2. A program written in a high-level language is called
source code.
Source code is also called Source program.
Source code of high-level language is save with a
specific extension.
For example the program written in c++ save with .ccp
extension.
4. Compiler is a program that converts the instructions of
a high level language into machine language as a
whole.
High-level language[Source code]:
Machine Language[ Object Code]:
Use the compiler to:
Check the program that obey rules.
Translate the program into machine language.
Source code Compiler Object code
5. Compiler can translate the programs of only those
language for which it is written.
For example c++ compiler can translate only those
program that are written in c++ language.
6. The process of linking the library files with object
program is known as linking. These files accomplish
different task such as input output.
A program that combines the object program with
additional library files is known as linker.
This additional library files is used to create the
executable file whose extension is .exe .
7. After compiling and linking the program file the new
file is created that is known as executable file.
The process of running an executable file is known as
executing.
The program must be loaded into main memory for
execution.
A program that load the executable file into main
memory is known as loader.
8.
9. A collection of rules for writing program in a
programming language is known as syntax.
Basic structure of c++ program:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
Cout<<“Program body”;
System(“pause”);
}
10. Define a set of values and a set of operation on those
values.
Category of c++ data types:
1. Simple data type
2. Structure data type
3. Pointer data type
Simple data type:
A data type is called simple if variable of that type
can store only one value at a time. e.g. int a float b;
Simple data type is building block of structure data
type.
11. Integral:
integers (numbers without a decimal) e.g.
12,34 etc
Floating-point:
decimal numbers e.g.12.34 ,45.5
Enumeration type:
user-defined data type
Syntax of declare a variable and data type:
Datatype variable_name;
12. int data type:
Integers in C++, as in mathematics, are numbers such
as the following:
-6728, -67, 0, 78, 36782, +763
Note the following two rules from these examples:
1. Positive integers do not need a + sign in front of them.
2. No commas are used within an integer. Recall that in
C++, commas are used to separate items in a list. So
36,782 would be interpreted as two integers: 36 and
782
13. Bool DATA TYPE:
The data type bool has only two values : true and false.
The central purpose of this data type is to manipulate
logical (Boolean) expressions.
Char DATA TYPE:
The data type char is the smallest integral data type.
It is mainly used to represent characters—that is,
letters, digits, and special symbols.
e.g. 'A','a','0','*','+','$','&',''
14. To deal with decimal numbers, C++ provides the
floating-point data type.
It is also called real type data. It include positive and
negative values.
Types of Floating Point:
1. Float
2. Double
3. Long double
15. Data type Size in Bytes Description
Float 4 3.4 x10^-38 to 3.4 x10^+38
Double 8 1.7x10^-308 to1.7x10^+308
Long double 10 1.7x10^-4932 to1.7x10^+4932
16. Structure data type
Each data item is a collection of other data items.
E.g. array , structure , classes.
Pointer data type:
The values belonging to pointer data types are the
memory addresses of your computer.
pointer variables store memory addresses.
Syntax for pointer declaration:
dataType*variable;
17. Operator are the symbols that are used to perform
certain operations on data.
C++ provides a variety of operators.
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relations Operations
3. Logical Operations
4. Assignments Operators
5. Increment and decrement Operators
6. Compound Assignment Operators
18. Arithmetic operator is a symbol that performs
mathematical operation on data.
C++ provides many arithmetic operators.
Operators Symbol Descriptions
Addition + Adds two values
Subtraction - Subtracts one from another
value
Multiplication * Multiplies two values
Division / Divides one by another
value
Modulus % Give the remainder of
division of tow integers
19. Example if A=10 and B=5 then arithmetic operator and
results
Operation Result
A+B 15
A-B 5
A*B 50
A/b 2
A%B 0
20. The relational operators are used to specify conditions
in program.
A relational operators compare two values.
Also called comparison operators.
C++ provides the following six relational operators with
their description:
Greater than[>]:
Greater than operator returns true if the value on left
side of > greater than the value on the right side.
Otherwise returns false.
21. Less than [<]:
Less than operator returns true if the value on left
side of < less than the value on the right side.
Otherwise returns false.
Equal to ==:
Equal to operator returns true if the value on both
side of = equal. Otherwise returns false.
Greater than or equal to [>=]:
Greater than or equal to operator returns true if the
value on left side of >= greater than or equal to the
value on the right side. Otherwise returns false.
22. Less than or equal to [<=]:
Less than or equal to operator returns true if the
value on left side of <= less than or equal to the value
on the right side. Otherwise returns false.
Not Equal to !=:
Not Equal to operator returns true if the value on left
side of != is not equal to the value on the right .
Otherwise returns false.
23. Example if A=10 and B =5 the relational operator and
their result
Relational Expression Result
A>B True
A<B False
A<=B False
A>=B False
A==B False
A!=B True
24. The Logical operators are used to evaluate compound
condition.
Logical operators are as follows:
1. AND Operators(&&)
2. OR Operators(||)
3. NOT Operators(!)
1) AND Operators(&&)
The symbols used for AND operator is (&&).
It is used to evaluate two condition.
It produce result true if both condition is true.
It produce result false if any of the condition is false.
26. Example:
Suppose we have tow variables A=100 and B=50. the
compound condition (A>10) &&(B>10) is true .it
contain two conditions and both are true. So whole
compound condition is true.
The compound condition (A>50) &&(B>50) is false. it
contain two conditions one is true and one is false. So
whole compound condition is false.
27. 2) OR Operators(||)
The symbols used for OR operator is (||).
It is used to evaluate two condition.
It produce result true if any of the condition is true.
It produce result false if both condition are false
Condition 1 Operator Condition 2 Result
False || False False
False || True True
True || False True
True || True True
28. Example:
Suppose we have tow variables A=100 and B=50. the
compound condition (A>50) ||(B>50) is true .it contain
two conditions and one condition is true. So whole
compound condition is true.
The compound condition (A>500) ||(B>500) is false. it
contain two conditions and both are false. So whole
compound condition is false.
29. 3) NOT Operators(!)
The symbol used for NOT is (!).
It is used to reverse the result of a condition
It produces true if the condition is false.
It produces false if the condition is true.
Example:
Suppose we have tow variables A=100 and B=50. the
condition !(A==B) is true .The result of (A==B) is false but
NOT operator converts it into true.
The condition !(A>B) is false .The result of (A>B) is true
but NOT operator converts it into false.
30. The assignment operator = is used in assignment
statement to assign a value or computational result to a
variable.
Syntax:
Variable_name= expression;
Variable_name it is the name of variable
= it the assignment operator
Expression it is any valid expression
; statement terminator
31. The increment operator is used to increase the value of
variable by one.
It is denoted by the symbol ++.
The increment operator cannot increment the value of
constants and expressions.
For example:
Valid statements Invalid statements
A++,x++ 10++
(a+b)++,or ++(a+b)
32. Forms of increment operator:
Prefix
In prefix form ,the increment operator is written before
the variable as follows:
++y;
Postfix
In postfix form ,the increment operator is written after
the variable as follows:
y++;
33. Let A=++B and A=B++ are different:
In prefix: A=++B
It increment the value of B by one.
It assign the value of B to A.
++B;
A=B;
In postfix: A=B++
It assign the value of B to A.
It increment the value of B by one.
A=B;
++B;
34. The decrement operator is used to decrease the value
of variable by one.
It is denoted by the symbol --.
The decrement operator cannot decrement the value
of constants and expressions.
For example:
Valid statements Invalid statements
A--,x-- 10--
(a+b)--,or --(a+b)
35. Forms of decrement operator:
Prefix
In prefix form ,the decrement operator is written before
the variable as follows:
--y;
Postfix
In postfix form ,the decrement operator is written after
the variable as follows:
y--;
36. Let A=--B and A=B--are different:
In prefix: A=--B
It decrement the value of B by one.
It assign the value of B to A.
--B;
A=B;
In postfix: A=B--
It assign the value of B to A.
It increment the value of B by one.
A=B;
--B;
37. That combine assignment operator with arithmetic
operators.
We are used to perform mathematical operator more
easily.
Syntax:
Variable op=expression
E.g. N+=10; is equalvent to N=N+10;
38. The syntax of cout and << is:
Called an output statement
The stream insertion operator is <<
Expression evaluated and its value is printed at the
current cursor position on the screen
39. cin is used with >> to gather input
The stream extraction operator is >>
For example,
cin >>a;
Causes computer to get a value of type int
Places it in the variable a
40. If statement
If else statement
If- else –if statement
Nested if statement
Switch case statement
41. If is a decision-making statement.
It is the simplest form of decision statement.
Syntax:
If(condition)
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
.
.
StatementN;
}
42. Condition is given as relational expression.
If the condition is true the statement or set of
statement is executed.
If the condition is false the statement or set of
statement is not executed.
44. It execute one block of statement when the condition it
true and the other if the condition is false.
In any situation, one block is executed and the other
Is skipped.
Syntax:
If(condition)
{
Statement(s);
}else
{
Statement(s);
}
46. Use to choose one block of statements from many
block of statements.
It is used when there are many option and only one
block of statement should be executed on the basis of
a condition.
48. #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a;
cout<<"enter a number";
cin>>a;
if(a>0)
cout<<"the number is positive";
else if(a<0)
cout<<"the number is negative";
else
cout<<"the number is zero";
system("pause");
}
49. An if statement within an if statement is called nested
if statement.
In structure, the enter into the inner if only when the
outer condition is true.
If the condition is false the control moves to the outer
part of the outer if and skipped the inner if statement.
50.
51.
52. It is an alternative of nested if statement.
It can be used easily when there are many choices available and only one should be executed.
Syntax:
Switch(expression)
{
case val 1:
Statements1;
break;
.
.
case val n:
Statements1;
break;
Default:
Statements1;
}
55. For loop execute one or more statement for a specified
number of times.
Syntax:
For( intialization ; condition ; increment/decrement )
{
Statement(s);
}
56. #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n;
for(n=1;n<=5;n++)
cout<<n<<endl;
system("pause");
}
57. While loop executes one or more statement while the
given condition remain true.
It is useful where the number of iterations is not know
in advance.
Condition become before the body of loop.
Syntax:
While(condition)
{
Statement(s);
}
59. Do while loop executes one or more statement while the
given condition remain true.
Important where a statement must be executed at least
once.
Condition become after the body of loop.
Syntax
Do
{
Statement(s)
}
While(condition);
