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Katia Hildebrandt
Tabla de Contenidos
1.    Imperfect Form
2.    Imperfect Irregulars
3.    Preterite
4.    Triggers for Preterite
5.    Irregular preterite- Car, gar, zar   16.   Superlatives
6.    Spock                                17.   Formal Commands
7.    Cucharacha                           18.   Prepositions
8.    Snake/snakies                        19.   Demonstratives
9.    Modul Verbs
10.   Adverbs ending in -mente
11.   Present Progressive Tense
12.   Past Progressive
13.   El futuro
14.   Irregulars del Futuro
15.   Conditionals
Imperfect Form
• AR Verbs change to:   •ER and IR verbs change to:
-yo: aba                -yo: ia
-tu: abas               -tu: ias
-el: aba                -el: ia
-nosotros: abamos       -nosotros: iamos
-vosotros: abais        -vosotros: iais
                        -ellos: ian
-ellos: aban
Imperfect Form Irregulars
 •There are only 3 imperfect irregular verbs. They
 are Ser, Ver, and Ir.

• Ser:         •Ver:            •Ir:
era
Eras           Veia             Iba
               Veias            Ibas
Era
               Veia             Iba
Eramos         Veiamos          Ibamos
Erais          Veiais           Ibais
eran           veian            Iban
Preterite
• Has a definite time in the past with a
  beginning or end.
         AR            ER            IR
         é              í             í
        aste          iste          iste
         ó             ió            ió
       amos          imos          imos
       aron          ieron         ieron
Trigger Words Preterite:
o   Ayer: yesterday
o   Anteayer: the day before yesterday
o   A las ocho: at 8 o’clock
o   El miércoles: Wednesday
o   El día anterior: the day before
o   El lunes pasado: last Monday
o   El fin de semana: last weekend
o   Ayer por la mañana: yesterday morning
o   El otro día: the other day
o   Una vez: on time/once
o   Asta tarde: this afternoon
o   Asta noche: tonight
o   Entonces: then
o   Desde el primer momento: from 1st moment
o   Durante dos siglos: during 2nd century
o   En es momento: in that moment
o   Hace dos dias:2 days ago
Irregular Preterite
                -car, -gar, -zar
Tocar           Jugar               Comenzar
Toque           Jugue               Comence
Tocaste         Jugaste             Comenzaste
Toco            Jugo                Comenzo
Tocamos         Jugamos             Comenzamos
Tocaron         Jugaron             comenzaron


          *Only irregular in the YO form*
Spock- more irregular preterite
                                Ir/Ser
Dar/Ver                         - fui
-i                              -fuiste
-iste                           -fue
-io                             -fuimos
-imos                           -fueron

                  DAR
-ieron         VER


                                Hacer:
                                -hice
                                -hiciste
                                -hizo
                                -hicimos
                                - hicieron
La Cucaracha Verbs- more irregular
              preterite
Andar- aduv…
Estar- estuv…       -e (yo)
Poder- pud…
Poner- pus…         -iste (tu)
Querer- quis…
Saber- sup…
                    -o (usted, el ella)
Tener- tuv…         -imos (nosotros)
Venir- vin…
Conducir- conduj…   -isteis (vosotros)
Producir- produj…
Traducir- traduj…   -ieron (ellos, ellas,
Decir- dij…
Traer- traj…
                    -ustedes)
Snakes/Snakeys (Irregular Preterite)
SNAKES:

            YO:      NOSOTROS:
            Pedí      Pendimos
            TU:      VOSOTROS:
           Pediste    Pedisteis
            Pidió     Pidieron

SNAKEYS:
             YO:      NOSOTROS:
              Leí      Leímos
            leíste     Leísteis
             Leyó      Leyeron
Modal verbos
 • Conjugate and pair the modul verb with an
   infinitive to get a new meaning
Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)

     Poder + infinitive (are able to do something)

          Querer + infinitive (want to do something)

              Deber + infinitive (should do something)

                   Tener que + infinitive (to have to do something)

                        Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to)
Adverbs ending in -mente
• Change the adjective to a feminine singular form and
   then add –mente.
-Example: Claro- clara- claramente
• When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the 2nd
   one uses –mente. The first one remains in the feminine
   singular form.
-Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente.
• Some adverbs don’t follow any pattern of organization
   and must be memorized.
Mucho         muy           mal        ya (already)
Bastante      Bien          tan        demasiado
Nunca         poco          peor       siempre
Present Progressive Tense
• Formed by combinging the verb “to be” with
  the present participle (-ing verb)
• ESTAR+ -ando (ar)/-iendo (er/ir) /-yendo
  (double vowels like leer)
• Estoy hablando a ti.
• Estamos estudiando para la examen.



   Bailando
                   Cantando             Corriendo
Past Progressive Tenses
• ***same as present tense***
• ESTAR+ ando/iendo/yendo

• Estaba hablando.
• Estaban leyendo un libro.
El futuro

                  é                         emos
                  ás                         éis
                  á                          an
–   All ending are the same for er, ir, and ar verbs.
–   Infinitive + ending
–   Ex: I will eat the meat: comé la carne
–   We will eat: Comeremos
–   I will sing: Cantaré
Irregulars del Futuro
•   Decir ------- dir
•   Saber------- sabr
•   Hacer------- har
•   Poder------- podr
•   Venir------- vendr
•   Poner------- pondr
•   Salir-------- saldr
•   Querer----- querr
•   Valer-------- valdr
Future Conditionals
Endings                        Example--Conditional
-ía
-ías                           comería comeríamos
                               comerías comeríais
-ía                            comería comerían
-íamos
          • Frequently, the conditional is used to express
-íais       probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is
            usually translated as would, could, must have or
-ían        probably.
          • The student said that he would study one more hour.
            (probability, possibility)
            What time could it have been? (wonder, conjecture)
            He must have been at home. (wonder, conjecture)
            We were probably busy when you called. (probability,
            possibility)
Superlatives
• Más + adjective (the most)
• Menos + adjective (the least)
• Examples:
-Katia es la chica más alta.
-Roberto es el menos alto.
Formal Commands
• PUT IN YO FORM!!
• Then drop the o and change to the opposite
  vowel.
   – Er and ir  a
   – Ar  e

  • Examples:
  Coma!
  No coma!
Commands
                                            Ud./Uds.: put in ‘yo’ form and
         Tu: drop the ‘s’                    change to opposite vowel.
   Los irregulares: TVDISHES
                                               Los irregulares: TVDISHES
                            DOP+IOP can attach to an        Ar -> e
                            affirmative command             Ir/er -> a

                            DOP+IOP must go before
                            the negative command

Tu: put it in ‘yo’ form and change
   to opposite vowel, ad an ‘s’                Ud./Uds.: same as above.
Los irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon,             Los irregulares: TVDISHES
         sal, se, ten, ven
Prepositions
•   a — to, at, by means of    •En- in
•   antes de — before          •encima de — on top of
•   bajo — under               •enfrente de — in front of
•   cerca de — near            •entre — between, among
•   con — with                 •fuera de — outside of
•   contra — against           •hacia — toward
•   de — of, from              •hasta — until
•   delante de — in front of   •para — for, in order to
•   dentro de — inside         •por — for, by
•   desde — since, from        •según — according to
•   después de — after         •sin — without
•   detrás de — behind         •sobre — over, about
•   durante — during           •tras — after, behind
Los Adjectivos Demonstrativos:
• Takes the place of the noun
• Must agree with the number and gender of
  the noun it is replacing.

  – THIS -- ESTE/ESTA [ex: esta casa] (near)
  – THAT – ESE/ESA o AQUEL/AQUELLA [ex: esa casa]
    (far)
  – THESE – ESTOS/ESTAS [ex: estas casas]
  – THOSE – ESOS/ESAS o AQUELLOS/AQUELLAS [ex:
    aquellas casas]

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Grammar book two

  • 2. Tabla de Contenidos 1. Imperfect Form 2. Imperfect Irregulars 3. Preterite 4. Triggers for Preterite 5. Irregular preterite- Car, gar, zar 16. Superlatives 6. Spock 17. Formal Commands 7. Cucharacha 18. Prepositions 8. Snake/snakies 19. Demonstratives 9. Modul Verbs 10. Adverbs ending in -mente 11. Present Progressive Tense 12. Past Progressive 13. El futuro 14. Irregulars del Futuro 15. Conditionals
  • 3. Imperfect Form • AR Verbs change to: •ER and IR verbs change to: -yo: aba -yo: ia -tu: abas -tu: ias -el: aba -el: ia -nosotros: abamos -nosotros: iamos -vosotros: abais -vosotros: iais -ellos: ian -ellos: aban
  • 4. Imperfect Form Irregulars •There are only 3 imperfect irregular verbs. They are Ser, Ver, and Ir. • Ser: •Ver: •Ir: era Eras Veia Iba Veias Ibas Era Veia Iba Eramos Veiamos Ibamos Erais Veiais Ibais eran veian Iban
  • 5. Preterite • Has a definite time in the past with a beginning or end. AR ER IR é í í aste iste iste ó ió ió amos imos imos aron ieron ieron
  • 6. Trigger Words Preterite: o Ayer: yesterday o Anteayer: the day before yesterday o A las ocho: at 8 o’clock o El miércoles: Wednesday o El día anterior: the day before o El lunes pasado: last Monday o El fin de semana: last weekend o Ayer por la mañana: yesterday morning o El otro día: the other day o Una vez: on time/once o Asta tarde: this afternoon o Asta noche: tonight o Entonces: then o Desde el primer momento: from 1st moment o Durante dos siglos: during 2nd century o En es momento: in that moment o Hace dos dias:2 days ago
  • 7. Irregular Preterite -car, -gar, -zar Tocar Jugar Comenzar Toque Jugue Comence Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste Toco Jugo Comenzo Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos Tocaron Jugaron comenzaron *Only irregular in the YO form*
  • 8. Spock- more irregular preterite Ir/Ser Dar/Ver - fui -i -fuiste -iste -fue -io -fuimos -imos -fueron DAR -ieron VER Hacer: -hice -hiciste -hizo -hicimos - hicieron
  • 9. La Cucaracha Verbs- more irregular preterite Andar- aduv… Estar- estuv… -e (yo) Poder- pud… Poner- pus… -iste (tu) Querer- quis… Saber- sup… -o (usted, el ella) Tener- tuv… -imos (nosotros) Venir- vin… Conducir- conduj… -isteis (vosotros) Producir- produj… Traducir- traduj… -ieron (ellos, ellas, Decir- dij… Traer- traj… -ustedes)
  • 10. Snakes/Snakeys (Irregular Preterite) SNAKES: YO: NOSOTROS: Pedí Pendimos TU: VOSOTROS: Pediste Pedisteis Pidió Pidieron SNAKEYS: YO: NOSOTROS: Leí Leímos leíste Leísteis Leyó Leyeron
  • 11. Modal verbos • Conjugate and pair the modul verb with an infinitive to get a new meaning Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something) Poder + infinitive (are able to do something) Querer + infinitive (want to do something) Deber + infinitive (should do something) Tener que + infinitive (to have to do something) Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to)
  • 12. Adverbs ending in -mente • Change the adjective to a feminine singular form and then add –mente. -Example: Claro- clara- claramente • When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the 2nd one uses –mente. The first one remains in the feminine singular form. -Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente. • Some adverbs don’t follow any pattern of organization and must be memorized. Mucho muy mal ya (already) Bastante Bien tan demasiado Nunca poco peor siempre
  • 13. Present Progressive Tense • Formed by combinging the verb “to be” with the present participle (-ing verb) • ESTAR+ -ando (ar)/-iendo (er/ir) /-yendo (double vowels like leer) • Estoy hablando a ti. • Estamos estudiando para la examen. Bailando Cantando Corriendo
  • 14. Past Progressive Tenses • ***same as present tense*** • ESTAR+ ando/iendo/yendo • Estaba hablando. • Estaban leyendo un libro.
  • 15. El futuro é emos ás éis á an – All ending are the same for er, ir, and ar verbs. – Infinitive + ending – Ex: I will eat the meat: comé la carne – We will eat: Comeremos – I will sing: Cantaré
  • 16. Irregulars del Futuro • Decir ------- dir • Saber------- sabr • Hacer------- har • Poder------- podr • Venir------- vendr • Poner------- pondr • Salir-------- saldr • Querer----- querr • Valer-------- valdr
  • 17. Future Conditionals Endings Example--Conditional -ía -ías comería comeríamos comerías comeríais -ía comería comerían -íamos • Frequently, the conditional is used to express -íais probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or -ían probably. • The student said that he would study one more hour. (probability, possibility) What time could it have been? (wonder, conjecture) He must have been at home. (wonder, conjecture) We were probably busy when you called. (probability, possibility)
  • 18. Superlatives • Más + adjective (the most) • Menos + adjective (the least) • Examples: -Katia es la chica más alta. -Roberto es el menos alto.
  • 19. Formal Commands • PUT IN YO FORM!! • Then drop the o and change to the opposite vowel. – Er and ir  a – Ar  e • Examples: Coma! No coma!
  • 20. Commands Ud./Uds.: put in ‘yo’ form and Tu: drop the ‘s’ change to opposite vowel. Los irregulares: TVDISHES Los irregulares: TVDISHES DOP+IOP can attach to an Ar -> e affirmative command Ir/er -> a DOP+IOP must go before the negative command Tu: put it in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, ad an ‘s’ Ud./Uds.: same as above. Los irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon, Los irregulares: TVDISHES sal, se, ten, ven
  • 21. Prepositions • a — to, at, by means of •En- in • antes de — before •encima de — on top of • bajo — under •enfrente de — in front of • cerca de — near •entre — between, among • con — with •fuera de — outside of • contra — against •hacia — toward • de — of, from •hasta — until • delante de — in front of •para — for, in order to • dentro de — inside •por — for, by • desde — since, from •según — according to • después de — after •sin — without • detrás de — behind •sobre — over, about • durante — during •tras — after, behind
  • 22. Los Adjectivos Demonstrativos: • Takes the place of the noun • Must agree with the number and gender of the noun it is replacing. – THIS -- ESTE/ESTA [ex: esta casa] (near) – THAT – ESE/ESA o AQUEL/AQUELLA [ex: esa casa] (far) – THESE – ESTOS/ESTAS [ex: estas casas] – THOSE – ESOS/ESAS o AQUELLOS/AQUELLAS [ex: aquellas casas]