AR 312SA: BUILDING TECHNOLGY 3
Handouts.
A. STONE and CONCRETE MASONRY
OVERVIEW: STONE AND REINFORCED MASONRY
· Types of rocks used in Stone Masonry
· Quarrying and production of Building Stones
· Types of Masonry Wall s and their construction
· Pre-cast concrete masonry and construction of walls
STONE versus BRICK
Similarities
· Both stacked
· Mortar joints
Differences
· Shape
 Brick Molded. Stone cut and curved
· Physical Properties
 Brick made/ controlled
 Stone provided by nature
TYPES OF ROCKS USED IN STONE MASONRY
Stone Masonry: Building stones obtained by quarrying from the rocky strata of earth and reducing it into the required
shapes and sizes for construction.
Type of Rocks
1. Igneous formed as a result of cooling of the molten rock to solid state. It is non-porous, hard, strong and durable:
a. Granite consists mainly of quartz, feldspar, mica, and other colored minerals. Colors include gray, black, red,
pink, brown, buff and green.
b. Serpentine main ingredient is serpentine. Color ranges from olive green to greenish black, fine grained & dense.
c. Basalt color ranges from gray to black, used mainly for paving stones and retaining walls.
2. Sedimentary sediments deposited by the action of water or wind get consolidated to a rock.
a. Sandstone sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grains made of silica, iron oxide and clay. Colors include
gray, brown, light brown, buff, russet, red, copper, and purple.
b. Shale derived from clays and silts, weak along planes and is in thin laminations. High in limestone and color
varies from black to red, yellow to blue.
GRANITE
· Non-porous, hard, strong, durable
· Color range
· Surface textures
· Sources
· Primary uses
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Shape: Flat to Round
Polished Surface
Rough Texture
c. Limestone Sedimentary rock calcite and dolomite. Three types are olitic, dolomitic, crystalline. Has high
compressive strength and used for building stones and paneling.
d. Metamorphic Igneous or sedimentary rock transformed by heat and pressure into another rock.
e. Marble Re-crystallized limestone, color varies from white to gray and black, red, violet, pink, yellow and green.
Has presence of oxides of iron, silica, graphite, carbonaceous matter and mica produces these color variations.
Limestone with Granite
LIMESTONE and SANDSTONE
· Porous, relatively weak
· Color range
· Surface textures
· Sources
· Primary uses
f. Quartzite Variety of stone and composed
of mainly granular quartz cemented by
silica. Color varies from brown, buff, tan,
ivory, red, through gray.
g. Schist Made of silica with smaller
amounts of iron oxide and magnesium
oxide. Color varies from blue, green,
brown, gold, white, gray and red.
h. Slate consists mainly of clays and shales.
Major ingredients are silicon dioxide, iron
oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium oxide
and sometimes titanium, calcium and
sulfur. Slate is found in parallel layers
which it enables it to be cut in thin layers.
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METAMORPHIC ROCK
Marble Slate
Marble Exterior Application
QUARRYING and PRODUCING BUILDING STONES
· Produced by Blasting or Cutting Irregular sized stone is produced by blasting the rock, larger pieces are cut into
smaller units for use as exterior finish, the rest is crushed and sorted into various sizes as aggregates. Most of the
dimensional stones used in building construction are produced by cutting large blocks in the quarry. Cut with
diamond belt saws (12’ wide, 2’ to 5’ thick and 50’ long), rubber air bags inflated in the saw cut to break it away and
then the separated rock is lowered onto prepared stone chips cushion. Thereafter it is cut into smaller sizes and
transported by front-end loaders to the mill for further processing.
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TYPES OF STONE
E
Dimensional Stone Rubble Stone
STONE MASONRY PATTERNS in mortar laying
· Rubble (unsquare pieces)
· Ashlar (square pieces)
· Coursed or Random
· Orientation
TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS and THEIR CONSTRUCTION
Types of Stone Masonry Walls
1. Solid Masonry Wall made by laying stone masonry over a prepared bed of mortar and proceeding in a similar
manner to increase the height.
2. Composite Wall made of an outer wall of large stone slabs, attached to a backing of structural frame or brick/
concrete masonry wall.
3. Cavity Wall made by two different types of masonry wall separated by a cavity which is either insulated or empty
and connected together by metal ties.
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Laying of Stone Masonry Blocks on a Wall
1. Rubble Masonry composed of unsquared pieces of stones mason has to choose carefully each stone so that it can fit
into the available space.
2. Ashlar Masonry made of squared pieces of stones mason has to carefully lift the heavy stones by a hoist and lower it
into place.
3. Coursed Stone Masonry has continuous horizontal joints.
4. Uncoursed or Random Masonry does not have defined bedding planes for the wall.
PRE-CAST CONCRETE MASONRY and CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS
Pre-cast Concrete Masonry Blocks manufactured by vibrating a stiff concrete mixture into metal moulds immediately
turning it out wet onto a rack (so that the mould can be used immediately) at a rate of 1,000 or more units per hour.
Racks are cured at an accelerated rate by subjecting them to steam, either at the atmospheric pressure of for faster
curing at higher pressure. After the units are steam cured, the units are dried to specific moisture content and bundled
in wooden crates for shipping to the construction site.
Made in Standard Varying Shapes: Standard Hollow Blocks
4”x8”x16” or 4”x 8”x 8” long: 6”x8”x8”or 8”x8”x8” long: 10”x8”x16”or 10”x8”x8” long: 12”x8”x16”
or 12”x8”x8” long. Other shapes: Channel bond beam, Low-web beam, Solid Unit, Capping Unit, A-Block,
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS (CMU)
· Manufacturing Process
· Configurations
· Testing Standards
SPANNING CONCRETE BLOCK OPENINGS
· Steel Lintels
· Block Lintels – Reinforced Bond Beam
· Pre-cast Reinforced Concrete Lintel
ppP
H-Block, Header Unit, Control Joint Unit, Single Bull nose, others.
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TYPICAL SHAPE BOND BEAM
COMBINATION CORNER. ROUND and SQUARE
Masonry Grades: N-Grade: For General use above or below grade;
S-Grade: Above grade use only;
Types: Type I: Moisture-controlled units for use where drying shrinkage of units would cause cracking in
concrete masonry.
Type II: Non-moisture-controlled units. Weights; Normal, medium and light weights.
LAYING OF CONCRETE BLOCKS IN WALLS
· Mortar used in stone masonry and is identical to the one used earlier in brick masonry construction.
· Only the face shells of the block are mortared with the webs unsupported.
· Often reinforced with steel to increase its load bearing capacity and its resistance to cracking.
· Concrete masonry is often reinforced with horizontal reinforcement steel, introduced as welded grids of small
diameter steel rods that are laid onto the bed joints, at the desired vertical intervals.
REINFORCING and ANCHORAGE: JOINT REINFORCING
· Ladder
· Truss
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SYSTEM PROPERTIES
TRUSS
LADDER
· Sizes: 10’ lengths, width should be less than 2” than wall
· Shapes: Ladder and Truss
· Configurations: Many Configurations
· Materials: Steel with various finishes and gauges
CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) INSTALLATION
LAYOUT and LEAD BLOCKS INSTALLATION OF MORTAR BED
LAYOUT CMU TOOLED JOINT
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Painted CMU  Control Joint
Split Face Brick and Tile Split Face colored and Brick
Arch. Dennis C. de Villa
June 15, 2014
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