If an individual has a sense of self-efficacy they can change behaviors even when faced with obstacles. If they do not feel that they can exercise control over their health behavior, they are not motivated to act, or to persist through challenges they will not succeed.
Theorizes that people draw on these symbolic capabilities to understand their environments by purposeful actions, cognitively solve problems, develop reflective thoughts and effectively communicate with others
Rain dances, GOD
Practicing is the most important source of self-efficacy because it is based upon an individual’s own experience, based upon direct information, a person experiences immediate success or failure. Experiences of success (the feeling of mastery) enhance self-efficacy, while regular failure decreases it especially when the failure occurs during the learning process
Other people can perform as examples or role models and supply information about the degree of difficulty of a specific kind of behavior Observing others is a weaker source of self-efficacy than direct experience but can certainly contribute to a person’s judgment on his or her own self-efficacy.
Just by giving instructions, advice and suggestions, health care professionals can try to convince people that they can succeed in a difficult situation. The most important factors in verbal persuasion are the credibility, trustworthiness and importance of the individual doing the persuasion.
During emotional situations, one can experience tension, anxiety and depression as signs of personal deficiency. What a person believes about a certain illness or drawback will usually determine the outcome of the situation. How a person interprets their symptoms can also influence their self-efficacy to deal with a certain illness.
The woman kicked it, sat on it, hit with a little hammer while shouting various aggressive phrases. Bandura showed his film to groups of kindergartners who apparently liked it a lot and were then let out to play. In the play room were several observers with pens and clipboards in hand, a brand new bobo doll and a few little hammers. The observers recorded a lot of little kids beating, punching and shouting at the bobo doll, as they imitated the young lady in the film.
Bandura states: punishment in whatever form does not work as well as reinforcement and has a tendency to backfire on us Self-efficacy is noted in the Bobo Doll studies based upon the actions and consequences that were assessed during the study
96 introductory psychology students who were randomly assigned to one of the eight conditions and were tested individually
Literature Review
It appears that Bandura is correct both in differentiating outcome expectancies &efficacy expectancies and in emphasizing the role of efficacy expectations in behavior.
behavior arises from complex interactions between unobservable variables which are vaguely defined and cannot be assessed. For an example, the process by which efficacy expectations arise from various sources of information, and the interaction of self-efficacy with levels of skill and motivation, are argued to be important, but there is no model to explain how these processes occur. Since clear-cut predictions cannot be made, it is impossible to test the model in a scientific sense. This weakness seriously compromises the practical usefulness of the theory
One study showed that nutrition interventions may be more successful to the extent that they strengthen family social support, build self-efficacy, improve the use of self-regulatory behaviors, dispel negative outcome expectations related to making healthier food choices and are appropriately tailored for certain demographic groups
Attribution Theory: predicts that students who believe that success /failure depends on the effort exerted on a particular task, will work harder than students who believe that success or failure depends on ability.
Determine the effects of a NEI based upon the daily nutrition habits of student-athlete adolescents at local north shore high school.
