Direct Conversion of CO2 and Sunlight to Liquid Fuels, Joule Unlimited Technologies, Inc

Liquid fuel from the sun™
©2015 Joule. Rights Reserved.. www.jouleunlimited.com
Direct Conversion of CO2 and Sunlight
to Liquid Fuels
13th International Conference on
Carbon Dioxide Utilization (ICCDU XIII)
University Town, Singapore
Keith D. Patch
Process Engineering Manager
Joule Unlimited Technologies, Inc.
July 6, 2015, 11:40 AM to 12:00 PM

Renewable Transportation Fuels are Needed
 Large‐scale renewable ground transportation fuels are needed
 Battery electric vehicles (BEV) use current electric utility power supplies
 Current electric utility power supplies are primarily fossil fuel‐based
 Hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) is primarily from natural gas
 Large‐scale renewable air transportation fuels are needed
 Commercial air transport with battery power is impractical
 Commercial air transport with hydrogen FCEV technology is impractical
 Joule is developing large‐scale renewable transportation fuels
 Renewable ethanol is being produced at demonstration‐plant scale today
 Renewable diesel/jet fuel is being produced in the lab today
 Both use a one step, continuous carbon dioxide‐to‐fuel sequence
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Joule Summary
 Joule is the most advanced and most scalable carbon‐neutral source of energy
for the mobility sector
 Recycles CO2 emissions through biocatalyst to produce ethanol and diesel/jet fuels
 Also uses sunlight, non‐potable brackish water and non‐arable land
 Protects existing assets from carbon taxes and emission caps through emissions reuse
 Can benefit from incentives for advanced biofuels and low‐carbon fuel markets
 Utilizes existing infrastructure, logistics, and service station networks
 To date, the company has committed $200m to develop technology
 Proven field operations at demonstration‐plant facility in Hobbs, NM, USA
 Produced independently‐validated US and EU fuel‐grade ethanol and diesel/jet blend stock
 Currently rolling out the first phase of the industrialization process
 Joule is assembling a strong network
 A coalition of a few large, international industrial companies to join Audi as strategic partners
 All advancements support the industrialization process
 Commissioning of first commercial plant in 2019
 Targeting full‐scale commercial rollout in 2020
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Identified Over 1,000 Potential Locations for Joule Plants Globally
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Indicative selection of sites from Joule CO2 emitter database, with CO2 emissions >= 300 kton/year, maximum theoretical productivity >=18,000 gal/acre/yr, air temperature >= 0°C, wet‐bulb temperature <=25°C.
Source: Team Analysis, NASA climate data. Not all locations adjusted for availability of land.

Channeling Photosynthesis to Convert Solar Power into Fuels
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Nature’s Way
Sunlight, CO2 and water enable trees’
growth and produces O2
95% of Energy
to Product
5% of Energy
for Cell
Maintenance
Fuel
Oxygen
Carbon
Dioxide
Water
Sunlight
Joule’s Way
Sunlight, CO2 and water enable
biocatalytic conversion to secrete fuel
(and produces O2)
100% for
Maintenance &
Growth
Carbon
Dioxide
Water
Sunlight
Oxygen

• Extremely amenable to genome engineering
• No nucleus, chloroplast or mitochondial
compartments
• Rapid metabolism and cell division
• Multiple CO2 concentrating mechanisms
• No photorespiration or energy dissipation at high CO2
• Can be engineered as a thermotolerant species for
thermal management
• No biofilm or fouling issues
• Many barriers to genome engineering
• Nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondria are separate
membrane‐bounded compartments
• Each compartment has distinct chromosomes
• Difficult to control the integration and segregation of
DNA
• Slow metabolism and cell division
• Mitochondria contribute to energy cost of metabolism
ALGAECYANOBACTERIA OUTER
MEMBRANE
THYLAKOID
MEMBRANE
CHLOROPLAST
NUCLEUS
GENOME
MITOCHONDRION
Base Organism: Cyanobacteria vs. Algae

The Joule Process: Cellular‐Level Photosynthesis
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 Either Ethanol or Diesel Pathway can be Implemented
 Metabolic Switch Disabling Biomass Creation is Used with Both Pathways
C8,10,12 fatty
acyl carrier
protein (ACP)
Acetyl CoA
3‐Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
Pyruvate
Acetaldehyde Ethanol
NEW ETHANOL PATHWAY
Ethanol
C8,10,12
fatty acid
C8,10,12
aldehyde
C7,9,11
alkane
Diesel
Jet Fuel
Gasoline
NEW ALKANE PATHWAY
EXISTING PATHWAY;
OPTIMIZED CO2 UPTAKE
EXISTING PATHWAY;
INCREASED FLUX
BIOMASS CREATION
DISABLED

EXISTING PATHWAY
Biomass
Metabolic Switch
Metabolic Switch
Metabolic Switch
CO2

Joule’s Process is not Conventional Algal Biofuels
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Joule Uses Cyanobacteria in a Closed Photobioreactor
Ethanol or
Diesel / Jet Fuel
Open
Pond
Phototroph
Closed
Bioreactor
Algal
Oil
Algal
Oil
Catalysis
Metathesis
Trans‐
esterification
Catalysis
Diesel /
Jet Fuel
Diesel /
Jet Fuel
Biodiesel
Diesel /
Jet Fuel
Closed Photobioreactor Ethanol or Diesel / Jet FuelCyanobacteria
Joule’s Process

Joule’s Process is not Conventional Algal Biofuels
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Conventional Algal Biomass: 1X Productivity
 Conventional Algal Biomass is Grown, Harvested and Refined into Biofuels
 Joule’s Cyanobacterial Biocatalyst Continuously Secretes Biofuel
Joule’s Cyanobacterial Biocatalyst: 5X Productivity of Conventional Algal Biomass
(No Harvesting or Refining Needed)
Grow
Algae
Harvest Dry
Break Cell
Walls
Solvent
Extraction
Refine into
Biofuels
Repeat
Grow
Cyanobacteria
Repeat
Continuous Secretion

Joule’s Process has Much Higher Productivities
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 Corn Starch
 Sugarcane (Brazilian)
 Cellulosic Switchgrass
 Conventional Algae
 Joule’s Liquid Fuel from the SunTM
Relative Annual Volumetric Production

Organism & Process Engineering Combine to Maximize Ethanol
Production
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• Resistance to high levels of solar
radiation
• Oxidation protection
• Improved CO2 uptake
• Improved metabolic pathways
GAINS FROM ORGANISM
ENGINEERING
• Reactor depth
• Medium optimization
• Culture mixing
• Gas mass transfer
• Thermal management
GAINS FROM PROCESS
ENGINEERING
Single random
mutation
Mutant + process
variables
Ethanol Titer
Time
Biocatalyst 1, Optimized Reactor Design
Biocatalyst 1, Standard Reactor Design
Base Strain

Demo Plant Operating Today In Hobbs, NM, USA
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Engineered Catalyst
Ethanol
Diesel
Jet Fuel
Joule Demonstration Plant
 A disruptive carbon‐neutral fuel technology based on superior biology & biotechnological competence
 Patented technology
SunlightCO2 Water

Production Unit 1: Hobbs, New Mexico, USA
• 0.1 acre, 4,500 liter total volume
• Deployed with 6, 22‐channel capsules
• Capsule length of 50 m; expandable to 100 m
• Active area of 180 m2 – 360 m2
SPECIFICATIONS
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Reiner Mangold, AUDI AG
Head of Sustainable Product Development and e-fuels
Hobbs, NM Plant Producing Ethanol
14

Recent Progress
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 Independent test results confirm that Joule’s Diesel (C11
alkane) meets ASTM diesel standard D975 when blended
up to 50% with No. 2 diesel
 Same C11 molecule can be blended up to 25% with
commercial jet fuel
 Provides additional benefit of lowering fuel sulfur levels
ASTMASTM
MCANMCAN
 Joule's first Microbial Commercial Activity Notice (MCAN)
for a direct fuel production biocatalyst favorably reviewed
by U.S. EPA
 Voluntary consent order enables commercial use of
biocatalyst strain at Joule’s demonstration plant
 Facilitates future regulatory compliance for Joule’s
continued strain improvements
Advanced
Bioengineering
Advanced
Bioengineering
 Recent U.S. Patent for Joule Diesel/jet fuel (C11 alkane)
 Achieved multi‐week contamination‐free production runs
in large‐scale outdoor system
ASTM & DIN ASTM & DIN
 Independent test results confirm that Joule’s ethanol
meets U.S. and European specifications
 ASTM D4806 – Denatured fuel ethanol for blending with
gasolines for use as automotive spark‐ignition engine fuel
 DIN EN 15376 – Ethanol as a blending component for
petrol

Ecologically sound:  conserves arable land, crops and fresh water (not food for fuel)Ecologically sound:  conserves arable land, crops and fresh water (not food for fuel)
A CO2‐to‐Fuels Platform with Record‐Breaking Advantages
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Monetizes CO2:  enabling new markets and revenues for industrial emittersMonetizes CO2:  enabling new markets and revenues for industrial emitters
Infrastructure‐ready products:  ethanol and diesel with no chemical processing
Competitive target costs: $1.30/gal, $50/barrel (in ideal locations)Competitive target costs: $1.30/gal, $50/barrel (in ideal locations)
Unrivaled target productivity: up to 25,000 gal/acre/year for ethanol and
15,000 gal/acre/year diesel
Unrivaled target productivity: up to 25,000 gal/acre/year for ethanol and
15,000 gal/acre/year diesel
Infrastructure‐ready products:  ethanol and diesel with no downstream processingInfrastructure‐ready products:  ethanol and diesel with no downstream processing
Abundant inputs:  sunlight, waste CO2 and non‐potable (brackish) waterAbundant inputs:  sunlight, waste CO2 and non‐potable (brackish) water
Massive scale and supply: enables localized creation of above‐ground fuel reservesMassive scale and supply: enables localized creation of above‐ground fuel reserves

Summary
• Demonstrated end‐to‐end production of CO2‐recycled fuels
• Mitigates CO2 emissions, captures tax & carbon incentives
• A broad proprietary technology with strong IP
• Highly‐experienced management team in place
• Founded in 2007 & raised $200MM to date
• Main office in Bedford, MA, USA
• Demonstration facility in Hobbs, NM, USA
• 130 Employees, including 27 PhDs
• Industrialization process is underway
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References
 Automotive fuels ‐ Ethanol as a blending component for petrol ‐ Requirements and test
methods, DIN EN 15376:2014, 2014, http://www.beuth.de/en/standard/din‐en‐
15376/205428341
 D.E. Robertson et al, “A New Dawn for Industrial Photosynthesis,” Photosynthesis
Research, March 2011, Volume 107, Issue 3, pp 269‐277, DOI 10.1007/s11120‐011‐
9631‐7; http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11120‐011‐9631‐7.pdf
 F.A. Skraly and N. Li, “Recombinant synthesis of medium chain‐length alkanes,” U.S.
Patent 9,034,629, May 19, 2015
 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons,
ASTM D7566 – 14c, 2014, http://www.astm.org/Standards/D7566.htm
 Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as
Automotive Spark‐Ignition Engine Fuel, ASTM D4806 – 15, 2015,
http://www.astm.org/Standards/D4806.htm
 Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils, ASTM D975 – 15a, 2015,
http://www.astm.org/Standards/D975.htm
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Direct Conversion of CO2 and Sunlight to Liquid Fuels, Joule Unlimited Technologies, Inc

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Direct Conversion of CO2 and Sunlight to Liquid Fuels, Joule Unlimited Technologies, Inc