Cortex: Prometheus as a Service, One Year On

1. Cortex: Prometheus as a Service, One Year On Tom Wilkie, PromCon 2017 tom.wilkie@gmail.com https://github.com/weaveworks/cortex

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Tb4Wc0kfCM

3. Cortex: Prometheus as a Service • Natively multi tenant; isolate different customers in the same services. • Different story around scaling & HA • “Virtually inﬁnite” retention and durability • Opportunities for performance enhancements Cortex YourYourYourYour Your Jobs Alertmanager Grafana Prometheus HA

4. Frontend Ditributor DynamoDB Memcache Consul Ingester Write requests Read requests Control requests Prometheus Your Jobs S3 Cortex Architecture

5. A Year’s Evolution

6. Problem #1: DynamoDB Write Throughput

7. https://github.com/weaveworks/cortex/issues/254

8. Frontend Ditributor DynamoDB Memcache Consul Ingester Write requests Read requests Control requests Prometheus Your Jobs S3Table Manager Cortex Architecture

9. Problem #2: DynamoDB Write Throughput, again

10. Original schema: • Hash Key: <user ID>:<hour>:<metric name> • Range Key: <label name>:<label value>:<chunk ID> New schema: • Hash Key: <user ID>:<day>:<metric name>:<label name> • Range Key: <chunk ID>:<chunk end time> https://github.com/weaveworks/cortex/pull/262

11. Problem #3: Queries of Death

12. Frontend Ditributor Querier Table Manager DynamoDB Memcache Consul Ingester Write requests Read requests Control requests Prometheus Your Jobs S3 Cortex Architecture

13. Problem #3: Recording rules and alerts

14. Frontend Ditributor Querier Table Manager DynamoDB Memcache Consul Ingester Write requests Read requests Control requests Prometheus Your Jobs S3 Ruler Cortex Architecture

15. Problem #4: Long tail

16. https://www.weave.works/blog/the-long-tail-tools-to-investigate-high-long-tail-latency/

17. Problem #5: Cost

18. S3 DynamoDB IOP Cost ($/IOP) 5x10-6 2x10-7 Storage Cost ($/GB/Month) 0.023 0.250 https://github.com/weaveworks/cortex/issues/141

19. 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 Object size (GB) Cost ($) S3 DynamoDB

20. Frontend Ditributor Querier Table Manager DynamoDB Memcache Consul RulerIngester Write requests Read requests Control requests Prometheus Your Jobs Cortex Architecture

21. Problem #6: DynamoDB, again

22. Frontend Ditributor Querier Table Manager BigTable Memcache Consul RulerIngester Write requests Read requests Control requests Prometheus Your Jobs Cortex Architecture

23. DynamoDB BigTable 99th Percentile Write Latency (ms) 70-100 50-150 99th Percentile Read Latency (ms) 100-2500 ~250 LOC ~2000 ~400 DynamoDB numbers courtesy of Weaveworks

24. Closing thoughts

25. 1. DynamoDB Write Throughput 2. DynamoDB Write Throughput, again 3. Recording rules and alerts 4. Long tail 5. Cost 6. DynamoDB, again

26. Running for >12months • Availability: querier unavailable for <12hrs ~99.9% • Durability: lost <2 days of data >99.5% • 99th percentile write performance ~60ms • 99th percentile query performance <200ms

27. Future • Direct chunk writes from Prometheus to Cortex Chunk Store • Separate ingester index for better load balancing • Use prometheus/tsdb for the ingesters • Etcd & gossip for ring storage • Chunks in Google Cloud Storage

28. One more thing…

29. I left Weaveworks at the begging of June to focus on Prometheus & Cortex development. Since then I’ve teamed up with David to develop some ideas around Prometheus, logging, and tracing. We’re available for Prometheus hosting, consulting, training and support. email: hello@kausal.co

30. Metrics

31. Logs

32. Traces

33. Thank you! Questions?

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