòèíã (ñòàíã) = æàëèòü èëè
swing (swung, swung) – ñwèíã (ñwàíã) = êà÷àòü çàêàçûâàéòå â ìî¸ì èíòåðíåò-ìàãàçèíå ïî àäðåñó:
win (won, won) – wèí (wàí) = ïîáåæäàòü
wind (wound, wound) – wàéíä (wàóíä) = íàìàòûâàòü; www.dragunkin.ru
èçâèâàòüñÿ; À. Äðàãóíêèí.
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×ÅÒ¨ÐÒÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ â)
ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ
Íó à çäåñü íàäî äåöë íàïðÿ÷üñÿ!
(ñ ðàçíûìè 2-é è 3-é ôîðìàìè – âñåãî 55 øòóê):
arise (arose, arisen) – ýðàéç (ýðîóç, ýðàéçí) = âîçíèêàòü
à)
bear (bore, born) – áýý (áîî, áîîí) = ðîæ(ä)àòü
ÊÀÊ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÒÜ ýòè 3 ñëîâà?
bear (bore, borne) – áýý (áîî, áîîí) = íåñòè, íîñèòü
↓
Ëåãêî! – Ïîòîìó ÷òî 3-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ïîäãðóïïû beat (beat, beaten) – áèèò (áýò, áèèòí) = áèòü
ñîâïàäàåò ñî ñëîâàðíîé: begin (began, begun) – áèãèí (áèãæí, áèãàí) = íà÷èíàòü
blow (blew, blown) – áë¸ó (áëþó, áë¸óí) = äóòü
become (became, become) – áèêàì (áèêýéì, áèêàì) = break (broke, broken) – áðýéê (áðîóê, áðîóêí) = ëîìàòü
= ñòàíîâèòüñÿ choose (chose, chosen) – ÷óóç (÷îóç, ÷îóçí) = âûá(è)ðàòü
come (came, come) – êàì (êýéì, êàì) = ïðèäòè, ïðèõîäèòü do (did, done) – äóó (äèä, äàí) = äåëàòü
run (ran, run) – ðàí (ðæí, ðàí) = áåæàòü, áåãàòü;
draw (drew, drawn) – äðîî (äðóó, äðîîí) = òàùèòü; ðèñîâàòü
drive (drove, driven) – äðàéâ (äðîóâ, äðàéâí) = ãíàòü;
á) âîäèòü (ìàøèíó)
À ÝÒÈ ↓ ? eat (ate, eaten) – èèò (ýéò, èèòí) = åñòü, êóøàòü
Òîæå ëåãêî, ïîòîìó ÷òî fall (fell, fallen) – ôîîë (ôýë, ôîîëí) = ïàäàòü
èõ 2-å ôîðìû ïðàâèëüíûå – âñå íà “+D”, fly (flew, flown) – ôëàé (ôëþó, ôëîóí) = ëåòàòü
à 3-è – íåïðàâèëüíûå = âñå íà “+N”: forbear(forbore, forborne) – ôîáýý (ôîáîî, ôîáîîí) = âîçäåðæèâàòüñÿ
forget (forgot, forgotten) – ôýãýò (ôîãîò, ôîãîòí) = çàáû(âà)òü
lade (laded, laden) – ëýéä (ëýéäèä, ëýéäí) = ãðóçèòü freeze (froze, frozen) – ôðèèç (ôðîóç, ôðîóçí) = çàìåðçàòü
mow (mowed, mown) – ìîó (ìîóä, ìîóí) = êîñèòü (òðàâó)
give (gave, given) – ãèâ (ãýéâ, ãèâí) = äà(âà)òü
rive (rived, riven) – ðàéâ (ðàéâä, ðàéâí) = (ðàç)ðóáèòü
saw (sawed, sawn) – ñîî (ñîîä, ñîîí) = ïèëèòü go* (went*, gone) – ãîó (wýíò, ãîí) = èäòè; óõîäèòü
shave (shaved, shaven) – øüåéâ (øüåéâä, øüåéâí) = áðèòü grow (grew, grown) – ãðîó (ãðóó, ãðîóí) = ðàñòè
show (showed, shown) – ø¸ó (ø¸óä, ø¸óí) = ïîêàç(ûâ)àòü know (knew, known) – íîó (íúþó, íîóí) = çíàòü
sow (sowed, sown) – ñîó (ñîóä, ñîóí) = ñåÿòü
strew (strewed, strewn) – ñòðóó (ñòðóóä, ñòðóóí) = ñûïàòü lie (lay, lain) – ëàé (ëýé, ëýéí) = ëåæàòü
swell (swelled, swîllen) – ñwýë (ñwýëä, ñwîîëí) = ðàñïóõàòü; ride (rode, ridden) – ðàéä (ðîóä, ðèäí) = åõàòü (âåðõîì)
ring (rang, rung) – ðèíã (ðæíã, ðàíã) = çâîíèòü
rise (rose, risen) – ðàéç (ðîóç, ðàéçí) = âñòà(âà)òü
see (saw, seen) – ñèè (ñîî, ñèèí) = âèäåòü, ñìîòðåòü
shake (shook, shaken) – øüåéê (øþê, øüåéêí) = òðÿñòè
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8. 53 àíãëèéñêèå ôîðìóëû Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
sing (sang, sung) – ñèíã (ñæíã, ñàíã) = ïåòü ÏßÒÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ
slay (slew, slain) – ñëýé (ñëþó, ñëýéí) = óáè(âà)òü ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ
speak (spoke, spoken) – ñïèèê (ñïîóê, ñïîóêí) = ãîâîðèòü
(ñ òðåìÿ ðàçíûìè ôîðìàìè.
spring (sprang, sprung) – ñïðèíã (ñïðæíã, ñïðàíã) = ïðûãíóòü
steal (stole, stolen) – ñòèèë (ñòîóë, ñòîóëí) = (ó)êðàñòü È îíà æå ñàìàÿ «ï¸ñòðàÿ»! =
= 29 øòóê).
stink (stank, stunk) – ñòèíê (ñòæíê, ñòàíê) = âîíÿòü
stride (strode, stridden) – ñòðàéä (ñòðîóä, ñòðèäí) = øàãàòü Ýòî, ïîæàëóé, ñàìàÿ òðóäíàÿ ãðóïïà ãëàãîëîâ,
strive (strove, striven) – ñòðàéâ (ñòðîóâ, ñòðàéâí) = ñòàðàòüñÿ ïîñêîëüêó ïî÷òè âñå èç íèõ èìåþò
swear (swore, sworen) – ñwýý (ñwîî, ñwîîí) = êëÿñòüñÿ ïî äâå 2-ûõ èëè 3-èõ ôîðìû –
– íî çíàòü-òî èõ âñå ðàâíî íàäî!
swim (swam, swum) – ñwèì (ñwîì, ñwàì) = ïëàâàòü, ïëûòü
(Ñì. ïðèìå÷àíèå â êîíöå ýòîãî ñïèñêà).
take (took, taken) – òýéê (òóê, òýéêí) = áðàòü, âçÿòü
tear (tore, torn) – òýý (òîî, òîîí) = ðàçðûâàòü Âåäü – êðîìå âñåãî ïðî÷åãî –
throw (threw, thrown) – θ ðîó (θðóó, θðîóí) = áðîñàòü ýòî åù¸ è îáû÷íîå óâåëè÷åíèå Âàøåãî æå ñëîâàðíîãî çàïàñà!
wear (wore, worn) – wýý (wîî, wîîí) = íîñèòü (îäåæäó)
Ïîìíèì, ÷òî âî âòîðîì ñòîëáèêå –
weave (wove, woven) – wèèâ (wîóâ, wóâí) = òêàòü
– ãîòîâûå ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè –
write (wrote, written) – ðàéò (ðîóò, ðèòí) = (íà)ïèñàòü.
– áåðèòå è ãîâîðèòå!,
* Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå: à â òðåòüåì – ãîòîâûå ôîðìû (ïàññèâíîãî) îïðåäåëåíèÿ –
– áåðèòå è ïîëüçóéòåñü!
ñåãîäíÿøíÿÿ 2-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà “go”
(= “went” – wýíò = «óø¸ë») 1-ÿ ôîðìà Çíà÷åíèå: 2-ÿ ôîðìà 3-ÿ ôîðìà
«âçÿòà» àíãëè÷àíàìè ó ñîâñåì äðóãîãî ãëàãîëà – (ñëîâàðíàÿ): (ïðîø. âðåìÿ): (îïðåäåëåíèå):
– ó ñòàðîãî ãëàãîëà “wend”, êîòîðûé – ñëàâà Áîãó! –
awake = ïðîñûïàòüñÿ awoke awaked/awoke
– òîæå çíà÷èë «èäòè», «óõîäèòü» (ñì. ñòð. 280)! ýwýéê ýwîóê ýwýéêò, ýwîóê
Òåïåðü Âû çíàåòå óæå ïðèìåðíî 70% âîîáùå âñåõ bid = âåëåòü; bid/bade bid/bidden
íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, è/ëè çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå ïîëîâèíû áèä ïðåäëàãàòü áèä, áýéä áèä, áèäí
íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ «ïåðâîé íåîáõîäèìîñòè».
bind = çàâÿçûâàòü bound bound/bounden*
———————————————————————————————
áàéíä áàóíä áàóíä, áàóíäýí
bite = êóñàòü bit bit /bitten
áàéò áèò áèò, áèòí
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9. 53 àíãëèéñêèå ôîðìóëû Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
cleave = ðàñêàëûâàòü clave/cleft cleft melt = ïëàâèòü melted melted/molten*
êëèèâ êëýéâ, êëýôò êëýôò ìýëò ìýëòèä ìýëòèä, ìîëòí
dare = îñìåëèòüñÿ dared/durst dared owe = áûòü äîëæíûì owed/ought owed
äýý äýýä, 䜜ñò äýýä îó îóä, îîò îóä
dream = ìå÷òàòü dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt quit = ïîêèäàòü quitted/quit quitted/quit
äðèèì äðèèìä, äðýìò äðèèìä, äðýìò êwèò êwèòèä, êwèò êwèòèä, êwèò
drink = ïèòü drank drunk/drunken rot = ãíèòü rotted rotted/rotten*
äðèíê äðæíê äðàíê, äðàíêí ðîò ðîòèä ðîòèä, ðîòí
get = ïîëó÷àòü got got/gotten* seethe = êèïåòü seethed seethed/sodden
ãýò ãîò ãîò, ãîòí ñèèð (÷óâñòâàìè) ñèèðä ñèèðä, ñîäí
grave = âûñåêàòü graved graved/graven* sew = øèòü sewed sewed/sewn*
ãðýéâ ãðýéâä ãðýéâä, ãðýéâí ñúþó ñúþóä ñúþóä, ñúþóí
hang = âåøàòü hanged/hung hanged/hung shrink = ñú¸æè(âà)òüñÿ shrank shrunk/shrunken*
õæíã õæíãä, õàíã õæíãä, õàíã øüðèíê øüðæíê øüðàíê, øüðàíêí
hide = ïðÿòàòü hid hid/hidden* sink = îïóñêàòü sank sunk/sunken*
õàéä õèä õèä, õèäí ñèíê ñæíê ñàíê, ñàíêí
lean = îïèðàòüñÿ leaned/leant leaned/leant spit = ïëåâàòü spit/spat spat
ëèèí ëèèíä, ëýíò ëèèíä, ëýíò ñïèò ñïèò, ñïæò ñïæò
learn = èçó÷àòü learned learned/learnt* spoil = ïîðòèòü spoiled/spoilt spoiled/spoilt
뜜í 뜜íä 뜜íä, 뜜íò ñïîéë ñïîéëä, ñïîéëò ñïîéëä, ñïîéëò
light = îñâåùàòü lighted/lit lighted/lit strike = óäàðÿòü struck struck/stricken*
ëàéò ëàéòèä, ëèò ëàéòèä, ëèò ñòðàéê ñòðàê ñòðàê, ñòðèêí
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10. 53 àíãëèéñêèå ôîðìóëû Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
thrive = ïðîöâåòàòü thrived/throve thrived/thriven ØÅÑÒÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ
θðàéâ θðàéâä, θðîóâ θðàéâä, θðàéâí
ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ
tread = ñòóïàòü trod trod/trodden (î÷åíü ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíûõ).
òðèèä òðîä òðîä, òðîäí 20 øòóê:
work = ðàáîòàòü worked/wrought worked/wrought. abide – ýáàéä = æèòü
wœœê wœœêò, ðîîò wœœêò, ðîîò (abode, abode) (ýáîóä)
beget – áèãýò = ðîæäàòü
* Ôîðìû, îòìå÷åííûå çâ¸çäî÷êîé, (begot, begotten) (áèãîò, áèãîòí)
ñåãîäíÿ óæå
íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñîñòàâå êîíñòðóêöèé, behold – áèõîóëä = âèäåòü
(beheld, beheld) (áèõýëä)
beseech – áèñèèò÷ = óìîëÿòü
à òîëüêî: (besought, besought) (áèñîîò)
chide – ÷àéä = áðàíèòü
à) êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, (chid, chid/chidden) (÷ûä, ÷ûä/÷ûäí)
íàïðèìåð:
fling – ôëèíã = êèäàòü
A SUNKEN ship = ÇÀÒÎÍÓÂØÅÅ ñóäíî. (flung, flung) (ôëàíã)
A LEARNT scholar = ÏÐÎÑÂÅÙ¨ÍÍÛÉ ó÷¸íûé. forsake – ôîñýéê = ïîêèäàòü,
(forsook, forsaken) (ôîñóê, ôîñýéêí) = áðîñàòü
WROUGHT iron = ÊÎÂÀÍÎÅ æåëåçî;
gild – ãèëä = çîëîòèòü
(gilded, gilded/gilt*) (ãèëäèä, ãèëäèä/ãèëò)
á) èëè êàê ÷àñòü «ñîñòàâíûõ» îïðåäåëåíèé, gird – 㜜ä = îïîÿñ(ûâ)àòü
íàïðèìåð: (girded/girt, girt) (㜜äèä/㜜ò, 㜜ò)
An horror-STRICKEN man = ×åëîâåê, ÎÕÂÀ×ÅÍÍÛÉ óæàñîì hew – õúþó = ðóáèòü
æíîðýñòðèêí ìæí (= «óæàñî-ÎÁÚßÒÛÉ»). (hewed, hewed/hewn*) (õúþóä, õúþóä/õúþóí)
ken** – êåí = çíàòü
(kent, kent) (êåíò)
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11. 53 àíãëèéñêèå ôîðìóëû Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
rend – ðýíä = ðâàòü ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ÀËÔÀÂÈÒ.
(rent, rent) (ðýíò)
Âàì îáÿçàòåëüíî íóæíî âûó÷èòü íàèçóñòü íàçâàíèÿ àíãëèéñêèõ
shear – øüèý = ñòðè÷ü áóêâ, òàê êàê ïðè öèòèðîâàíèè ñëîâ ïî áóêâàì àíãëè÷àíå ÷¸òêî
(sheared, sheared/shorn*) (øüèýä, øüèýä/ø¸îí)
ïðîèçíîñÿò íàçâàíèÿ áóêâ, èç êîòîðûõ ýòè ñëîâà ñîñòîÿò.
sling – ñëèíã = ìåòàòü Ïî-àíãëèéñêè ýòî íàçûâàåòñÿ “SPELLING”, à «ïðîèçíîñèòü ïî
(slung, slung) (ñëàíã) (èç ïðàùè) áóêâàì» = “to spell”, íàïðèìåð:
ñëîâî “APPLE” àíãëè÷àíèí ïðî÷ò¸ò ïî áóêâàì
slink – ñëèíê = êðàñòüñÿ êàê «ÝÉ- äàáë ÏÈÈ - ÝË - ÈÈ»,
(slunk, slunk) (ñëàíê)
ïðè÷¸ì «äàáë» = “double” çíà÷èò «äâîéíîé» – òàê
smite – ñìàéò = óäàðÿòü ãîâîðÿò àíãëè÷àíå âìåñòî òîãî, ÷òîáû ãîâîðèòü «ÏÈÈ - ÏÈÈ»
(smote, smit/smitten) (ñìîóò, ñìèò/ñìèòí) (òî åñòü «2 ïý»).
stave – ñòýéâ = ïðîëàìûâàòü
(staved/stove, staved/stove) (ñòýéâä, ñòîóâ) À [ýé] Í [ýéò÷] Î [îó] V [âè:]
 [áè:] I [àé] Ð [ïè:] W [äàáëú þ:]
string – ñòðèíã = íàíèç(ûâ)àòü Ñ [ñè:] J [äüæåé] Q [êúþ:] Õ [ýêñ]
(strung, strung) (ñòðàíã) D [äè:] Ê [êýé] R [à:] Y [wàé]
Å [è:] L [ýë] S [ýñ] Z [çýä]
wend** – wýíä = óõîäèòü . [ýô] Ì [ýì] T [òè]
(went, went) (wýíò) G [äüæè:] N [ýí] U [þ:]
wring – ðèíã = æàòü (õëåá).
(wrung, wrung) (ðàíã) 1. ÌÍÎÆÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÅ ×ÈÑËÎ ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕ.
Ïðàâèëüíîå îáðàçîâàíèå ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà:
* Ýòè 3-è ôîðìû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ
òîëüêî êàê îïðåäåëåíèÿ; a) ïðè ïîìîùè îêîí÷àíèé “+s”, “+es”:
book → books; bus → buses; shoe → shoes;
** Ýòè ãëàãîëû ñåãîäíÿ óæå íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, á) êîíå÷íîå “-ó” ïîñëå ñîãëàñíîé èçìåíÿåòñÿ íà “-ie+s”:
íî ñëîâî/ôîðìà “went” lady → ladies; fly → flies; city → cities;
ñåé÷àñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ åù¸ è 2-îé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà “go”. â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ êîíå÷íîå “-f” ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â “-ve+s”:
half → halves; knife → knives; leaf → leaves;
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Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, óïîòðåáëÿåìûå òîëüêî Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, èìåþùèå âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå
âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå äîïîëíèòåëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ:
(è ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñëîâàðíîé ôîðìå):
Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî: Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî:
archives – ààêàéâç = àðõèâ/-û
binoculars – áàéíîêüþëýñ = áèíîêëü arm – ààì = ðóêà arms – îðóæèå
clothes – êëîó,ñ = îäåæäà colour – êàëý = öâåò colours – ôëàãè
glasses – ãëààñèç = î÷êè custom – êàñòýì = ïðèâû÷êà customs – òàìîæíÿ
jeans – äæüèèíç = äæèíñû
good – ãóä = äîáðî goods – òîâàðû
pants – ïæíòñ = øòàíû; òðóñû
iron – àéýí = æåëåçî irons – íàðó÷íèêè
pyjamas – ïýäææàìýç = ïèæàìà
pain – ïýéí = áîëü pains – óñèëèÿ
scissors – ñèçýñ = íîæíèöû
shorts – øü¸îòñ = øîðòû part – ïààò = ÷àñòü parts – öåëîå
tights – òàéòñ = êîëãîòêè scale – ñêýéë = ìàñøòàá scales – âåñû.
* Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå “trousers” – òðàóçýñ = «áðþêè» òåïåðü 2. ËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß.
óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ è â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå “trouser” – òðàóçý
(ÿ ñàì âèäåë âî ìíîãèõ áóòèêàõ â Ëîíäîíå);
Cóáúåêòíûå: Îáúåêòíûå:
Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, èìþùèå ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà,
óïîòðåáëÿåìûå ñ ãëàãîëîì â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (= “+(e)S”): I: I like Ann. me: Ann likes me.
you: You like Ann. you: Ann likes you.
àthletics – æ6ëåòèêñ = àòëåòèêà he: He likes Ann. him: Ann likes him.
billiards – áèëüýäç = áèëëèàðä, áèëüÿðä she: She likes Ann. her: Ann likes her.
draughts – äðîîòñ = øàøêè
it: It likes Ann. it: Ann likes it.
economics – èêýíîìèêñ = ýêîíîìèêà
we: We like Ann. us: Ann likes us.
gymnastics – äæüèìíæñòèêñ = ãèìíàñòèêà
hysterics – õèñòýðèêñ = èñòåðèÿ you: You like Ann. you: Ann likes you.
mathematics – ìæ6èìæòèêñ = ìàòåìàòèêà they: They like Ann. them: Ann likes them.
physics – ôèçèêñ = ôèçèêà
politics – ïîëèòèêñ = ïîëèòèêà
statistics – ñòýòèñòèêñ = ñòàòèñòèêà;
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13. 53 àíãëèéñêèå ôîðìóëû Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
3. ÏÐÈÒßÆÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß. either … or … – àé,ý … îî … = èëè … èëè …:
Either you are wrong or I am.
Hå óïîòðåáëÿåìûå Óïîòðåáëÿåìûå Èëè Âû îøèáàåòåñü, èëè ÿ.
ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî: ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî:
neither – íàé,ý = íè îäèí (èç):
My: It’s my car. Mine: It’s mine. Neither of the two is happy.
Your: It’s your car. Yours: It’s yours. Íè îäèí èç äâîèõ íå ñ÷àñòëèâ.
His: It’s his car. His: It’s his.
Her: It’s her car. Hers: It’s hers. neither … nor … – íàé,ý … íîî … = íè ..., íè ...:
Its: The bird hurt its wing. Its: It’s its. Íå neither drinks, nor smokes.
Our: It’s our car. Ours: It’s ours. Îí íè ïü¸ò, íè êóðèò.
Your: It’s your car. Yours: It’s yours.
Their: It’s their car. Theirs: It’s theirs. every – ýâðè = êàæäûé:
She visits them every third week.
4. ÂÎÇÂÐÀÒÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (= «ñåáÿ», «-cÿ»): Îíà ïðèåçæàåò ê íèì êàæäóþ
òðåòüþ íåäåëþ.
myself – ìàéñýëô –I looked at myself.
yourself – ¸îñýëô – You looked at yourself. each – èèò÷ = êàæäûé (èç):
himself – õèìñýëô – He looked at himself. They cost a pound each.
herself – õœœñýëô – She looked at herself. Îíè ñòîèëè no ôóíòó êàæäàÿ.
itself – èòñýëô – It looked at itself.
ourselves – àóýñýëâç – We looked at ourselves.
6. ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÎÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈÅ “OTHER” – à,ý:
yourselves – ¸îñýëâç – You looked at yourselves.
themselves – ,ýìñýëâç – They looked at themselves. Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî:
other pen = äðóãàÿ/ñëåäóþùàÿ ðó÷êà
5. ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß: another pen = äðóãàÿ/åù¸ îäíà ðó÷êà
the other pen = (òà) äðóãàÿ ðó÷êà,
all – îîë = öåëûé, âåñü: îñòàâøàÿñÿ ðó÷êà;
He worked all year round.
Îí ðàáîòàë öåëûé ãîä. Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî:
other boys = äðóãèå ìàëü÷èêè
either – àé,ý = îáà, êàæäûé (èç): the other boys = òå /äðóãèå/îñòàâøèåñÿ ìàëü÷èêè
others* are swimming = äðóãèå ïëûâóò/ïëàâàþò
Either plan is corect. the others* went = òå /äðóãèå/îñòàâøèåñÿ óøëè
Îáà ïëàíà ïðàâèëüíû.
* – èñïîëüçóåòñÿ áåç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.
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7. ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÛÅ ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß. Êîðíè: 4:
the square root of four
SOME: ANY: NO: EVERY: 4:
ñàì ýíè íîó ýâðè the cube root of four
4:
×ÅËÎÂÅÊ: somebody anybody nobody everybody the n-th root of four;
someone anyone no one everyone
ÏÐÅÄÌÅÒ: something anything nothing everything Äðîáè: 1/2:
ÌÅÑÒÎ: somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere one half
ÂÐÅÌß: sometimes at any time never every time. 1/3:
one third
11/13:
8. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß. eleven thirteenths.
Ñëîæåíèå: 2 + 3 = 5:
two plus three equals (or: is) five (èêwýëç). 9. ÎÁÎÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÅ ÂÐÅÌÅÍÈ è ÄÀÒÛ:
Âû÷èòàíèå: 6 – 2 = 4:
six minus two equals (or: is) four. Êîòîðûé ÷àñ? = What is the time?
Óìíîæåíèå: 2 × 3 = 6: What time is it now?
two times three equals (or: is) six. l:00 = it’s one o’clock 3:30 = it’s half past 3
Äåëåíèå: 8 : 2 = 4: 3:00 = it’s three o’clock 3:35 = it’s 25 to 4
eight divided by two equals (or: is) four. 3:05 = it’s 5 past 3 3:40 = it’s 20 to 4
3:10 = it’s 10 past 3 3:45 = it’s a quarter to 4
«Îòâåò ðàâåí 7»:
3:15 = it’s a quarter past 3 3:50 = it’s 10 to 4
the result is 7.
3:20 = it’s 20 past 3 3:55 = it’s 5 to 4
Ñòåïåíè: 42:
four squared ß âñòðå÷ó òåáÿ â 1700 = I’ll meet you at 5 p.m.
43: àéë ìèèò þó æò ôàéâ ïèè æì
four cubed I’ll meet you at seventeen 00.
44: àéë ìèèò þó æò ñýâýíòèèí îó-îó
four to the fourth
4n: Âðåìÿ îò ïîëóíî÷è äî ïîëóäíÿ (ò. å. íî÷ü è óòðî)
four to the n-th; îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ñîêðàùåíèåì a.m. [ei əm]:
5 à.m. – 5 ÷àñîâ óòðà.
10 a.m. – 10 ÷àñîâ óòðà.
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Âðåìÿ îò ïîëóäíÿ äî ïîëóíî÷è (äåíü è âå÷åð) Ìíå íåëüçÿ:
îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ñîêðàùåíèåì p.m. [pi: əm]: I may not – I may not
5 p.m. = 17:00 èëè «5 ÷àñîâ äíÿ». I must not – I must not
10 p.m. = 22:00 èëè «10 âå÷åðà». I am not to I was not to –
I am not allowed to I was not allowed to I will be not allowed to
Íî ìîæíî, êîíå÷íî, ñêàçàòü è:
Äîëæåí:
at 9 in the morning = â 9 óòðà I must – I must
at 5 in the afternoon = â 5 ïîñëå îáåäà I have to … I had to … I will have to …
at 7 in the evening = â 7 âå÷åðà I am to … I was to … I’ll be to ...
at 11 at night = â 11 âå÷åðà.
Íå äîëæåí:
Ïèøåì: ×èòàåì: I must not I don’t have to … I will not have to …
8th June 1986 = the eighth of June nineteen eighty-six I am not to … I was not to … –
June 8th 1986 = June the eighth, nineteen eighty-six. I don’t have to … I didn’t have to … I will not have to …
Íå íóæíî:
10. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ (ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÅ) ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ: I need not/needn’t … – I need not/needn’t …
I don’t need to … I didn’t need to … I won’t need to ...
Íàñòîÿùåå âð.: Ïðîøåäøåå âð.: Áóäóùåå âð.:
Ìîãó, óìåþ: Ìîã, ñ/óìåë: Ñìîãó, ñóìåþ NB. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíåì ïðèìåðå âèäíî,
áóäó â ñîñòîÿíèè: ↑ êàê ðàçíîå ÂÐÅÌß ïîêàçûâàåòñÿ
òîëüêî ðàçíûìè îòðèöàòåëüíûìè ÷àñòèöàìè !!!
I can I could I can
I am able to … I was able to … I will be able to …
11. ÏÎÐßÄÎÊ ÑËΠâ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ:
He ìîãó, íå óìåþ: Íå ìîã, íå óìåë: Íå ñìîãó, íå ñóìåþ,
íå áóäó â ñîñòîÿíèè: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Ïîäëåæàùåå Ñêàçóåìîå Äîïîëíåíèå Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî
I cannot, I can't I could not, I couldn't I cannot, I can't
ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ: ÃËÀÃÎË: ÎÁÚÅÊÒ: äåéñòâèÿ: ìåñòà: âðåìåíè:
I am not able to … I was not able to … I will not able to …
Everybody studies languages intensively at school now.
Ìíå ìîæíî (ðàçðåøàåòñÿ, ðàçðåøåíî): Íå spoke English fluently at our lesson yesterday.
I may – I may
I am allowed to … I was allowed to … I will be allowed to …
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12. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ÂÐĄ̊Í: 14. ÏÎÄ×ÈÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÑÎÞÇÛ:
Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü: after ïîçäíåå, ïîòîì, ïîñëå
Íå said, “I study English every day”. as êîãäà ...; òàêæå êàê è ...
He said, “I studied English”. as ... as ... òàê ..., êàê …
He said, “I will study English”; as if (as though) ... êàê åñëè áû …
as long as … ïîêà …; äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå …
Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü: as soon as … êàê òîëüêî …
He said (that) he studied English every day. because ïîòîìó ÷òî
Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî åæåäíåâíî çàíèìàåòñÿ àíãëèéñêèì. before ðàíåå, äî, ïåðåä
if åñëè; åñëè áû
Íå said he had studied English. in order that … ÷òîáû;
Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî (ðàíüøå) çàíèìàëñÿ àíãëèéñêèì. äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ...
in spite of … íåñìîòðÿ íà ...
He said (that) he would study English. (the fact that) ... (òîò ôàêò, ÷òî) ...
Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî áóäåò çàíèìàòüñÿ àíãëèéñêèì. lest ÷òîáû íå
no sooner ... than … íå ðàíåå, ÷åì ...,
íå ïðåæäå, ÷åì ...
13. ÑÎÅÄÈÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÑÎÞÇÛ: not as (not so) ... as … íå òàê ..., êàê ...
provided (that …) ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî ...;
and à, è ïðè óñëîâèè, åñëè ...
as well as ... òàêæå, ðàâíî êàê è ... since ïîñêîëüêó; òàê êàê …;
both ... and … è ... è ...; êàê ..., òàê è ... ñ òîãî âðåìåíè êàê ...;
but íî, à ñ òîé ïîðû êàê ...
so that … ÷òîáû …
either ... or … èëè ..., èëè ...
so ... that … òàê, ÷òîáû ...
for òàê êàê, ïîòîìó, ïîñêîëüêó
such ... that … òàêîé, êàê ...
however êàê áû òî íè áûëî
supposing (that) … åñëè ... , ïðåäïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî ...
neither ... nor … íè ..., íè ...
till, until äî; êàê òîëüêî ...,
nevertheless òåì íå ìåíåå.
äî òåõ ïîð êaê ...
or èëè, ëèáî
... than ... ..., ÷åì ...
so òàê ÷òî, èòàê, ïîýòîìó
that ÷òî, ÷òîáû
still íî, òåì íå ìåíåå, âåäü
though, although õîòÿ, õîòü
therefore ïîýòîìó
unless ... åñëè íå ...
thus òàêèì îáðàçîì, òàê
when êîãäà
yet íî, õîòÿ, òåì íå ìåíåå
where ãäå, êóäà
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wherever âåçäå; ãäå áû òî íè áûëî, 3) Çàïÿòûìè âñåãäà îòäåëÿþòñÿ îïðåäåë¸ííûå ñëîâà è âûðàæå-
ãäå óãîäíî, êóäà óãîäíî íèÿ.
whether ëè Ïðåæäå âñåãî ðå÷ü èä¸ò î:
while ... ïîêà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ...
however êàê áû òî íè áûëî
15. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÇÀÏßÒÛÕ. nevertheless òåì íå ìåíåå, íåñìîòðÿ íà ...
in òó opinion ïî ìîåìó ìíåíèþ
Ïðè íàïèñàíèè òåõ èëè èíûõ àíãëèéñêèõ òåêñòîâ çàïÿòàÿ íåîá- therefore ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïîýòîìó
õîäèìà, â îñíîâíîì, äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ðàçäåëÿòü äëèííûå ïðåäëîæå- indeed íà ñàìîì äåëå, äåéñòâèòåëüíî
íèÿ íà áîëåå êîðîòêèå. evidently è obviously âèäèìî, ïîæàëóé, ÿâíî
Çà÷àñòóþ îò ñàìîãî àâòîðà òåêñòà çàâèñèò, ïîñòàâèò îí çàïÿòóþ well íó, ...
èëè íåò. Åñëè ó Âàñ áóäóò ñîìíåíèÿ – ñòàâèòü èëè íå ñòàâèòü –
– ëó÷øå îáîéäèòåñü áåç íå¸! – In my opinion, he was guilty.
È íàîáîðîò – åñëè çàïÿòàÿ ïîìîæåò ëó÷øå ïîíÿòü ñìûñë ïðåä- – Ïî ìîåìó ìíåíèþ, îí áûë âèíîâåí.
ëîæåíèÿ, òî ëó÷øå å¸ ïîñòàâüòå! – The judge’s opinion, however, was that he was innocent.
– Ho no ìíåíèþ ñóäüè, êàê áû òî íè áûëî, îí áûë íåâèíîâåí;
Âîò îñíîâíûå ïðàâèëà óïîòðåáëåíèÿ çàïÿòûõ:
1) Åñëè â ñëîæíîñî÷èí¸ííîì ïðåäëîæåíèè åãî ÷àñòè ñîåäèíåíû 4) Çàïÿòîé îòäåëÿþòñÿ ðàâíîçíà÷íûå, íî ïðîòèâîðå÷àùèå
ñîþçàìè and, or, but, for, nor, neither, yet: äðóã äðóãó âûðàæåíèÿ:
– Mary works hard, but her sister is lazy. – His name is Michael, not John.
– Ìýðè óïîðíî ðàáîòàåò, íî å¸ ñåñòðà ëåíèâà. – Åãî çîâóò Ìàéêë, à íå Äæîí;
NB: Íî â êðàòêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ çàïÿòûå íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ: 5) Çàïÿòàÿ îáÿçàòåëüíà:
à) ïåðåä è ïîñëå “PLEASE”:
– Mary studied and John played.
– Ìýðè ó÷èëàñü, à Äæîí èãðàë; – Can you lend me the book, please?
– Âû íå îäîëæèòå ìíå êíèæêó, ïîæàëóéñòà?
2) Çàïÿòûìè âûäåëÿþòñÿ âòîðîñòåïåííûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èëè ãðóï-
ïû ñëîâ, èìåþùèå ÷èñòî îáúÿñíÿþùóþ ôóíêöèþ, è áåç êîòîðûõ á) ïîñëå “YES” è “NO”:
ìîæíî îáîéòèñü:
– Yes, I can.
– The date of Easter, as is well known, changes from year to year. – Äà, ÿ ìîãó.
– Äàòà ïàñõè, êàê ýòî õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, ìåíÿåòñÿ â êàæäîì ãîäó; – No, I cannot.
– Íåò, íå ìîãó;
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â) ïåðåä èëè ïîñëå èìåíè ñîáñòâåííîãî ïðè îáðàùåíèè: 9) Çàïÿòîé ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ äàòû è íàçâàíèÿ ìåñòíîñòåé:
- Come in, John! – Íå left May 10, 1998 to go to London.
- Âõîäè, Äæîí! – Îí óø¸ë 10 ìàÿ 1998 ãîäà, ÷òîáû îòïðàâèòüñÿ â Ëîíäîí.
ã) ïðè ïåðå÷èñëåíèè: – There he met a young woman from Cincinnati, Ohio.
... cars, lorries, ships and planes ... - ìàøèíû, ãðóçîâèêè, – Òàì îí âñòðåòèë äåâóøêó èç Öèíöèííàòè, øòàò Îãàéî;
ñóäà è ñàìîë¸òû;
ä) åñëè â ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè 10) Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà, ñòîÿùèå â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáÿçàòåëü-
âòîðîñòåïåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñòîèò ïåðåä ãëàâíûì: íî îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé:
– When she returned, I made a cup of coffee. – Outside, a lot of people were waiting for me.
– Êîãäà îíà âåðíóëàñü, ÿ ñäåëàë ÷àøêó êîôå; – Ñíàðóæè ìåíÿ æäàëî ìíîæåñòâî ëþäåé;
6) Çàïÿòûìè âûäåëÿþòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíûå îáúÿñíåíèÿ: 11) Çàïÿòàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä àëüòåðíàòèâíûì âîïðîñîì:
– Mr. Green, the headmaster of our school, told me to write to him.
– This house is theirs, isn’t it?
– Mp. Ãðèí, äèðåêòîð íàøåé øêîëû, âåëåë ìíå íàïèñàòü åìó;
– Ýòîò äîì èõ, íå òàê ëè?
7) Çàïÿòîé âûäåëÿþòñÿ äååïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû:
– John wasn’t ill, was he?
– Íå came here, having first parked his car. – Äæîí íå áûë áîëåí, íå òàê ëè?
– Îí ïðèø¸ë ñþäà, ïðèïàðêîâàâ ñíà÷àëà ñâîþ ìàøèíó;
– Jack didn’t find the key, did he?
8) Çàïÿòàÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñ ïðÿìîé ðå÷üþ: – Äæåê íå íàø¸ë êëþ÷à, íå òàê ëè?
– She said, “It’s none of your business!”.
16. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈß ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÎÂ:
– Îíà ñêàçàëà: «Ýòî íå òâî¸ äåëî!».
– “By mistakes we learn!”, said John. about – ýáàóò = î, îá; îêîëî; âîêðóã; êðóãîì
– «Ìû ó÷èìñÿ íà îøèáêàõ!», – ñêàçàë Äæîí. above – ýáàâ = íàä, âûøå; áîëüøå, ÷åì...
across – ýêðîñ = ïîïåðåê; ÷åðåç; ïî òó ñòîðîíó
– “In my view”, said the judge, “he is innocent!”. after – ààôòý = ïîñëå (ïî âðåìåíè);
– «Ïî ìîåìó ìíåíèþ, – ñêàçàë ñóäüÿ, – îí íåâèíîâåí!»; çà (â ñìûñëå ìåñòà); ïîòîì
against – ýãýéíñò = ïðîòèâ (÷åãî-ëèáî, êîãî-ëèáî)
along – ýëîíã = âäîëü; ïî
among – ýìàíã = ìåæäó; ñðåäè
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around – ýðàóíä = âîêðóã; êðóãîì ÍÀÃËßÄÍÛÅ ÈËËÞÑÒÐÀÖÈÈ
at – æò = ó; âîçëå; â;
ÏÎ ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÞ ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÎÂ
â (ñî çíà÷åíèåì âðåìåíè)
before – áèôîî = äî (ñî çíà÷åíèåì âðåìåíè),
ïåðåä (äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ìåñòà) about – î, îá
They are talking about nature.
behind – áèõàéíä = ïîçàäè; çà
Îíè ãîâîðÿò î ïðèðîäå.
below – áèëîó = ïîä; íèæå
beside – áèñàéä = ðÿäîì ñ; îêîëî
about – îêîëî, ïðèìåðíî (â …)
between – áèòwèèí = ìåæäó äâóìÿ
8:00 I’ll come about 8 o’clock.
beyond – áè¸íä = ïî òó ñòîðîíó; çà
Ïðèäó îêîëî âîñüìè.
by – áàé = ê (ê êàêîìó-òî ñðîêó); ó; âîçëå; ìèìî
during – äúþýðèíã = â òå÷åíèå; âî âðåìÿ
about – âîêðóã, îêîëî (î ìåñòå)
except – èêñýïò = çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì
She likes to have people about her.
for – ôîî = äëÿ; çà
Îíà ëþáèò èìåòü ëþäåé âîêðóã ñåáÿ.
from – ôðîì = îò; ñ
in – èí = â (â çíà÷åíèè ìåñòà);
above – íàä, âûøå
÷åðåç (â çíà÷åíèè âðåìåíè)
The temperature was above average recently.
of – îô, îâ = èç; â; 9876543210987654321
Íåäàâíî òåìïåðàòóðà áûëà âûøå ñðåäíåé.
9876543210987654321
9876543210987654321
9876543210987654321
à òàêæå óêàçûâàåò íà ðîäèò. ïàäåæ,
ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü
across – ÷åðåç, ñêîâçü
on – îí = íà (â çíà÷åíèè ìåñòà); ïî; ïîñëå;
I helped the blind man across the street.
î, îá
ß ïîìîã ñëåïîìó ïåðåéòè ÷åðåç óëèöó.
out, – àóò,
out from àóò ôðîì }
= èç
across – íà ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîé ñòîðîíå
over – îóâý = íàä; ñâåðõ; ÷åðåç My house is just across the square.
through – 6ðóó = ÷åðåç; èç-çà Ìîé äîì ñòîèò íà ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîé
till – òèë = äî; âïëîòü äî ñòîðîíå ïëîùàäè.
towards – òýwîîäç = ê; ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê
under – àíäý = ïîä (÷åì-òî) after – ïîñëå, ÷åðåç (î âðåìåíè)
up – àï = ââåðõ ïî; ââåðõ She returned after me.
with – wè, = ñ Îíà âåðíóëàñü ïîñëå ìåíÿ.
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20. 53 àíãëèéñêèå ôîðìóëû Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
against – ïðîòèâ; íà, î(á) before – ïåðåä, äî (î ìåñòå,
We discussed the arguments for and against. î ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè)
Ìû îáñóäèëè àðãóìåíòû «çà» è «ïðîòèâ». His name comes before mine on the list.
Åãî èìÿ ñòîèò â ñïèñêå ïåðåä ìîèì.
He leaned against the wall.
Îí îáëîêîòèëñÿ íà (îá) ñòåíó. behind – çà, ñçàäè, ïîçàäè
The garden behind your house is beautiful.
along – âäîëü, ïî Ñàä, êîòîðûé íàõîäèòñÿ çà òâîèì äîìîì,
I love driving along narrow country lanes. âåëèêîëåïåí.
Ëþáëþ åçäèòü ïî óçêèì ñåëüñêèì äîðîãàì.
below – ïîä, íèæå ÷åì, ïî
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among – ñðåäè, ìåæäó The water reaches to just below the knees.
He was never particularly popular among his Âîäû â ðåêå åäâà ïî êîëåíî.
colleagues.
Îí íèêîãäà íå áûë ïîïóëÿðåí ñðåäè beside – îêîëî, âáëèçè, ðÿäîì ñ
ñâîèõ êîëëåã. She sudddenly got up from beside me
and hurried out.
around (round) – âîêðóã Îíà âíåçàïíî âñòàëà ñ ìåñòà ðÿäîì ñî
The satellite has passed once more around ìíîþ è âûáåæàëà.
the Earth.
Ñïóòíèê åù¸ ðàç îáëåòåë âîêðóã Çåìëè. between – ìåæäó (äâóìÿ)
The train was standing on the border between
at – íà, â, ó (î ìåñòå), çà .rance and Spain.
He was standing at the window. Ïîåçä ñòîÿë íà ãðàíèöå ìåæäó
Îí ñòîÿë ó îêíà. Ôðàíöèåé è Èñïàíèåé.
at – ê, ïî, íà, â (íàïðàâëåíèè) beyond – çà, íà äðóãîé ñòîðîíå, ïî äðóãîé ñòîðî-
He picked up a stone and threw it at me. íå; ïîçàäè, ñçàäè; âíå
Îí ïîäíÿë êàìåíü è áðîñèë åãî â ìåíÿ. Beyond our house we have a long sandy beach.
Ïîçàäè íàøåãî äîìà åñòü äëèííûé ïåñ÷àíûé
at – â (î âðåìåíè) ïëÿæ.
7:00 He is having breakfast at this moment.
 ýòîò ìîìåíò îí çàâòðàêàåò. 54321
543211 by – ó, ïðè, îêîëî
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During summer holidays they spent three days
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before – ïåðåä, äî, ðàíüøå (î âðåìåíè)
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I’ll get home an hour before the time. 54321
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Âî âðåìÿ ëåòíèõ êàíèêóë îíè ïðîâåëè òðè äíÿ
ß ïîïàäó äîìîé íà ÷àñ ðàíüøå. ó ìîðÿ.
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21. 53 àíãëèéñêèå ôîðìóëû Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
down – âíèç, ïî in – â; ÷åðåç (î âðåìåíè)
Steve was running down the hill, crying 432109876543210987654321
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432109876543210987654321 In the evening I lost my watch in the dark.
silently. 432109876543210987654321
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432109876543210987654321 Âå÷åðîì ÿ ïîòåðÿë ÷àñû â òåìíîòå.
Ñòèâ áåæàë âíèç ïî ñêëîíó õîëìà
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è ìîë÷à ïëàêàë. I’ll be back in a sec.
1
ß âåðíóñü ÷åðåç ñåêóíäó.
during – âî âðåìÿ …, â òå÷åíèå …,
â òî âðåìÿ êàê … in front of – ïåðåä(î), âïåðåäè
20:00 24:00 During the night a woman was shot dead in the hotel. The car in front of me stopped suddenly
Íî÷üþ â îòåëå áûëà çàñòðåëåíà æåíùèíà. and I had to brake.
Ìàøèíà ïåðåäî ìíîþ âíåçàïíî îñòàíîâèëàñü,
ð
for – äëÿ, çà, ðàäè, èç-çà (ïðè÷èíà)
è ÿ áûë âûíóæäåí çàòîðìîçèòü.
Children couldn’t speak for laughing.
Äåòè íå ìîãëè ãîâîðèòü èç-çà ñìåõà.
into – â, âîâíóòðü, âíóòðü
for – íà, äëÿ (öåëü); â òå÷åíèå Two rivers flow into the Baltic Sea.
A poor man brought his old watch for sale. Äâå ðåêè âïàäàþò â Áàëòèéñêîå ìîðå.
Áåäíÿê ïðèí¸ñ ñâîè ñòàðûå ÷àñû íà ïðîäàæó.
of – î, èç
for – íà, â, ê (íàïðàâëåíèå) People who stay abroad often dream of home.
Before you take a train for Glasgow, you must home Ëþäè, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ çà ãðàíèöåé,
change twice. ÷àñòî ìå÷òàþò î äîìå.
Ïåðåä ïîåçäîì íà Ãëàçãî ó Âàñ
äâå ïåðåñàäêè. on – íà (î ìåñòå)
Their clothes hung on a couple of nails.
ð
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for – ê, ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê … 5432109876543210987654321
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Èõ îäåæäà âèñåëà íà ïàðå ãâîçäåé.
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Her hatred for her husband was obvious.
Ÿ íåíàâèñòü ê ìóæó áûëà î÷åâèäíîé.
on – çà, ïîñëå (î âðåìåíè)
for – çà (÷òî-òî), âçàìåí çà … A long period of peace followed on the war.
I paid two pounds for the new textbook. Äîëãèé ïåðèîä ìèðà ïîñëåäîâàë
ß çàïëàòèë äâà ôóíòà çà íîâûé ó÷åáíèê. ïîñëå âîéíû.
from – èç, îò out of – èç
Our cottage stands ten miles from the coast. With your passport you can’t travel out of Russia.
Íàø êîòòåäæ íàõîäèòñÿ â 10 ìèëÿõ Ñ Âàøèì ïàñïîðòîì Âû íå ìîæåòå âûåõàòü
îò ïîáåðåæüÿ. èç Ðîññèè.
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