Learning Theories and Current Trends in Instructional Design and Technology Created by Kathleen Vargas (Chenu), Ujoo Lee and Hina Yousufzai

1. Learning Theories andCurrent Trends in Instructional Design and Technology Reiser and Dempsey Chapter 4 EDIT451 2/11/10 1 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai

2. Gagne’s Theory of Instruction There are different types of learning Different types of learning requires different types of instruction. Five major categories of learning: verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. Different types of external and internal conditions help learning to occur. There exists a hierarchy of intellectual skills. Sequenced set of nine instructional events that help external conditions for learning. 2/11/10 2 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai

3. Gagne’s Theory of Instruction 2/11/10 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai 3 1. Learning can be systematically incorporated into instructional design. 2. Foundations Theory of Instruction a. Cognitive Information Processing Theory b. Observation of "effective" classroom teachers. c. Three components: Taxonomy of learning outcomes, internal and external conditions that are tied to the acquisition each learning outcome, nine events of instruction that are external which help internal conditions which help learning.

4. Gagne’s Theory of Instruction 3. Taxonomies of Learning a. Types of learning humans are able to learn (3 domains: cognitive, affective, psychomotor) b. 5 major categories that are needed for different types of learning: Verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, attitudes, motor skills 4. Nine Instructional Events that help learning: gaining attention, informing learning of the objective, stimulating prior knowledge, presenting stimulus, providing learning guidance, providing an opportunity to practice, providing feedback, assessing performance, enhancing retention and transfer. 2/11/10 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai 4

5. Constructivism 1. Collection of different learning theories. 2. Complex and high-level learning goals (Ex: students will engage in mathematical reasoning vs. students will memorize multiplication facts). 3. Assessment is not standardized. Assessment should be based on students' learning goals and should be observed in authentic learning moment. 2/11/10 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai 5

6. Constructivism 4. Learner in charge of own learning a. learner actively constructs meaning from world around them. b. learner constantly compares/contrasts/tests own knowledge with those around them (including teacher). c. learners do not all learn at the same pace and do no learn the same things from instruction (they take different perspective understanding from the knowledge acquired). d. learners set their own learning goals and are given opportunities to self-regulate. 2/11/10 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai 6

7. Constructivism 5. Instructors do not instruct in the traditional sense. They are facilitators of knowledge. a. facilitators create environments where learning takes place in an authentic and real world situation. b. facilitators create experiences where collaboration and diverse perspectives are welcome. c. facilitators encourage students' metacognition. 2/11/10 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai 7

8. Constructivism and Scratch Programming 2/11/10 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai 8 Computer programming language for young people that allow them to create and share projects on the web. Created by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab Constructivist pedagogy the promotes critical reasoning, problem-solving, and design skills. Encourages creativity and collaboration among peers in the classroom and around the world.

9. Cognitive Load Theory Sweller's theories are best applied in the area of instructional design or technically challenging material. His concentration is on the reasons that people have difficulty learning material of this nature. While in the past the theory has been applied primarily to technical areas as well as language-based discursive areas. Swell's presentation Video

10. Cognitive Load Theory Principles Change problem solving methods to avoid means-ends approaches that impose a heavy working memory load, by using goal-free problems or worked examples. Eliminate the working memory load associated with having to mentally integrate several sources of information by physically integrating those sources of information. Eliminate the working memory load associated with unnecessarily processing repetitive information by reducing redundancy. Increase working memory capacity by using auditory as well as visual information under conditions where both sources of information are essential (i.e. non-redundant) to understanding. (Solomon)

11. Situated Learning Theory Their model of situated learning proposed that learning involved a process of engagement in a 'community of practice'. Principles 1. Knowledge needs to be presented in an authentic context. 2. Learning requires social interaction and collaboration. Smith, M. K. (2003, 2009) 'Communities of practice', the encyclopedia of informal education, www.infed.org/biblio/communities_of_practice.htm.

12. Situated Learning - Three elements The domain: 'It has an identity defined by a shared domain of interest. Membership implies a commitment to the domain. A shared competence that distinguishes members from other people' The community: 'In pursuing their interest in their domain, members engage in joint activities and share information. They build relationships that enable them to learn from each other' The practice: 'Members of a community of practice are practitioners. They develop a shared repertoire of resources, a shared practice. This takes time and sustained interaction' (op. cit.).

13. Situated Learning - Keyterms It is legitimate because all parties accept the position of 'unqualified' people as potential members of the 'community of practice' Peripheral because they hang around on the edge of the important stuff, do the peripheral jobs, and gradually get entrusted with more important ones Participation because it is through doing knowledge that they acquire it. Knowledge is situated within the practices of the community of practice ATHERTON J S (2009) Learning and Teaching; Situated learning [On-line] UK: Available: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/situated.htm Accessed: 11 February 2010

14. Etienne Wenger Homepage Photo source <http://www.ewenger.com/theory/> Communities of practicea brief introduction Etienne WengerJune, 2006

15. Learning Theories Overview Cognitive Information Processing Theory Atkinson and Shriffin (1970’s)-environment plays an important role. - Internal processes with the. learner - B.F. Skinner (1938)- learning that focuses on behavior -There are cues in the environment that signal behavior -Consequences determine whether behavior is continued Behavioral Learning Theory Behavior is observed both before and after an intervention. Based on this an intervention can be deemed effective if there is a change in behavior These observations can be considered a formative assessment in the field and can be used to determine whether instruction resulted in learning Impact on ID field Feedback- Provides the learner with knowledge of the correctness of their response.- provide corrective information -Shifted our focus to various attributes of instruction -Increased emphasis on the role of prior knowledge in learning

16. Current Trends in Behavioral Learning Theory Changes from remembering and repeating information to finding and using it: Video Current application of Cognitive Information Processing Theory.- Using Technology in the 21st Century Classroom

17. Activity: 5 words and a picture! For each learning theory presented, create 5 words and one picture. Remember each word and the accompanying picture should represent the essence of the theory being presented. You may do this activity with any graphic/drawing software you chose…be creative and have fun! Upload your work to the www.ning.com site under our discussion post. 2/11/10 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai 17

18. References 2/11/10 Kathleen Chenu, Unjoo Lee, Hina Yousufzai 18 Lifelong Kindergarten Group. MIT Media Lab: Scratch http://scratch.mit.edu/ Reiser R. & Dempsey J. (2007). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Psychology 450, Learning Inquiry Project,Harlaxton College Fall 2008 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OascKtHXcK0 Situated Learning Theory http://tip.psychology.org/strategy.html Situated learning theory http://www.infed.org/biblio/communities_of_practice.htm Situated Source http://www.infed.org/biblio/communities_of_practice.htm Theory into Practice Database http://tip.psychology.org/gagne.html Wenger, Etienne (c 2007) 'Communities of practice. A brief introduction'. Communities of practice [ http://www.ewenger.com/theory/. Accessed January 14, 2009]. Youtube video: "Extraneous Cognitive Load" presented by Dr. John Sweller. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyuOU2RasRQ