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Uti
1. INFECTIONS OF THE URINARY
TRACT
NOVEMBER 6, 2014
Ank Nijhawan, MD, MPH
Division of Infectious Diseases
2. Case 1
A 23 yo woman presents to clinic reporting lower abdominal
pain and dysuria for 3 days.
On exam she is afebrile but has suprapubic discomfort.
A urinalysis is sent and shows positive leukocyte esterase,
positive nitrite, 30 WBCs, no epis
Urine culture pending
What other questions do you want to ask?
Vaginal discharge? Sexually active? Back pain? Fever? N/V? History
of PID?
Other exam findings?
CVA tenderness? Pelvic exam?
Other testing?
Consider pregnancy test, urine GC/CT, trichomonas testing,
candida,Bacterial vaginosis, other STIs
Treatment? For how long?
3. Infections of the urinary tract
Urethritis
Prostatitis
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
female
male
5. What is Asymptomatic
Bacteruria?
Isolation of bacteria >= 100,000 CFU/mL
On 2 separate specimens in women, 1 in men
Appropriately collected urine sample
Absence of signs or symptoms of UTI
May or may not have pyuria
7. Who to screen and treat for
Asymptomatic Bacteruria:
Pregnant women (at least once early on)
Prior to Trans-Urethral Resection of the
Prostate (TURP)
If positive, start treatment just prior to procedure
Stop after procedure unless catheter to remain in
place
Prior to urologic procedures where mucosal
bleeding is anticipated
Consider in women with catheter-associated
bacteruria, if bacteruria persists after catheter
removed
8. Who NOT to screen/treat for
Asymptomatic Bacteruria
Premenopausal nonpregnant women
Diabetic women
Older persons living in community
Elderly institutionalized subjects
Persons with spinal cord injury
Catheterized patients where catheter remains
in situ
*Pyuria with asymptomatic bacteruria is not a
reason to treat
9. What about Funguria?
Common diagnosis in inpatients, candida
Usually a benign process
May be difficult to distinguish infection from
colonization, pyuria and colony counts not helpful
Rarely develops into disseminated infection
If catheter in place, consider removal and repeat
U/A and culture
If symptomatic, start antifungal treatment,
fluconazole preferred if susceptible
Amphotericin bladder washes no longer
recommended
11. Epidemiology
UTIs are a common occurrence in otherwise
healthy women
Risk factors:
History of UTI
Sexual activity
Spermicide use
12. Pathogenesis
Colonization of vagina with fecal flora
Cystitis: ascend urethra into bladder
Pyelonephritis: pathogens ascend to kidneys
via ureters
13. Microbiology
75%-95% E. coli
Enterobacteriaceae:
Proteus
Klebsiella
Staph saprophyticus
Frequent contaminants:*
Coag negative staph (other than S. saprophyticus)
Group B strep
Enterococci
Lactobacilli
14. Clinical presentation of
uncomplicated UTI in women
Cystitis Pyelonephritis
Dysuria
Urinary frequency
Urgency
Suprapubic pain
Fevers
Chills
Flank pain
CVA tenderness
Nausea, vomiting
Why are symptoms important?
50% of women with 1 or more UTI symptoms will have a UTI
90% of women with dysuria/frequency but without vaginal irritation
or discharge have a UTI Bent, JAMA, 2002
15. Urinalysis
WBCs: >10 WBCs/microL in urine= pyuria
WBC casts: indicate upper tract infection
RBCs: Hematuria is common in UTI, not
vaginitis
Leukocyte esterase: used to detect
>10WBCs/hpf
Nitrite: indicate >105 Enterobacteriaceae
infection
(which convert urinary nitrate to nitrite); can get
false positives with pyridium or eating beets
17. IDSA Treatment algorithm for
cystitis
Woman with acute uncomplicated
cystitis
Absence of fever, flank pain?
Able to take oral medications?
Consider
Pyelonephritis or
complicated UTI
YES NO
Nitrofurantoin 100mg bid x 5
d
OR
Bactrim DS po bid x 3 d
OR
Fosfomycin 3gm single dose
OR
Pivmecillinam
•If none of these treatments
are an option due to allergy,
compliance, tolerability, may
consider
•Fluoroquinolones
•Select Betalactams
19. Treatment for Pyelonephritis
Indication to get a urine culture
Only Fluoroquinolones are approved as oral
therapy for this
Consider possibility of resistance (e.g. ESBL)
If >10% resistance locally, consider broad
spectrum antibiotics
May require admission/IV antibiotics
20. Recurrent UTIs in Women
25% of women will have a recurrent UTI within 6 months
Defined as >=2 infections in 6 mo or >=3 infections/1 year
Reinfection v. Relapse
Risk factors:
Genetic: nonsecretor uroepithelial cell; decreased IL-8 receptor/CXCR-1
Behavioral: spermicide, diaphragm, history of UTI
Pelvic anatomy: shorter distance between anus and urethra
Post-menopausal women, incontinence
Prophylaxis:
Post-coital voiding, discontinue spermicide/diaphragm
Cranberry juice (?)
Probiotics (suppository better)
Antibiotics
Estrogen cream
21. Interactions between mucosal surfaces and pathogens and
commensals during symptomatic UTI or asymptomatic bacterial
carriageIBC= intracellular bacterial community
Ragnarsdottir, Nature Reviews Urology, 2011
22. Considerations in Men
Men are less likely to get UTIs due to longer
urethra, drier peri-urethral area and
antibacterial secretions from prostate
Some consider all UTIs in men to be
complicated
Differential includes
prostatitis,
epididymitis,
urethritis
23. Acute v. Chronic Bacterial
Prostatitis
Acute Chronic
Micro Similar to UTIs, urethritis Same
Clinical presentation Fevers, chills, dysuria,
pelvic, perineal pain,
cloudy urine, obstructive
symptoms, dribbling of
urine
Milder symptoms
Exam Tender prostate, do not
do vigorous prostatic
massage
BPH, edema, may have
nontender prostate
Diagnosis Urine culture Urine and prostate
secretion culture
Treatment FQ, Bactrim FQ
Special considerations More common in HIV
patients
If presentation
consistent, but cultures
negative, consider
Chlamydia
24. Complicated Cystitis/Pyelonephritis
Clinical Anatomic
Male gender (?)
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Acute Pyelo in past year
Symptoms for >7 d PTA
Hospital Acquired Infection
Multiple drug resistance
Renal failure
Renal transplantation
Immunosuppression
Catheter, stent,
nephrostomy
Recent urinary
instrumentation
Obstruction
Anatomic abnormality
Urologic dysfunction
25. Catheter-associated UTI
Most common health care associated infection
worldwide
Definition:
Signs and symptoms of UTI in patient with indwelling
catheter:
new onset or worsening of fever, rigors,
altered mental status, malaise, or lethargy with no
other identified cause;
flank pain; costovertebral angle tenderness;
acute hematuria; pelvic discomfort;
>= 103 CFU of a single bacteria isolated from urine
26. Limiting Unnecessary
Catheterization
Incontinence, convenience not an indication
Remove catheters as soon as they are no
longer needed
Automatic discontinuation orders, Reminders
Use condom catheters in men when possible
Use a closed catheter system
27. Catheter awareness survey
469 patients, 117 had a catheter
Providers were unaware of catheter 28% of
time
21% students
22% interns
27% residents
37% attendings
Catheter use was inappropriate 31% of
patients
Catheter more likely to be appropriate if team
aware of it (OR 3.7) Saint, AM J Med,
20000
28. Microbiology of complicated UTI
E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Staph
saprophyticus
Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Providencia
species,
Enterococci
Staphylococci
Fungi
More likely to have resistant organisms
29. Clinical presentation of
complicated Pyelonephritis
Fever (>38ºC), chills, flank pain, costovertebral
angle tenderness, and nausea/vomiting
Sepsis, multiple system organ dysfunction
Shock, acute renal failure
May develop emphysematous UTI- cystitis,
pyelitis, pyelonephritis or Perinephric abscess
30. Diagnosis
Pyuria, WBC casts
If no pyuira, consider alternate diagnosis or
obstruction
Urine culture
CT scan, Ultrasound if renal dysfunction
31. Treatment of complicated UTI
Cystitis:
Fluroquinolones, not moxifloxacin
Do not use Bactrim, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin
unless known to be susceptible
May need IV treatment, Ceftriaxone,
carbapenems, aminoglycosides
For enterococci, use Ampicillin
32. Treatment of complicated UTI
Pyelonephritis
Initial treatment should be inpatient
If Mild-moderate:
Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Fluoroquinolones,
Aztreonam
If Severe:
Carbapenem, Betalactam/betalactamase inhibitor
such as Ampicillin/Sulbactam and
Pipercillin/Tazobactam
34. Emphysematous UTI
Cystitis, Pyelitis, Pyelonephritis
Over 80% are in Diabetics; often women in
60s
Abdominal pain (rather than dysuria), most
common presenting sign
Diagnosis made on imaging/CT scan
35. Emphysematous UTI,
management
Classification
Class 1- Pyelitis without obstruction or abscess–
IV anbx
Class 2- with disease limited to renal
parenchyma- IV anbx with percutaneous drainage
Class 3- extension of gas into perinephric space
If AKI, thrombocytopenia, Shock, Altered mental
status- nephrectomy and IV anbx
If only 1 or less of the above, can consider
percutaneous drainage and IV anbx, nephrectomy if
not improving
Class 4- bilateral disease or in solitary kidney
Percutaneous drainage and IV anbx, relief of
obstruction
36. Renal and Perinephric Abscess
Ascending infection (renal abscess) or
hematogenous spread (perinephric abscess)
Treat with IV Antibiotics, consider staph
coverage if hematogenous spread
Renal abscess need percutaneous drainage if
> 5 cm
Perinephric abscesses require drainage
38. Xanthogranulomatous
Pyelonephritis
Unusual variant of chronic pyelonephritis
Destruction of the kidney from lipid laden
macrophages (defect in microbial processing)
Most common in middle-aged women with
recurrent UTIs
Micro: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis,
and Klebsiella species
Treatment: IV Anbx, Partial or total nephrectomy
Consider Renal Cell CA
39. Case #2
18 yo man from Mexico
4 months of urinary urgency, incomplete
emptying
3 months ago dysuria, hematuria
Also with cough, fever, night sweats
CT scan show asymmetric bladder wall
thickening, hydronephrosis
40. Results
CXR with cavitary lesion
HIV negative
Urine AFB (collected at morning void, 20-
30cc):
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
41. Summary
Urinary Tract Infections encompass infections of
urethra, bladder, prostate, ureters and kidneys
Wide range of severity and clinical presentations
from asymptomatic bacteriuria to complicated
pyelonephritis
Consider urethritis, vaginitis, PID in women;
prostatitis, epididymitis in men
Clinical presentation should guide management
Do not treat a urinalysis, treat the patient
Prudent use of fluoroquinolones
Get Urology involved early in complicated infections
Evidence in all of these cases that treatment does not affect urinary outcomes
* In appropriate clinical context, can be pathogens
Choice between these agents should be individualized based on allergy, compliance history, local resistance prevalence
Reinfection if >2 weeks later
Ragnarsdottir, Nature Reviews Urology, 2011
Uroepithelial cells are first contacted by infecting bacteria through attachment at the cell surface and are the early sensors of microbial challenge. These cells respond to pathogenic bacteria by activating the innate immune system and, through the secretion of chemical mediators (such as chemokines and cytokines), they orchestrate the innate as well as the adaptive immune response. Chemokines activate resident immune cells (dendritic and mast cells) and recruit inflammatory cells (PMNs, monocytes and lymphocytes) from the bloodstream. PMNs cross the epithelial barrier into the urine, and bacteria are phagocytosed and killed. Pathogenic bacteria also invade the superficial layer of the urothelial mucosa, thus avoiding clearance by the host defense. Virulent bacteria may be protected from death by a number of survival factors, including: polysaccharide capsules, metal-binding proteins such as iron-sequestering molecules, or by the secretion of molecules (such as the TcpC protein) that specifically inhibit critical aspects of the innate host response. In asymptomatic patients, bacteria establish a commensal-like state with no or weak innate immune activation. Despite this weak response, ABU strains undergo rapid genetic changes in response to the host environment. Abbreviations: ABU, asymptomatic bacteriuria; IBC, intracellular bacterial community; PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil; UTI, urinary tract infection