- Conflicts between Native Americans and settlers over land led by Tecumseh escalated, culminating in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 where U.S. soldiers defeated Tecumseh's forces.
- Tensions between the U.S. and Britain grew as the British armed Native Americans against American expansion and imposed trade restrictions on the U.S.
- In 1812, frustrated by British interference, President Madison declared war on Britain, though the poorly prepared U.S. faced initial setbacks like the burning of Washington D.C. before gaining victories at the Battle of New Orleans and in signing the 1814 Treaty of Ghent.
