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NewBase Energy News 29 December 2022 No. 1578 Senior Editor Eng. Khaed Al Awadi
NewBase for discussion or further details on the news below you may contact us on +971504822502, Dubai, UAE
Oman: Sabic teams up with OQ and KPI to set up
petrochemical complex in Oman
The National -John Benny + NewBase
Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, better known as Sabic, has signed an agreement with Oman’s
state energy company OQ and Kuwait Petroleum International to set up a petrochemical complex
in the sultanate.
The project, which includes a steam cracker and a natural gas liquids (NGLs) extraction plant, will
use feedstock from Oman’s Duqm refinery, which is run by a venture between OQ and KPI, the
companies said on Wednesday. The complex will manufacture petrochemical products for markets
linked to the energy transition process, clean technology, mobility, and construction, among others.
Sabic, OQ and Kuwait Petroleum International executives at the signing ceremony.
“This agreement enables us to identify and assess opportunities for ambitious and sustainable
growth by bringing together our capabilities, expertise and technologies, and working collectively
with our partners.” said Sabic chief executive Abdulrahman Al Fageeh. The petrochemicals industry
is expected to be a major driver of crude oil demand in the next few decades as consumers
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increasingly switch to electric vehicles. Globally, the sector is projected to be worth about $800
billion by 2030, up from about $475 billion in 2020, according to Precedence Research.
Petrochemicals are set to account for more than a third of the growth in oil demand in the period up
to 2030, and nearly half in the run-up to 2050, ahead of lorries, aviation and shipping, according to
the International Energy Agency.
Their production is also poised to consume an additional 56 billion cubic metres of natural gas by
2030, equal to about half of Canada’s total gas consumption today, the energy agency said.
“The agreement is a significant milestone reached between the partners and comes at an important
time in Oman, along with our 52nd national day celebrations and the near completion of the OQ8
refinery project,” OQ group chief executive Talal Al Awfi said.
The refinery, whose construction is nearing completion, is situated within the Duqm Special
Economic Zone in Oman's south-eastern Al Wusta province. The strategic maritime location
provides immediate access to international shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea.
Once complete, the refinery will have the capacity to process about 230,000 barrels of crude oil a
day.
“We are pleased to work side by side with OQ and Sabic on this pioneering project in Oman,
because working with our regional partners supports KPC's 2040 strategy for growth in the
petrochemical industry and enhances integration between the refining and petrochemical sectors,”
said KPI president and chief executive Shafi Al Ajmi.
“The project also supports the economic growth and development of the Special Economic Zone at
Duqm.” As is the case with other Gulf countries, Oman is benefitting from a surge in economic
activity tied to higher oil prices. Brent, the benchmark for two thirds of the world’s oil, is currently
trading at about $83 a barrel after falling to less than $30 in 2020.
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Saudi NEOM green hydrogen project wraps up 2022 with
‘important milestone’ … source Off Shore Energy
NEOM Green Hydrogen Company, a joint venture created by ACWA Power, Air Products and
NEOM, has awarded an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract to Indian Larsen
& Toubro (L&T) for the planned mega green hydrogen plant in Saudi Arabia.
On 22 December, NGHC announced that the contract was signed by its joint venture partner and
EPC contractor Air Products and sub-EPC construction partner L&T as an ‘important milestone’ as
the project advances construction to be onstream by 2026.
Under the contract, L&T will be in charge of the power grid and power generation works on EPC
basis.
Screenshot. Source: NEOM Green Hydrogen Company’s post on LinkedIn
The deal follows the recently signed facility agreements with local, regional, and international banks and the
execution of a commitment letter with the Saudi Industrial Development Fund (SIDF) for the NGHC’s
green hydrogen plant.
Related Article
 NGHC’s plans for mega green hydrogen plant in NEOM gain ground
What is set to become ‘the world’s largest green hydrogen plant to produce green ammonia at scale’ will
integrate up to 4 GW of solar and wind energy to produce up to 1.2 million tonnes of green ammonia
translating to up to 600 tonnes per day of carbon-free hydrogen.
The mega plant will be a part of the city of NEOM, built from scratch in Tabuk Province in northwestern
Saudi Arabia. Once the plant is operational by 2026, 100% of the green hydrogen produced will be available
for global export, in the form of ammonia, through an exclusive long-term agreement with Air Products.
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Egypt launches new International Oil, Gas exploration tender
Reuters + MewBase
Egypt’s Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Tarek El-Molla, announced the launch of a
new international tender for crude oil and gas exploration in 12 regions in the Mediterranean Sea
and the Nile Delta, state news agency MENA reported on Tuesday.
Launched by state-owned Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS), the global tender was
set for 12 blocks, split evenly between onshore and offshore.
The tender comes in continuation of the petroleum ministry’s strategy, which was launched in 2016
to increase investments in the oil and gas exploration field in promising regions, particularly the
Mediterranean Sea.
This strategy offers opportunities to attract new global companies to invest in Egypt and encourages
operating firms to expand and increase their investments.
El Molla indicated that the bid is the third to be launched using the latest digital features of the EUG,
which was launched by the ministry in early 2021 within the framework of adopting a new approach
aimed at developing all its activities in the field of attracting investments for research and exploration
projects.
He highlighted that the portal provides digital and rapid access to basic information on the proposed
bid and its regions, technical data for each region, seismic survey and well data, in addition to the
basic terms and conditions, the agreement form, and the procedures for participation in the bid.
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U.S the world’s largest LNG exporter as of the first half of 2022
U.S. Energy Information Administration, Liquefaction Capacity Table, and U.S. Department of Energy LNG reports
The United States became the world’s largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporter during the first
half of 2022, according to data from CEDIGAZ. Compared with the second half of 2021, U.S. LNG
exports increased by 12% in the first half of 2022, averaging 11.2 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d).
Note: June 2022 LNG exports are EIA estimates based on tanker shipping data. LNG export
capacity is an estimated peak LNG production capacity of all operational U.S. LNG export facilities.
U.S. LNG exports continued to grow for three reasons—increased LNG export capacity, increased
international natural gas and LNG prices, and increased global demand, particularly in Europe.
According to our estimates, installed U.S. LNG export capacity has expanded by 1.9 Bcf/d nominal
(2.1 Bcf/d peak) since November 2021. The capacity additions included a sixth train at the Sabine
Pass LNG, 18 new mid-scale liquefaction trains at the Calcasieu Pass LNG, and increased LNG
production capacity at Sabine Pass and Corpus Christi LNG facilities. As of July 2022, we estimate
that U.S. LNG liquefaction capacity averaged 11.4 Bcf/d, with a shorter-term peak capacity of 13.9
Bcf/d.
International natural gas and LNG prices hit record highs in the last quarter of 2021 and first half of
2022. Prices at the Title Transfer Facility (TTF) in the Netherlands have been trading at record highs
since October 2021. TTF averaged $30.94 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) during the first
half of 2022. LNG spot prices in Asia have also been high, averaging $29.50/MMBtu during the
same period.
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Since the end of last year, countries in Europe have increasingly imported more LNG to compensate
for lower pipeline imports from Russia and to fill historically low natural gas storage inventories. LNG
imports in the EU and UK increased by 63% during the first half of 2022 to average 14.8 Bcf/d.
Most U.S. LNG exports went to the EU and the UK during the first five months of this year,
accounting for 64%, or 7.3 Bcf/d, of the total U.S. LNG exports. Similar to 2021, the United States
sent the most LNG to the EU and UK during the first half of the year, providing 47% of the 14.8 Bcf/d
of Europe's total LNG imports, followed by Qatar at 15%, Russia at 14%, and four African countries
combined at 17%.
In June, the United States
exported 11% less LNG than the
11.4 Bcf/d average exports during
the first five months of 2022,
mainly as a result of an unplanned
outage at the Freeport LNG export
facility. Freeport LNG is expected
to resume partial liquefaction
operations in early October 2022.
Utilization of the peak capacity at
the seven U.S. LNG export
facilities averaged 87% during the
first half of 2022, mainly before the
Freeport LNG outage, which is
similar to the utilization on
average during 2021.
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US Energy System Flaws exposed by Deadly Winter Storm
Bloomberg -Gerson Freitas Jr., Naureen S. Malik and Mark Chediak
The deep freeze that blanketed most of the US in the past few days killed dozens and temporarily
plunged millions into darkness. Yet the country narrowly escaped an even worse calamity as natural
gas and power supplies buckled across several states, laying bare just how vulnerable the electric
grid has become to a full-on catastrophe.
The storm evoked memories of deadly 2021 winter blast that caused widespread blackouts in
Texas. But while that system hit a region unaccustomed to extreme cold, this one spread across
the Midwest and Northeast — two areas that should be well-prepared. The fact that they weren’t
highlights the flaws of a system that’s facing limited natural gas supplies and the unpredictability of
solar and wind power.
“These cold fronts expose the fragility of our energy systems,” said Michael Webber, an energy
resources professor at the University of Texas in Austin. “Though the variability of wind and solar
are well known and discussed a lot, these freezes also show the flimsiness of the gas system.”
Supplies of natural gas, the nation’s primary heating and power-generation fuel, plunged the most
in more than a decade as wells froze and pipelines failed, sending prices skyrocketing. The nation’s
largest power grid was on the brink of forced rotating outages, while power was knocked out at least
briefly to some customers in at least 24 states. Storm-related deaths reached at least 27 in Buffalo,
New York
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NewBase December 29 -2022 Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase for discussion or further details on the news below you may contact us on +971504822502, Dubai, UAE
Oil prices ease, China COVID spike hurts demand outlook
Reuters + NewBase
Oil prices ticked down on Thursday as surging COVID-19 cases in China dimmed hopes of a
recovery in fuel demand in the world's second-biggest oil consumer.
The scale of the latest outbreak and doubts over official data prompted some countries to enact new
travel rules on Chinese visitors, even as China began dismantling the world's strictest COVID
regime of lockdowns and testing.
Brent futures for February delivery fell 26 cents, or 0.31%, to $83.00 a barrel, by 04.50 GMT, while
U.S. crude fell 37 cents, or 0.47%, to $78.59 per barrel.
Oil markets were also buffeted by expectations of another U.S. interest rate hike in the United
States, as Federal Reserve tries to limit price rises in a tight labour market.
U.S. crude oil inventories fell less than expected, by about 1.3 million barrels, in the week ended
Dec. 23, according to market sources citing American Petroleum Institute figures.
Oil price special
coverage
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That compared with estimates for a draw of 1.5 million barrels, according to analysts' estimates.
The U.S. government will release its weekly figures at 10:30 a.m. EST on Thursday.
Also weighing on prices, pipeline operator TC Energy said it was working to restart the portion of
the Keystone pipeline that was forced shut after a leak earlier this month. However, that comes as
an arctic freeze has forced some oil refining facilities offline, backing up crude supplies.
Oil refiners continued to ramp up operations, but some of that recovery is expected to extend to
January. read more
Markets, however, drew some support from Russian President Vladimir Putin's ban on exports of
crude oil and oil products from Feb. 1 for five months to nations that abide by a Western price cap.
Germany said the ban has "no practical significance" as the country has been working since spring
to replace Russian oil supplies and ensure security of supply.
Dan Yergin says oil could go as high as $121 a barrel when China fully reopens
CNBC- Lee Ying Shan@LEEYINGSHAN
While S&P’s Dan Yergin expects the base case for oil prices to stand at $90 in 2023, there remains
a chance it could go as high as $121 when China fully reopens, he said, adding that there are three
major uncertainties looming over the market.
“Our base case for 2023 is $90 for Brent but you have to look at other cases,” the S&P Global vice
chairman said, adding there are three major uncertainties: the Federal Reserve’s decisions, China
demand and Moscow’s reaction to the price caps.
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“If China gets over Covid ... then you add a lot of demand to the market,” Yergin told CNBC’s “Street
Signs Asia” on Tuesday.
That could be “one big boost” and push prices to $121 a barrel, building on strains caused by
underinvestment in oil and gas, Yergin said. That would be near highs set in March after Russia
invaded Ukraine.
On the flipside, Yergin said prices could fall to around $70 per barrel in a recession.
Our 2023 base case for Brent is $90, Dan Yergin says
In the past three weeks, local and central government authorities in China loosened several strict
Covid measures that had required people to stay home and businesses to operate mostly remotely.
Oil demand from the world’s top importer could reach 15.7 million barrels per day in 2023, which is
around 700,000 barrels higher than 2022, S&P said in its most recent forecast.
Other considerations include Russian President Vladimir Putin’s response to the price caps imposed
by the European Union, as well as further rate hikes undertaken by the Fed.
EU energy ministers on Monday agreed to cap natural gas prices at 180 euros per megawatt hour,
but the European Commission cautioned that the measure could be suspended if the “risks
outweigh the benefits.” The decision came on the heels of an oil price cap of $60 per barrel at the
start of December.
Yergin said he thinks the recently imposed gas price cap “probably will work. He said it also acts as
an anticipation of higher gas prices in subsequent winters due to a lack of Russian gas and
competing demand between Europe and Asia for LNG.
In Asia’s Wednesday morning trade, Brent crude futures added 0.40% to $80.31 a barrel, while U.S.
marker West Texas Intermediate futures traded up 0.33% at $76.48 per barrel.
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NewBase Specual Coverage
The Energy world –December -29 -2022
CLEAN ENERGY
Solar Energy Sector Companies: Challenges for 2023 and How
Technology Helps to Address Them
Joanna | Content Marketing Specialist
With 2023 right around the corner, solar energy sector companies are in a tough spot right now.
The current state of this market triggers high demand for solar products and competition all the while
driving high expectations in terms of energy production efficiency and sustainability. If you operate
in the solar energy industry, check out this guide on the top challenges for solar in 2023 and how
software solutions can help you address them.
The news outlets are screaming “solar” day in day out but for companies operating in the solar
energy sector, this is a time of increased mobilization, as the industry is relatively young and full of
challenges. In this guide, we take these problems head on to furnish you with exclusive advice on
tackling the pending issues troubling the solar energy market players. Let’s get to it then!
Context and challenges
Solar energy sector companies have been faced with a number of challenges affecting their
business going forward. From an increased demand for solar panels, emphasis on the
effectiveness of energy production to the challenges of environmental costs, sustainability, law,
and politics, the pressure is on business owners to live up to these problems. Let’s take a closer
look at them.
Increasing demand for solar panels
The combined effect of the war in Ukraine, the climate crisis, inflation, and high fossil fuel energy
prices has strengthened the meaning of renewables in the global energy market. While fossil fuel
energy still constitutes the majority in the global energy mix, we cannot help but look to alternatives
to coal, gas, and other fossil fuels, especially amid skyrocketing prices.
In that sense, a cost-effective alternative like solar is not only an observable market trend but also
a geostrategically important energy source. The proof is in the pudding. Specific year-to-year data
on coal and gas prices shows a rising tendency in the prices of these fossil fuels from 2021 through
2022.
In the first half of 2022, gas prices in Europe rose fourfold and coal more than threefold from the
same period in 2021, resulting in wholesale electricity prices more than tripling in many markets.
Our price index for major global electricity wholesale markets reached levels that were twice the
first-half average from 2016 to 2021.
With the spotlight on the price of electricity from solar energy, let’s take a look at the specific data.
While the solar energy market is defined by a number of technologies such as: photovoltaic panels,
solar heating, concentrated solar power (CSP), passive solar technology, and solar process heat,
in this guide, we will focus primarily on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems which accounted for 70% of
the global solar power market share in 2020.
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On top of that, following 10 years (2009-2019) of dropping prices in the utility-scale solar PV sector,
solar photovoltaic energy now represents the arguably most economically promising energy source
in utility-scale energy when looking at prices alone. The price of electricity from utility-scale solar
photovoltaic declined by 89% in these 10 years, as Our World In Data shows.
The turn to solar photovoltaic energy is also visible in the demand for solar PV. A global demand
for solar photovoltaic power has more than doubled since 2015 (from 51 gigawatts in 2015 to 127.8
gigawatts in 2022), according to Statista.
With slight fluctuactions, the global demand for PV energy is expected to amount to 122.5 gigawatts
in 2023. There's no denying the high momentum for solar photovoltaics is driving the growth of the
solar market. But what does it mean for businesses operating in the PV sector?
Growth of the solar market and the need for competitiveness
While a high demand for solar photovoltaics is definitely a business opportunity for many companies,
such dynamic circumstances may well be a challenge, with increased demand propelling the
competition for clients in the PV sector. Is it possible that these firms will have to swim in deep water
soon? Let’s look at the data.
The solar energy market is a job creation powerhouse, as United Nations data shows.Solar energy
was found to be the fastest-growing sector. In 2021 it provided 4.3 million jobs, more than a third of
the current global workforce in renewable energy. Said Source: UN News
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That, in turn, creates a number of career opportunities for solar engineers designing solar projects
and solar energy technicians installing solar systems on-site. What’s more, a renewable energy
engineer responsible for the design, development, and maintenance of renewable energy sources
is among the most-in-demand engineering jobs for 2023, according to a technical industries
employer BMR Solutions.
In this environment of intense solar market development, one may argue that the companies
operating in this vertical need to accelerate their growth to grab the opportunity for satisfying the
increased demand.
The largely sustained growth of the solar photovoltaic industry in 2023 will most likely cause the
market participants to sharpen their competitive advantage against fellow solar photovoltaic energy
companies. That’s because the high demand for solar PV energy triggers a higher solar PV power
supply. According to International Energy Agency (IAE) data on solar photovoltaics, “power
generation from solar PV increased by a record 179 TWh in 2021, marking 22% growth on 2020.”
Moreover, the IAE insights show that while solar photovoltaic currently accounts for only 3.6% of
global power generation, it’s still the third largest renewable electricity technology (after hydropower
and wind). Additionally, the pressure on this market sector will be heightened due to net zero goals
adopted across the world. All that, combined with the market growth dynamics presented earlier,
accelerates the tempo of competition between companies.
Solar PV power generation in the Net Zero Scenario, 2010-2030. Source: International Energy Agency
It’s thus essential for solar PV energy firms to invest in new client acquisition, effective customer
services, and process flows, especially when these companies will tend to compete and grow. In
that context, optimizing sales processes of solar PV energy assets becomes crucial as well.
Effectiveness of energy production
Even though solar energy is a renewable energy source, companies operating in this sector are
currently faced with problems related to the most effective way of energy production. Let’s look at
some of them.
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Physical space limitations
One of the challenges related to utility-scale solar photovoltaics is limited space. To build and
maintain a large solar PV power plant, companies need significant areas of land which are scarce
in infrastructure-packed city centers. One answer to this problem, as Fuergy notes, lies in novelties
such as solar rooftops and transparent PV glass which present an alternative to this space limitation.
What’s significant, such photovoltaic systems can be used both at scale and in smaller household
setups, e.g., for residential purposes.
Autarq is a Climate Tech company in the solar energy industry that has been operating in Germany
for 10 years. It develops high-quality, plug-and-play PV module architecture for integrated
photovoltaic systems. Their activities are supported by the European Union and the German
Sustainable Building Council. They are one of the companies seeking to make a positive impact on
society and the environment through the development of next generation solar roof tiles. We are
pleased to be able to support their growth through the development of the Autarq web platform.
Mismatch between the peak generation and peak demand (aka. storage challenge)
The timing of the sunrise in the morning and sunset in the evening, with peak solar power generation
in the afternoon does not correspond with the highest demand for it (which is when the sun sets),
according to Fuergy. This means we need to have highly efficient ways of storing excessive solar
energy for peak demand times to cater to needs at any time. Another solution proposed by Dezeen
magazine is to plan energy management and infrastructure around the predictable factors related
to solar power generation.
Enough access to sunlight
The amount of the solar energy we can receive varies depending on weather conditions,
geographies, and the type of solar setup. In terms of smaller-scale solar PV installations, one may
argue you need sunny weather to reap the most solar power, while for efficient large utility-scale
solar power plants, companies look to high-sunlight desert or semi-desert areas where many of
the world’s largest solar power plants are located. Finally, when it comes to the type of solar system
used, there are also solar power plants tracking the sun’s position for the best solar energy
capability.
Environmental costs & sustainability
The development of the solar energy market is, to an extent, a means to achieve at least some of
the 17 Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations Member States in 2015.
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However, there is always a price to pay for innovation. In the case of solar PV panels, this price lies
in health hazards and pollution risk. Compounds such as: lithium, silicon tetrachloride, cadmium
telluride, and copper indium selenide, used to manufacture solar energy assets, are potential
environmental pollutants, not to mention their toxicity for human health. T
o take one example, lithium (used among others in solar batteries) can pollute tap water and
irrigation water in areas where lithium batteries are not utilized. Effective utilization of solar waste is
also a challenge in itself, as “the global volume of solar-panel waste generated annually will rise
from 30,000 metric tons in 2021 to more than 1 million tons in 2035”.
It’s therefore imperative that solar energy industry companies handle these compounds with
reason, care, and according to regulations as well as circular economy best practices. That way,
these pollutants won’t pose danger for ecosystems and communities.
Law-related and political context
The actual implementation of solar energy solutions depends heavily on governmental
incentives for such projects and these vary from country to country. For example, even in the EU
where the EU-issued laws apply, countries have different local laws that specifically shape the
extent of support for solar energy industry companies.
What largely defines the actual business activities of solar industry entities are country-specific tax
exemptions, energy policies and laws, and state-regulated promotion activities for the solar energy
sector.
A notable example comes from Europe where the level of state support for green energy projects
can vary dramatically. While in Poland the rebate system for prosumers was revoked in December
2021 in favor of the often-criticized net billing, in France a legislation was approved to "require all
large car parks to be covered by solar panels."
How can solar photovoltaic energy companies harness technology to face the challenges?
Some of the above-mentioned challenges for the PV sector can be tackled more easily with the use
of software. Below you will find some of the tactics employed by companies that have launched
successful solar products and services supported by software solutions.
Follow and implement innovations
The boom on solar energy and particularly the cheap photovoltaics has presented the PV market
with countless growth opportunities. It also forced the photovoltaic industry companies to innovate
to stay competitive, keep attractive prices, and maintain the client base amid the current global
recession.
The vast number of innovations in the PV industry, along with the fact that the total corporate funding
for solar more than doubled in the first half of 2021 (compared to 1H of 2020), make the need to
innovate a must for PV industry players.
Let’s take a look at the variety of innovations in the PV industry. These days, the leading solar PV
technology is wafer-based crystalline silicon (c-Si). However, research and development in the PV
industry prompts other new developments that can propel the growth of the solar photovoltaic
industry and its economic potential, presenting a potential alternative to silicon or new ways of using
(or reusing) it across market segments.
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 16
Selected solar photovoltaic innovations driving the development of the solar PV industry:
 Thin-film photovoltaic technology (mostly cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium
gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cells),
 Perovskite photovoltaics,
 Solar glass (also transparent PV glass),
 Floating photovoltaics (PV on water),
 Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), e,g. rooftop solar,
 Agro-photovoltaics (also Agri-PV or agrivoltaics)
 Vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPV), e.g. solar car roofs.
 Bifacial photovoltaics (bifacial PV),
 Recycling and reusing outdated solar panels.
Speaking about innovation in solar in general, it’s worth noting that space-based solar power
programs are currently under development in various parts of the world, including the UK and the
USA. According to Martin Soltau, the co-chairman at Space Energy Initiative (SEI) in the UK, a
constellation of satellites harvesting solar energy from space could theoretically cover a total global
energy demand for it, however that could be happening as soon as 2035. Want to know how our
software complemented a radical innovation like the solar-powered world’s first automatic field
robot? Check out Merixstudio’s Product Stories about FarmDroid!
Invest in energy asset and billing management systems
As a photovoltaic asset producer or solar sector service provider, you need performant software
that enables your apps’ users to reap the most benefit, regardless their level of expertise. That’s
where energy asset systems and utility billing platforms come in handy. Here are a few examples
of how these systems can empower your users.
Household energy management software
When working on an energy management platform for household users who need to be fully
informed about the state and functioning of their energy system, we chose the following energy
management app functionalities, having these users in mind:
 Dashboard,
 Energy,
 Installation,
 Statistics.
These, in turn, allowed for realizing the functional goals of the platform, some of which are listed
below.
☀ Examples of energy management software’s functional goals:
 CO2 impact tracking,
 Energy management data visualization (incl. charts or graphs with statistics),
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 17
 Information about average savings on electricity bills,
 Overview of solar energy production, export, and the percentage level of energy self-
sufficiency,
 Solar battery usage level and the duration of solar energy production vs. battery charging,
 Overview of the energy consumption of all home appliances and installations,
 Visual overview of the solar panel system and its health,
 Solar panel system malfunction reporting option,
 Instant contact options with a given solar panel system’s contractor.
Sample energy management app views
Utility billing systems
Innovative energy production systems like photovoltaics often go hand in hand with functional utility
billing systems, providing an overview of all utilities’ costs incurred and their sources. This way, your
users have all the necessary information about their utility bills at their fingertips. Apart from billings
for sewage, gas, electricity, and water, such platforms can also include meter readings, invoicing
data, forms, and many more — depending on specific use cases and software requirements.
Solar tracking system tilt automation
Solar tracking system tilt automation allows for automatically adjusting the tilt in your solar
tracking system to the direction from which the sun rays come to maximize the photovoltaic
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 18
energy efficiency. To create a computing setup that allows this, rely on solar tracking system
contractors or outsource platforms’ execution to software teams specializing in services for the
solar energy sector.
Photovoltaic system remote monitoring
Remote monitoring allows users to know exactly when a failure happened in their PV system and
be able to start repair works as soon as possible. The idea behind such platforms is that they are
user-friendly, intuitive, and uncomplicated. They might require various data or PV system
visualizations to provide the most practical value. Want to know how to execute powerful dataviz in
a highly complicated knowledge domain? Check out our impact data analysis platform Behance
case study!
Sample data visualization views from the Biocore MGS Behance case study., Source: Merixstudio’s Behance webpage
So, we know innovations and energy asset and billing management systems hold powerful usability-
related advantages for companies from the solar energy sector. What else is there?
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 19
Streamline sales processes and end customer experience
To close sales deals that come your way, good old spreadsheets might not be enough, especially
in fast-growing companies. To that end, it pays off to invest in streamlining your sales processes
with the right digital assets.
Here are some benefits of using solar energy industry sales software:
 Simplified ordering and sales processes due to minimization of sales representatives’ manual
work,
 Possibility of integrating the software with other company systems and tools,
 Clear data presentation thanks to dataviz,
 Possibility of showing an overview of sales deals for the management,
 Usually faster photovoltaic proposal generation (as compared to manual processes),
 Visually attractive solar system modeling,
 Boosted marketing activities, thanks to using highly interactive and responsive web and
mobile apps.
☀ How can a web app for solar modeling and proposals streamline solar assets’ sales rocesses?
The Boston Solar case study.
Boston Solar is a USA-based solar panel systems installer operating on the residential and the
commercial markets. Their mission is to assist their customers in lowering energy expenditures
with positive climate impact.
As a top green energy supplier in Massachusetts, Boston Solar needed efficient sales software to
support its numerous processes. They approached Merixstudio with a vision for a digital product
that is fast, functional, and efficient - contrary to the Excel solution they had been using thus far.
The demand for a highly performant platform was strengthened by the fact that the company was
scaling up and needed a digital product that would catch up to its intense growth.
The end platform, delivered after 16 weeks, has efficiency-, performance-, and usability-oriented
solutions like data visualizations, DocuSign, third-party integrations, intuitive forms, to name a few.
An important part of the development process was empowering Boston Solar’s sales teams.
Thanks to mapping these internal users’ needs and tailoring the software to them, the company
can now use a fast and precise web app in their sales processes.
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 20
☀ How to develop Europe’s first solar system price comparison portal? The Selfmade Energy case study.
Dr. Tim Rosengart, the founder of a Berlin-based startup, was searching for a software partner that
would assist him in bringing innovation to the local renewables market. The new product was meant
to fit right into the photovoltaics (PV) market that is gaining more and more traction in Germany.
Merixstudio’s role was to provide tech expertise, ownership, and product design skills and
experience to ultimately deliver an MVP. We did that by gathering requirements, engaging in product
design workshops, designing user flows and delivering designs as well as writing the app’s frontend
and backend. Importantly, the selected tech stack decreased the development costs and
accelerated time to market.
The result of the work of our 7-person project team and an effective collaboration with the client is
an app that allows users to find the best photovoltaic system installation offer on the local market in
just five steps. The tool we developed is also the first renewable energy provider comparison system
in Germany. We are proud to have collaborated with such an innovative and sustainability-oriented
company like Selfmade Energy.
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 21
Selfmade Energy Behance case study view
Final thoughts
All in all, the solar energy market along with its powerful PV segment are destined for growth. To
stay on top of their game, solar photovoltaic sector companies need to be able to compete by means
of top products. We strongly believe that, given the current challenges for the solar energy market
for the year 2023, software is one of the most effective ways these days to stay competitive and
generate more sales.
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 22
NewBase Energy News 29 December 2022 - Issue No. 1578 call on +971504822502, UAE
The Editor:” Khaled Al Awadi” Your partner in Energy Services
NewBase energy news is produced Twice a week and sponsored by Hawk Energy Service – Dubai, UAE.
For additional free subscriptions, please email us.
About: Khaled Malallah Al Awadi,
Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Emarat member since 1990
ASME member since 1995
Hawk Energy member 2010
www.linkedin.com/in/khaled-al-awadi-38b995b
Mobile: +971504822502
khdmohd@hawkenergy.net or khdmohd@hotmail.com
Khaled Al Awadi is a UAE National with over 30 years of experience in the Oil & Gas
sector. Has Mechanical Engineering BSc. & MSc. Degrees from leading U.S.
Universities. Currently working as self leading external Energy consultant for the
GCC area via many leading Energy Services companies. Khaled is the Founder of
the NewBase Energy news articles issues, Khaled is an international consultant,
advisor, ecopreneur and journalist with expertise in Gas & Oil pipeline Networks,
waste management, waste-to-energy, renewable energy, environment protection
and sustainable development. His geographical areas of focus include Middle East,
Africa and Asia. Khaled has successfully accomplished a wide range of projects in
the areas of Gas & Oil with extensive works on Gas Pipeline Network Facilities & gas
compressor stations. Executed projects in the designing & constructing of gas pipelines, gas metering &
regulating stations and in the engineering of gas/oil supply routes.
Has drafted & finalized many contracts/agreements in products sale, transportation, operation &
maintenance agreements. Along with many MOUs & JVs for organizations & governments authorities.
Currently dealing for biomass energy, biogas, waste-to-energy, recycling and waste management. He has
participated in numerous conferences and workshops as chairman, session chair, keynote speaker and
panelist.
Khaled is the Editor-in-Chief of NewBase Energy News and is a professional environmental writer with over
1400 popular articles to his credit. He is proactively engaged in creating mass awareness on renewable
energy, waste management, plant Automation IA and environmental sustainability in different parts of the
world. Khaled has become a reference for many of the Oil & Gas Conferences and for many Energy program
broadcasted internationally, via GCC leading satellite Channels. Khaled can be reached at any time, see
contact details above.
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 23
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 24
Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 25

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Oman petrochemical complex with Sabic, OQ and KPI

  • 1. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 1 NewBase Energy News 29 December 2022 No. 1578 Senior Editor Eng. Khaed Al Awadi NewBase for discussion or further details on the news below you may contact us on +971504822502, Dubai, UAE Oman: Sabic teams up with OQ and KPI to set up petrochemical complex in Oman The National -John Benny + NewBase Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, better known as Sabic, has signed an agreement with Oman’s state energy company OQ and Kuwait Petroleum International to set up a petrochemical complex in the sultanate. The project, which includes a steam cracker and a natural gas liquids (NGLs) extraction plant, will use feedstock from Oman’s Duqm refinery, which is run by a venture between OQ and KPI, the companies said on Wednesday. The complex will manufacture petrochemical products for markets linked to the energy transition process, clean technology, mobility, and construction, among others. Sabic, OQ and Kuwait Petroleum International executives at the signing ceremony. “This agreement enables us to identify and assess opportunities for ambitious and sustainable growth by bringing together our capabilities, expertise and technologies, and working collectively with our partners.” said Sabic chief executive Abdulrahman Al Fageeh. The petrochemicals industry is expected to be a major driver of crude oil demand in the next few decades as consumers ww.linkedin.com/in/khaled-al-awadi-80201019/
  • 2. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 2 increasingly switch to electric vehicles. Globally, the sector is projected to be worth about $800 billion by 2030, up from about $475 billion in 2020, according to Precedence Research. Petrochemicals are set to account for more than a third of the growth in oil demand in the period up to 2030, and nearly half in the run-up to 2050, ahead of lorries, aviation and shipping, according to the International Energy Agency. Their production is also poised to consume an additional 56 billion cubic metres of natural gas by 2030, equal to about half of Canada’s total gas consumption today, the energy agency said. “The agreement is a significant milestone reached between the partners and comes at an important time in Oman, along with our 52nd national day celebrations and the near completion of the OQ8 refinery project,” OQ group chief executive Talal Al Awfi said. The refinery, whose construction is nearing completion, is situated within the Duqm Special Economic Zone in Oman's south-eastern Al Wusta province. The strategic maritime location provides immediate access to international shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. Once complete, the refinery will have the capacity to process about 230,000 barrels of crude oil a day. “We are pleased to work side by side with OQ and Sabic on this pioneering project in Oman, because working with our regional partners supports KPC's 2040 strategy for growth in the petrochemical industry and enhances integration between the refining and petrochemical sectors,” said KPI president and chief executive Shafi Al Ajmi. “The project also supports the economic growth and development of the Special Economic Zone at Duqm.” As is the case with other Gulf countries, Oman is benefitting from a surge in economic activity tied to higher oil prices. Brent, the benchmark for two thirds of the world’s oil, is currently trading at about $83 a barrel after falling to less than $30 in 2020.
  • 3. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 3 Saudi NEOM green hydrogen project wraps up 2022 with ‘important milestone’ … source Off Shore Energy NEOM Green Hydrogen Company, a joint venture created by ACWA Power, Air Products and NEOM, has awarded an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract to Indian Larsen & Toubro (L&T) for the planned mega green hydrogen plant in Saudi Arabia. On 22 December, NGHC announced that the contract was signed by its joint venture partner and EPC contractor Air Products and sub-EPC construction partner L&T as an ‘important milestone’ as the project advances construction to be onstream by 2026. Under the contract, L&T will be in charge of the power grid and power generation works on EPC basis. Screenshot. Source: NEOM Green Hydrogen Company’s post on LinkedIn The deal follows the recently signed facility agreements with local, regional, and international banks and the execution of a commitment letter with the Saudi Industrial Development Fund (SIDF) for the NGHC’s green hydrogen plant. Related Article  NGHC’s plans for mega green hydrogen plant in NEOM gain ground What is set to become ‘the world’s largest green hydrogen plant to produce green ammonia at scale’ will integrate up to 4 GW of solar and wind energy to produce up to 1.2 million tonnes of green ammonia translating to up to 600 tonnes per day of carbon-free hydrogen. The mega plant will be a part of the city of NEOM, built from scratch in Tabuk Province in northwestern Saudi Arabia. Once the plant is operational by 2026, 100% of the green hydrogen produced will be available for global export, in the form of ammonia, through an exclusive long-term agreement with Air Products.
  • 4. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 4 Egypt launches new International Oil, Gas exploration tender Reuters + MewBase Egypt’s Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Tarek El-Molla, announced the launch of a new international tender for crude oil and gas exploration in 12 regions in the Mediterranean Sea and the Nile Delta, state news agency MENA reported on Tuesday. Launched by state-owned Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS), the global tender was set for 12 blocks, split evenly between onshore and offshore. The tender comes in continuation of the petroleum ministry’s strategy, which was launched in 2016 to increase investments in the oil and gas exploration field in promising regions, particularly the Mediterranean Sea. This strategy offers opportunities to attract new global companies to invest in Egypt and encourages operating firms to expand and increase their investments. El Molla indicated that the bid is the third to be launched using the latest digital features of the EUG, which was launched by the ministry in early 2021 within the framework of adopting a new approach aimed at developing all its activities in the field of attracting investments for research and exploration projects. He highlighted that the portal provides digital and rapid access to basic information on the proposed bid and its regions, technical data for each region, seismic survey and well data, in addition to the basic terms and conditions, the agreement form, and the procedures for participation in the bid.
  • 5. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 5 U.S the world’s largest LNG exporter as of the first half of 2022 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Liquefaction Capacity Table, and U.S. Department of Energy LNG reports The United States became the world’s largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporter during the first half of 2022, according to data from CEDIGAZ. Compared with the second half of 2021, U.S. LNG exports increased by 12% in the first half of 2022, averaging 11.2 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d). Note: June 2022 LNG exports are EIA estimates based on tanker shipping data. LNG export capacity is an estimated peak LNG production capacity of all operational U.S. LNG export facilities. U.S. LNG exports continued to grow for three reasons—increased LNG export capacity, increased international natural gas and LNG prices, and increased global demand, particularly in Europe. According to our estimates, installed U.S. LNG export capacity has expanded by 1.9 Bcf/d nominal (2.1 Bcf/d peak) since November 2021. The capacity additions included a sixth train at the Sabine Pass LNG, 18 new mid-scale liquefaction trains at the Calcasieu Pass LNG, and increased LNG production capacity at Sabine Pass and Corpus Christi LNG facilities. As of July 2022, we estimate that U.S. LNG liquefaction capacity averaged 11.4 Bcf/d, with a shorter-term peak capacity of 13.9 Bcf/d. International natural gas and LNG prices hit record highs in the last quarter of 2021 and first half of 2022. Prices at the Title Transfer Facility (TTF) in the Netherlands have been trading at record highs since October 2021. TTF averaged $30.94 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) during the first half of 2022. LNG spot prices in Asia have also been high, averaging $29.50/MMBtu during the same period.
  • 6. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 6 Since the end of last year, countries in Europe have increasingly imported more LNG to compensate for lower pipeline imports from Russia and to fill historically low natural gas storage inventories. LNG imports in the EU and UK increased by 63% during the first half of 2022 to average 14.8 Bcf/d. Most U.S. LNG exports went to the EU and the UK during the first five months of this year, accounting for 64%, or 7.3 Bcf/d, of the total U.S. LNG exports. Similar to 2021, the United States sent the most LNG to the EU and UK during the first half of the year, providing 47% of the 14.8 Bcf/d of Europe's total LNG imports, followed by Qatar at 15%, Russia at 14%, and four African countries combined at 17%. In June, the United States exported 11% less LNG than the 11.4 Bcf/d average exports during the first five months of 2022, mainly as a result of an unplanned outage at the Freeport LNG export facility. Freeport LNG is expected to resume partial liquefaction operations in early October 2022. Utilization of the peak capacity at the seven U.S. LNG export facilities averaged 87% during the first half of 2022, mainly before the Freeport LNG outage, which is similar to the utilization on average during 2021.
  • 7. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 7 US Energy System Flaws exposed by Deadly Winter Storm Bloomberg -Gerson Freitas Jr., Naureen S. Malik and Mark Chediak The deep freeze that blanketed most of the US in the past few days killed dozens and temporarily plunged millions into darkness. Yet the country narrowly escaped an even worse calamity as natural gas and power supplies buckled across several states, laying bare just how vulnerable the electric grid has become to a full-on catastrophe. The storm evoked memories of deadly 2021 winter blast that caused widespread blackouts in Texas. But while that system hit a region unaccustomed to extreme cold, this one spread across the Midwest and Northeast — two areas that should be well-prepared. The fact that they weren’t highlights the flaws of a system that’s facing limited natural gas supplies and the unpredictability of solar and wind power. “These cold fronts expose the fragility of our energy systems,” said Michael Webber, an energy resources professor at the University of Texas in Austin. “Though the variability of wind and solar are well known and discussed a lot, these freezes also show the flimsiness of the gas system.” Supplies of natural gas, the nation’s primary heating and power-generation fuel, plunged the most in more than a decade as wells froze and pipelines failed, sending prices skyrocketing. The nation’s largest power grid was on the brink of forced rotating outages, while power was knocked out at least briefly to some customers in at least 24 states. Storm-related deaths reached at least 27 in Buffalo, New York
  • 8. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 8 NewBase December 29 -2022 Khaled Al Awadi NewBase for discussion or further details on the news below you may contact us on +971504822502, Dubai, UAE Oil prices ease, China COVID spike hurts demand outlook Reuters + NewBase Oil prices ticked down on Thursday as surging COVID-19 cases in China dimmed hopes of a recovery in fuel demand in the world's second-biggest oil consumer. The scale of the latest outbreak and doubts over official data prompted some countries to enact new travel rules on Chinese visitors, even as China began dismantling the world's strictest COVID regime of lockdowns and testing. Brent futures for February delivery fell 26 cents, or 0.31%, to $83.00 a barrel, by 04.50 GMT, while U.S. crude fell 37 cents, or 0.47%, to $78.59 per barrel. Oil markets were also buffeted by expectations of another U.S. interest rate hike in the United States, as Federal Reserve tries to limit price rises in a tight labour market. U.S. crude oil inventories fell less than expected, by about 1.3 million barrels, in the week ended Dec. 23, according to market sources citing American Petroleum Institute figures. Oil price special coverage
  • 9. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 9 That compared with estimates for a draw of 1.5 million barrels, according to analysts' estimates. The U.S. government will release its weekly figures at 10:30 a.m. EST on Thursday. Also weighing on prices, pipeline operator TC Energy said it was working to restart the portion of the Keystone pipeline that was forced shut after a leak earlier this month. However, that comes as an arctic freeze has forced some oil refining facilities offline, backing up crude supplies. Oil refiners continued to ramp up operations, but some of that recovery is expected to extend to January. read more Markets, however, drew some support from Russian President Vladimir Putin's ban on exports of crude oil and oil products from Feb. 1 for five months to nations that abide by a Western price cap. Germany said the ban has "no practical significance" as the country has been working since spring to replace Russian oil supplies and ensure security of supply. Dan Yergin says oil could go as high as $121 a barrel when China fully reopens CNBC- Lee Ying Shan@LEEYINGSHAN While S&P’s Dan Yergin expects the base case for oil prices to stand at $90 in 2023, there remains a chance it could go as high as $121 when China fully reopens, he said, adding that there are three major uncertainties looming over the market. “Our base case for 2023 is $90 for Brent but you have to look at other cases,” the S&P Global vice chairman said, adding there are three major uncertainties: the Federal Reserve’s decisions, China demand and Moscow’s reaction to the price caps.
  • 10. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 10 “If China gets over Covid ... then you add a lot of demand to the market,” Yergin told CNBC’s “Street Signs Asia” on Tuesday. That could be “one big boost” and push prices to $121 a barrel, building on strains caused by underinvestment in oil and gas, Yergin said. That would be near highs set in March after Russia invaded Ukraine. On the flipside, Yergin said prices could fall to around $70 per barrel in a recession. Our 2023 base case for Brent is $90, Dan Yergin says In the past three weeks, local and central government authorities in China loosened several strict Covid measures that had required people to stay home and businesses to operate mostly remotely. Oil demand from the world’s top importer could reach 15.7 million barrels per day in 2023, which is around 700,000 barrels higher than 2022, S&P said in its most recent forecast. Other considerations include Russian President Vladimir Putin’s response to the price caps imposed by the European Union, as well as further rate hikes undertaken by the Fed. EU energy ministers on Monday agreed to cap natural gas prices at 180 euros per megawatt hour, but the European Commission cautioned that the measure could be suspended if the “risks outweigh the benefits.” The decision came on the heels of an oil price cap of $60 per barrel at the start of December. Yergin said he thinks the recently imposed gas price cap “probably will work. He said it also acts as an anticipation of higher gas prices in subsequent winters due to a lack of Russian gas and competing demand between Europe and Asia for LNG. In Asia’s Wednesday morning trade, Brent crude futures added 0.40% to $80.31 a barrel, while U.S. marker West Texas Intermediate futures traded up 0.33% at $76.48 per barrel.
  • 11. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 11 NewBase Specual Coverage The Energy world –December -29 -2022 CLEAN ENERGY Solar Energy Sector Companies: Challenges for 2023 and How Technology Helps to Address Them Joanna | Content Marketing Specialist With 2023 right around the corner, solar energy sector companies are in a tough spot right now. The current state of this market triggers high demand for solar products and competition all the while driving high expectations in terms of energy production efficiency and sustainability. If you operate in the solar energy industry, check out this guide on the top challenges for solar in 2023 and how software solutions can help you address them. The news outlets are screaming “solar” day in day out but for companies operating in the solar energy sector, this is a time of increased mobilization, as the industry is relatively young and full of challenges. In this guide, we take these problems head on to furnish you with exclusive advice on tackling the pending issues troubling the solar energy market players. Let’s get to it then! Context and challenges Solar energy sector companies have been faced with a number of challenges affecting their business going forward. From an increased demand for solar panels, emphasis on the effectiveness of energy production to the challenges of environmental costs, sustainability, law, and politics, the pressure is on business owners to live up to these problems. Let’s take a closer look at them. Increasing demand for solar panels The combined effect of the war in Ukraine, the climate crisis, inflation, and high fossil fuel energy prices has strengthened the meaning of renewables in the global energy market. While fossil fuel energy still constitutes the majority in the global energy mix, we cannot help but look to alternatives to coal, gas, and other fossil fuels, especially amid skyrocketing prices. In that sense, a cost-effective alternative like solar is not only an observable market trend but also a geostrategically important energy source. The proof is in the pudding. Specific year-to-year data on coal and gas prices shows a rising tendency in the prices of these fossil fuels from 2021 through 2022. In the first half of 2022, gas prices in Europe rose fourfold and coal more than threefold from the same period in 2021, resulting in wholesale electricity prices more than tripling in many markets. Our price index for major global electricity wholesale markets reached levels that were twice the first-half average from 2016 to 2021. With the spotlight on the price of electricity from solar energy, let’s take a look at the specific data. While the solar energy market is defined by a number of technologies such as: photovoltaic panels, solar heating, concentrated solar power (CSP), passive solar technology, and solar process heat, in this guide, we will focus primarily on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems which accounted for 70% of the global solar power market share in 2020.
  • 12. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 12 On top of that, following 10 years (2009-2019) of dropping prices in the utility-scale solar PV sector, solar photovoltaic energy now represents the arguably most economically promising energy source in utility-scale energy when looking at prices alone. The price of electricity from utility-scale solar photovoltaic declined by 89% in these 10 years, as Our World In Data shows. The turn to solar photovoltaic energy is also visible in the demand for solar PV. A global demand for solar photovoltaic power has more than doubled since 2015 (from 51 gigawatts in 2015 to 127.8 gigawatts in 2022), according to Statista. With slight fluctuactions, the global demand for PV energy is expected to amount to 122.5 gigawatts in 2023. There's no denying the high momentum for solar photovoltaics is driving the growth of the solar market. But what does it mean for businesses operating in the PV sector? Growth of the solar market and the need for competitiveness While a high demand for solar photovoltaics is definitely a business opportunity for many companies, such dynamic circumstances may well be a challenge, with increased demand propelling the competition for clients in the PV sector. Is it possible that these firms will have to swim in deep water soon? Let’s look at the data. The solar energy market is a job creation powerhouse, as United Nations data shows.Solar energy was found to be the fastest-growing sector. In 2021 it provided 4.3 million jobs, more than a third of the current global workforce in renewable energy. Said Source: UN News
  • 13. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 13 That, in turn, creates a number of career opportunities for solar engineers designing solar projects and solar energy technicians installing solar systems on-site. What’s more, a renewable energy engineer responsible for the design, development, and maintenance of renewable energy sources is among the most-in-demand engineering jobs for 2023, according to a technical industries employer BMR Solutions. In this environment of intense solar market development, one may argue that the companies operating in this vertical need to accelerate their growth to grab the opportunity for satisfying the increased demand. The largely sustained growth of the solar photovoltaic industry in 2023 will most likely cause the market participants to sharpen their competitive advantage against fellow solar photovoltaic energy companies. That’s because the high demand for solar PV energy triggers a higher solar PV power supply. According to International Energy Agency (IAE) data on solar photovoltaics, “power generation from solar PV increased by a record 179 TWh in 2021, marking 22% growth on 2020.” Moreover, the IAE insights show that while solar photovoltaic currently accounts for only 3.6% of global power generation, it’s still the third largest renewable electricity technology (after hydropower and wind). Additionally, the pressure on this market sector will be heightened due to net zero goals adopted across the world. All that, combined with the market growth dynamics presented earlier, accelerates the tempo of competition between companies. Solar PV power generation in the Net Zero Scenario, 2010-2030. Source: International Energy Agency It’s thus essential for solar PV energy firms to invest in new client acquisition, effective customer services, and process flows, especially when these companies will tend to compete and grow. In that context, optimizing sales processes of solar PV energy assets becomes crucial as well. Effectiveness of energy production Even though solar energy is a renewable energy source, companies operating in this sector are currently faced with problems related to the most effective way of energy production. Let’s look at some of them.
  • 14. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 14 Physical space limitations One of the challenges related to utility-scale solar photovoltaics is limited space. To build and maintain a large solar PV power plant, companies need significant areas of land which are scarce in infrastructure-packed city centers. One answer to this problem, as Fuergy notes, lies in novelties such as solar rooftops and transparent PV glass which present an alternative to this space limitation. What’s significant, such photovoltaic systems can be used both at scale and in smaller household setups, e.g., for residential purposes. Autarq is a Climate Tech company in the solar energy industry that has been operating in Germany for 10 years. It develops high-quality, plug-and-play PV module architecture for integrated photovoltaic systems. Their activities are supported by the European Union and the German Sustainable Building Council. They are one of the companies seeking to make a positive impact on society and the environment through the development of next generation solar roof tiles. We are pleased to be able to support their growth through the development of the Autarq web platform. Mismatch between the peak generation and peak demand (aka. storage challenge) The timing of the sunrise in the morning and sunset in the evening, with peak solar power generation in the afternoon does not correspond with the highest demand for it (which is when the sun sets), according to Fuergy. This means we need to have highly efficient ways of storing excessive solar energy for peak demand times to cater to needs at any time. Another solution proposed by Dezeen magazine is to plan energy management and infrastructure around the predictable factors related to solar power generation. Enough access to sunlight The amount of the solar energy we can receive varies depending on weather conditions, geographies, and the type of solar setup. In terms of smaller-scale solar PV installations, one may argue you need sunny weather to reap the most solar power, while for efficient large utility-scale solar power plants, companies look to high-sunlight desert or semi-desert areas where many of the world’s largest solar power plants are located. Finally, when it comes to the type of solar system used, there are also solar power plants tracking the sun’s position for the best solar energy capability. Environmental costs & sustainability The development of the solar energy market is, to an extent, a means to achieve at least some of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations Member States in 2015.
  • 15. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 15 However, there is always a price to pay for innovation. In the case of solar PV panels, this price lies in health hazards and pollution risk. Compounds such as: lithium, silicon tetrachloride, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide, used to manufacture solar energy assets, are potential environmental pollutants, not to mention their toxicity for human health. T o take one example, lithium (used among others in solar batteries) can pollute tap water and irrigation water in areas where lithium batteries are not utilized. Effective utilization of solar waste is also a challenge in itself, as “the global volume of solar-panel waste generated annually will rise from 30,000 metric tons in 2021 to more than 1 million tons in 2035”. It’s therefore imperative that solar energy industry companies handle these compounds with reason, care, and according to regulations as well as circular economy best practices. That way, these pollutants won’t pose danger for ecosystems and communities. Law-related and political context The actual implementation of solar energy solutions depends heavily on governmental incentives for such projects and these vary from country to country. For example, even in the EU where the EU-issued laws apply, countries have different local laws that specifically shape the extent of support for solar energy industry companies. What largely defines the actual business activities of solar industry entities are country-specific tax exemptions, energy policies and laws, and state-regulated promotion activities for the solar energy sector. A notable example comes from Europe where the level of state support for green energy projects can vary dramatically. While in Poland the rebate system for prosumers was revoked in December 2021 in favor of the often-criticized net billing, in France a legislation was approved to "require all large car parks to be covered by solar panels." How can solar photovoltaic energy companies harness technology to face the challenges? Some of the above-mentioned challenges for the PV sector can be tackled more easily with the use of software. Below you will find some of the tactics employed by companies that have launched successful solar products and services supported by software solutions. Follow and implement innovations The boom on solar energy and particularly the cheap photovoltaics has presented the PV market with countless growth opportunities. It also forced the photovoltaic industry companies to innovate to stay competitive, keep attractive prices, and maintain the client base amid the current global recession. The vast number of innovations in the PV industry, along with the fact that the total corporate funding for solar more than doubled in the first half of 2021 (compared to 1H of 2020), make the need to innovate a must for PV industry players. Let’s take a look at the variety of innovations in the PV industry. These days, the leading solar PV technology is wafer-based crystalline silicon (c-Si). However, research and development in the PV industry prompts other new developments that can propel the growth of the solar photovoltaic industry and its economic potential, presenting a potential alternative to silicon or new ways of using (or reusing) it across market segments.
  • 16. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 16 Selected solar photovoltaic innovations driving the development of the solar PV industry:  Thin-film photovoltaic technology (mostly cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cells),  Perovskite photovoltaics,  Solar glass (also transparent PV glass),  Floating photovoltaics (PV on water),  Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), e,g. rooftop solar,  Agro-photovoltaics (also Agri-PV or agrivoltaics)  Vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPV), e.g. solar car roofs.  Bifacial photovoltaics (bifacial PV),  Recycling and reusing outdated solar panels. Speaking about innovation in solar in general, it’s worth noting that space-based solar power programs are currently under development in various parts of the world, including the UK and the USA. According to Martin Soltau, the co-chairman at Space Energy Initiative (SEI) in the UK, a constellation of satellites harvesting solar energy from space could theoretically cover a total global energy demand for it, however that could be happening as soon as 2035. Want to know how our software complemented a radical innovation like the solar-powered world’s first automatic field robot? Check out Merixstudio’s Product Stories about FarmDroid! Invest in energy asset and billing management systems As a photovoltaic asset producer or solar sector service provider, you need performant software that enables your apps’ users to reap the most benefit, regardless their level of expertise. That’s where energy asset systems and utility billing platforms come in handy. Here are a few examples of how these systems can empower your users. Household energy management software When working on an energy management platform for household users who need to be fully informed about the state and functioning of their energy system, we chose the following energy management app functionalities, having these users in mind:  Dashboard,  Energy,  Installation,  Statistics. These, in turn, allowed for realizing the functional goals of the platform, some of which are listed below. ☀ Examples of energy management software’s functional goals:  CO2 impact tracking,  Energy management data visualization (incl. charts or graphs with statistics),
  • 17. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 17  Information about average savings on electricity bills,  Overview of solar energy production, export, and the percentage level of energy self- sufficiency,  Solar battery usage level and the duration of solar energy production vs. battery charging,  Overview of the energy consumption of all home appliances and installations,  Visual overview of the solar panel system and its health,  Solar panel system malfunction reporting option,  Instant contact options with a given solar panel system’s contractor. Sample energy management app views Utility billing systems Innovative energy production systems like photovoltaics often go hand in hand with functional utility billing systems, providing an overview of all utilities’ costs incurred and their sources. This way, your users have all the necessary information about their utility bills at their fingertips. Apart from billings for sewage, gas, electricity, and water, such platforms can also include meter readings, invoicing data, forms, and many more — depending on specific use cases and software requirements. Solar tracking system tilt automation Solar tracking system tilt automation allows for automatically adjusting the tilt in your solar tracking system to the direction from which the sun rays come to maximize the photovoltaic
  • 18. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 18 energy efficiency. To create a computing setup that allows this, rely on solar tracking system contractors or outsource platforms’ execution to software teams specializing in services for the solar energy sector. Photovoltaic system remote monitoring Remote monitoring allows users to know exactly when a failure happened in their PV system and be able to start repair works as soon as possible. The idea behind such platforms is that they are user-friendly, intuitive, and uncomplicated. They might require various data or PV system visualizations to provide the most practical value. Want to know how to execute powerful dataviz in a highly complicated knowledge domain? Check out our impact data analysis platform Behance case study! Sample data visualization views from the Biocore MGS Behance case study., Source: Merixstudio’s Behance webpage So, we know innovations and energy asset and billing management systems hold powerful usability- related advantages for companies from the solar energy sector. What else is there?
  • 19. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 19 Streamline sales processes and end customer experience To close sales deals that come your way, good old spreadsheets might not be enough, especially in fast-growing companies. To that end, it pays off to invest in streamlining your sales processes with the right digital assets. Here are some benefits of using solar energy industry sales software:  Simplified ordering and sales processes due to minimization of sales representatives’ manual work,  Possibility of integrating the software with other company systems and tools,  Clear data presentation thanks to dataviz,  Possibility of showing an overview of sales deals for the management,  Usually faster photovoltaic proposal generation (as compared to manual processes),  Visually attractive solar system modeling,  Boosted marketing activities, thanks to using highly interactive and responsive web and mobile apps. ☀ How can a web app for solar modeling and proposals streamline solar assets’ sales rocesses? The Boston Solar case study. Boston Solar is a USA-based solar panel systems installer operating on the residential and the commercial markets. Their mission is to assist their customers in lowering energy expenditures with positive climate impact. As a top green energy supplier in Massachusetts, Boston Solar needed efficient sales software to support its numerous processes. They approached Merixstudio with a vision for a digital product that is fast, functional, and efficient - contrary to the Excel solution they had been using thus far. The demand for a highly performant platform was strengthened by the fact that the company was scaling up and needed a digital product that would catch up to its intense growth. The end platform, delivered after 16 weeks, has efficiency-, performance-, and usability-oriented solutions like data visualizations, DocuSign, third-party integrations, intuitive forms, to name a few. An important part of the development process was empowering Boston Solar’s sales teams. Thanks to mapping these internal users’ needs and tailoring the software to them, the company can now use a fast and precise web app in their sales processes.
  • 20. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 20 ☀ How to develop Europe’s first solar system price comparison portal? The Selfmade Energy case study. Dr. Tim Rosengart, the founder of a Berlin-based startup, was searching for a software partner that would assist him in bringing innovation to the local renewables market. The new product was meant to fit right into the photovoltaics (PV) market that is gaining more and more traction in Germany. Merixstudio’s role was to provide tech expertise, ownership, and product design skills and experience to ultimately deliver an MVP. We did that by gathering requirements, engaging in product design workshops, designing user flows and delivering designs as well as writing the app’s frontend and backend. Importantly, the selected tech stack decreased the development costs and accelerated time to market. The result of the work of our 7-person project team and an effective collaboration with the client is an app that allows users to find the best photovoltaic system installation offer on the local market in just five steps. The tool we developed is also the first renewable energy provider comparison system in Germany. We are proud to have collaborated with such an innovative and sustainability-oriented company like Selfmade Energy.
  • 21. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 21 Selfmade Energy Behance case study view Final thoughts All in all, the solar energy market along with its powerful PV segment are destined for growth. To stay on top of their game, solar photovoltaic sector companies need to be able to compete by means of top products. We strongly believe that, given the current challenges for the solar energy market for the year 2023, software is one of the most effective ways these days to stay competitive and generate more sales.
  • 22. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 22 NewBase Energy News 29 December 2022 - Issue No. 1578 call on +971504822502, UAE The Editor:” Khaled Al Awadi” Your partner in Energy Services NewBase energy news is produced Twice a week and sponsored by Hawk Energy Service – Dubai, UAE. For additional free subscriptions, please email us. About: Khaled Malallah Al Awadi, Energy Consultant MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA Emarat member since 1990 ASME member since 1995 Hawk Energy member 2010 www.linkedin.com/in/khaled-al-awadi-38b995b Mobile: +971504822502 khdmohd@hawkenergy.net or khdmohd@hotmail.com Khaled Al Awadi is a UAE National with over 30 years of experience in the Oil & Gas sector. Has Mechanical Engineering BSc. & MSc. Degrees from leading U.S. Universities. Currently working as self leading external Energy consultant for the GCC area via many leading Energy Services companies. Khaled is the Founder of the NewBase Energy news articles issues, Khaled is an international consultant, advisor, ecopreneur and journalist with expertise in Gas & Oil pipeline Networks, waste management, waste-to-energy, renewable energy, environment protection and sustainable development. His geographical areas of focus include Middle East, Africa and Asia. Khaled has successfully accomplished a wide range of projects in the areas of Gas & Oil with extensive works on Gas Pipeline Network Facilities & gas compressor stations. Executed projects in the designing & constructing of gas pipelines, gas metering & regulating stations and in the engineering of gas/oil supply routes. Has drafted & finalized many contracts/agreements in products sale, transportation, operation & maintenance agreements. Along with many MOUs & JVs for organizations & governments authorities. Currently dealing for biomass energy, biogas, waste-to-energy, recycling and waste management. He has participated in numerous conferences and workshops as chairman, session chair, keynote speaker and panelist. Khaled is the Editor-in-Chief of NewBase Energy News and is a professional environmental writer with over 1400 popular articles to his credit. He is proactively engaged in creating mass awareness on renewable energy, waste management, plant Automation IA and environmental sustainability in different parts of the world. Khaled has become a reference for many of the Oil & Gas Conferences and for many Energy program broadcasted internationally, via GCC leading satellite Channels. Khaled can be reached at any time, see contact details above.
  • 23. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 23
  • 24. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 24
  • 25. Copyright © 2022 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavors have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 25