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Science Behind Logging

Dileep.P.Allavarapu
dpa.taeching@gmail.com /or
motherindia.energy@gmail.com
9703070878
Role of Different Disciplines
Logging play any important role in exploration and production industry?
Can be comparable with other techniques ?

Really logging is a replacement of core recovery and analysis?
Cost effective ?
EACH DISCIPLINE HAS ITS OWN IMPORTANCE & ROLE in E&P
RESERVOIR MODELING

OPEN HOLE LOGGING
(RES, POR, LITH LOGS)
-LWD/WL
MUD LOGGING
CORE ANALYSIS

DRILLING
& LOGGING

STATIC MODEL

INTERPRETATION MODEL
& UNCERTAINITY
CERTAINITY

CORE ANALYSIS
3D & VSP

GEOLOGY
& SEISMIC

CASED HOLE /PL LOGGING
(cement eval,flow rate ,fluid
Tests)
-WL
INJUCTION DATA
FLUID STUDIES

DYNAMIC MODEL

FLUID STUDIES
4D
observations

OPEN HOLE LOGGING
(RES, POR, LITH LOGS)
-LWD/WL
MUD LOGGING
CORE ANALYSIS
CASED HOLE /PL
LOGGING
(cement evaluation ,
flow rate ,fluid Tests)
-WL
INJUCTION DATA
FLUID STUDIES

DRILLING
&LOGGING operations

Interrelated operations

completions

DRECTIONAL DRILLING
CORE RECOVERY
PIPING & CASING
OIL TUBING
(packers arrangement)
PERFORATING
WELL CLEANING
(gravel packing , acid
injunctions, compressions)
INJUCTIONS
Few things about Logging
Well ,log ,logging,………?
Log interpretation.
Logging : the process of continuous recording of parameters w.r.to depth that is to
obtain comprehensive information about formations in the bore hole by lowering
the tool
Log: the record that contains obtained and required basic information about the
parameters in the bole
Don’t miss understand……..

logs (product)

logging (process)

open
hole

cased
hole

LWD , WL ,….. Production well
logging…..

open
hole

cased
hole

Production well

Lithology ,Porosity ,Resistivity, ….
Other miscellaneous

Sonde: Combination of lowering tool,
Bore Hole/Well :Source of parameters/formation,
Bore Hole Environment:Distrubed –Undisturbed condition of Bore Hole,

Before production
(Stage of Reservoir /Field/Basin)
In production
(Stage of Production)

Well: Discovery(Wild cat),Exploratory ,Development
Well: Production(Recovery),Injection
Log Presentation

Lithology logs
SP,GR along with
CALIPER, BIT SIZE

Lithology:
(shale ,sand ,…)
Porous –permeable beds
(no of ,thickness)
Shale volume

Resistivity logs

Porosity logs

Focused(latro) ,
Non focused types
of NormalInduction

Sonic ,Neutron,
Density

Resistivity :
Formation water
& True resistivity
Saturation
MHI
Permeability indication

Porosity :
Effective porosity
Type of fluid
Contacts
(GSC,GOC,OWC,GWC)
Uncompacted
Stages of Interpretation
UNDERSTANDING LOG

STUDY THE LOG RECORD

(to take proper action in any stage of interpretation )
HEADer- MAINfo- TAILer,…. DISPLAY INFORMATION .
TOOL SKETCH ,
CALIBRATION ,
PERFORMANCE & REMARKS ………
MARK THE INTERESTED ZONES

QUICK LOOK
INTERPRETATION

(to take the readings )
POROUS –PERMEABLE ZONES :
WATER /HC BEARING ,OTHER RESERVOIR ROCK UNITS

TAKE READINGS & LIST OUT THE INERPRETATION FORMULA

(to calculate the interpretation parameters)
GR , SP , CALIPER, RESTIVITY ,MICRO RESISTIVITY,
NEUTRON ,BULK DENSITY ,SONIC TRANSIT TIME

DETAILED
INTERPRETATION
GR FOR IGR
SP/RESISTIVITY &NEUTRON
RESISTIVITY FOR Rt

FOR

Rw

NEUTRON , BULK DENSITY ,SONIC TRANSIT TIME FOR
CALIPER, MICRO RESISTIVITY FOR
FOR

φe

k indication

S w, S hc, S movable , PAY= S movable * φe

Aim of logging: Calculation of

S

Hc

*

φ

Preparation of a PARA LOG
Why a log analyst limited his aim to

e

in each reservoir rock unit &

S hc × φ e

?

Log analyst can do but accuracy …..because cant estimate exact S hc = (1-S hr)
need help of core analyst of viscosity ,permeability ….
Interpretation parameters
Rt

Φ N, Φ D

R w ,Ro, Rsh

V sh

Φ eff

Sw

S hc

Archie’s 2nd equation

Indonesian ’s equation

(Archie's 1st equation about formation factor)
DEPTH

Rw

Rt

Φ eff

SW

S Hc

S Hc × Φ eff
well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapu
Sand Stones:
Log Analyst:
Composition (Sand Stone)
Framework of Quartz and Feldspar
Grains(Majority)/
Other Fragments (Non Majority)/
Cement (Quit Limited))

Processing Engineer:
Matrix (Sand Stone)

K-Na, Ca Al Si3 O8
Si O2
Shales: Frame work ,Matrix, Cement are Clay Minerals
( Kaolinite,Montmorilllonite,Illite)
Minute percentage of Non Clay Minerals.
90% Clay Minerals
K Feldspar derived Radio Active K rich clays

Rain water derived U,Th Br salts
K (12%),U Th (<500ppm)
Laminar (separate layers of fine grains)
Dispersed (spreaded clusters of fine grains in coarse grains)
Structural (distribution mixture of fine grains in coarse grains)
Which shale effects the formation more? Why?
Dispersed(assumptions become wrong;cant locate cluster and estimate its
distribution beyond well surroundings) >Structural>Laminar

Salt : 100% NaCl (general) or 0-10% KCl +90-100%NaCl (rare)
Brazile wells shows high gama in salt formations because of KCl presence ,in past
north brazilen sea having more KCl salt
Why anhydrate or gypsum are tops of salt(local gravity high)?
During evaporation of sea water more saturate solution of NaCl formed and precipitated,
still some minerals remain finally precipitated at top of the salt ,
at the end of the evaporation react with H2O form anhydrate or gypsum.
well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapu
well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapu
well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapu
Chemical Sources:

NEUTRON
SOURCE

Neutron sources

Gamma sourceso Cesium(Cs137) produce a steady flux of gamma
rays at 662 KeV

ENERGY
LEAVING
SOURCE

106

NEUTRON ENERGY (e V)

o Am241-Be9 : emits neutrons with mean energy
of 4.2 MeV.
oz Californium(Cf252) : emits neutrons with mean
energy of 2.35 MeV.

104

102
10 eV

Electrical Generators:
This device produces 14 MeV neutrons by accelerating
deuterium ions into a tritium target
(up to 125,000 V DC).

APPROX.
EPITHERMAL
ENERGY
REGION

1

.4 eV
AVERAGE
THERMAL
ENERGY .
025 EV

CAPTURE

01
1

10

TIM E ( µ s )

100
Energy state

Range

Interaction

high

>0.5Mev

Inelastic scattering

medium

0.5ev-0.5Mev

Elastic scattering

low

<0.5ev

Thermal capture

Energy state

Range

Interaction

high

>2Mev

Pair production

medium

0.5Mev-0.5Mev

Compton scattering

low

<0.5Mev

PEE

Remark

Remark
Why R proportional to l /A ?
RMS velocity of free(week bonded )electron
Collision of energized surface electron with unenergized electron

Week bonded
Strong bonded

v v
vvv
v

me
If Area increased, no:
electrons come to contact
with electrode is increased

Energy transmission as velocity exchange
ELECTRICAL LOGGING TOOLS
Conventional Electrical survey Tools

Non-Conventional Electrical survey Tools

natural

artificial

artificial

artificial

SP

Normal

Resistivity
& Micro Resistivity
(focused, non focused)

Induction

(short, long)

Lateral

RADIO ACTIVE LOGGING TOOLS
Conventional Radio Active Tools

Non-Conventional Radio Active Tools

natural

artificial

artificial

GR

Neutron
Density
(Compensation)

Dual energy, Litho , GR-Spectroscopy

SONIC LOGGING TOOLS
Conventional Sonic Tools

Non-Conventional Sonic Tools

artificial

artificial

Sonic
(Compensation)

Long spread , Depth derived ,Array, Wave sonic, Dipole

MISCELLANEOUS LOGGING TOOLS
(BH Conditions)
Temperature ,Pressure…… Formation testers

(BH Geometry )
Caliper,Dipmeter,…
M
M

SP tool

A

A

M
N

Normal Device

Lateral Device
Archie's Both Equations : Archie's experiment concludes an empirical
relationship between resistivity of the water bearing formation and
water, pore volume it contain and also water saturation.

If Sw = 1 ,
means water-bearing formation
Resistivity of water
Resistivity of waterbearing formation

Formation factor

Water saturation
Volume of Shale: The percentage of shale present in the rock unit
Response in the
zone of interest

Shale

Clean formation

Indonesian Equation
GR: The record of count rate of Natural GAMMA as a result of emission from RADIO ACTIVE
MINERALS present in the ROCK UNITS
RADIO ACTIVE MINERALS are more in the CLAYS & SHALES
GR infer the LITHOLOGY whether rock unit is having CLAYS & SHALES or not
In the first /each run (lowering tool), first track (left side of log paper)
0-100 API (10intervels)
along with CALIPER,BIT SIZE , SP.
GR

around 30 -SAND
up to 50 -SAND SHALE
up to 80 -SHALE SAND
up to 100- SHALE
more than 100-CLAY

Volume of Shale

DEPTH GR

Vsh

END
SP: The record of voltage variation

as a result of electrolytic conduction due to salinity
variation between fluids present in the ROCK UNITS
electrolytic conduction is more across porous –permeable rock unit
SP infer the LITHOLOGY whether rock unit is having porous& permeable SAND or not
In the first /each run (lowering tool), first track (left side of log paper)
0-100 units (10intervels)
along with CALIPER,BIT SIZE ,GR.

SP +Ve : R mf <R w : Shale Base Line is in left side of Sand Deflection Line
SP in the same well either +Ve or –Ve :
crossover indicates the presence of HYDROCARBON

END
OR

K=61+0.133T°F

R we to R w
conversion chart

DEPTH

SSP

K

10 ˆ(SSP/K)

Rwe R w

END
BIT SIZE : size of the drill-bit used
CALIPER: size of the drilled hole
Grater than BIT SIZE : absence of permeable rock units / factures
Less than BIT SIZE : presence of permeable rock units /MUD CAKE
RESISTIVITY : Apparent resistivity of the formation
(can calculate true resistivity by using at least three apparent resistivity values )
Using Resistivity Tool: in saline muds , good contact between annulus electrode and BH wall.
Using Induction Tool : in non saline muds

In the first run (lowering tool), first track (middle of log paper)
0.2-2000 units (log scale)
Configuration :
App resistivity = (Geometrical factor × Observed voltage difference)/ Sending current
Characteristic charts used to calculate true resistivity from apparent resistivity

END
DLL MSFL Invasion
Correction charts

DLL MSFL LOG RECORD

(R t / R LLD )× R LLD = R t
DEPTH

LLD

LLS

MSFL

LLD/LLS

LLD/MSFL Rt/LLD

Rsh = Rt in shale
RO = Rt in WBZ
Rt

END
NEUTRON: The count rate of back scattered neutron/gamma as a result of energizing rock
units with neutrons (source: Am Be -16 curie)
Sending neutron lose total energy and collapse into the nuclei of HYDROGEN and release a
Gamma
Response α Hydrogen Index
In the first run (lowering tool), third track (right side of log paper)
0.54 - -0.06 (10intervels)
along with SONIC ,DENSITY.
NEUTRON :
Gas < Oil <Water in sand
Sand < Shale (bounded water)
Correction for shale:

Φ Nc = ΦN-(Vsh× ΦN in shale)

Neutron Porosity

Φ N = ΦN

calibration

corrected

END
DENSITY : The count rate of back scattered gamma as a result of energizing rock units with
gammas (source : Cs 137)
Sending gamma undergone Compton Scattering

no of collisions α no of electrons in rock unit ρe

ρb = 1.0704 ρe + 0.1883
In the first run (lowering tool), third track (right side of log paper)
2.8 -1.8 (10intervels)
along with SONIC ,NEUTRON.
DENSITY:
Gas < <Oil <Water in sand

Correction for shale:

Φ Dc = ΦD-(Vsh× ΦD in shale)
END
Effective Porosity: Volume of interconnected pores
Neutron Correction for shale:

Φ Nc = ΦN-(Vsh× ΦN in shale)
Density Correction for shale:

Φ Dc = ΦD-(Vsh× ΦD in shale)

DEPTH

Φ N cal

Φ NC

ρb

φD

φDC

Φeff

END
Φ N RT

GR

20

97

24

24

78

23

22

69

25

28

72

26

30

52

23

Will get
Rt =100

Sand Stone
Matrix Point

∆t = 48,
φN =0 ,
ρb =2.65

ΦN = 0

10

20

30

40

50

Choose
Φ=20
END
now mark the point φ=20,Rt=156.25
& draw the 80% saturation line

Rw=4.878

now replace the 0.64 by
0.36,0.16,0.04 …..to get the
60%,40%,20%,…… saturation lines

Sw =80% =0.8

Rt = 100/0.64
= 156.25
END
SW =1=100%
Red Points
GR=23-30
Blue Points
GR=30-40
Yellow Points
GR=40-50

END
Sw=0.8=80%

END
Ro =F Rw
Rt= F Rwa

Different Trend
HC indication

Main Trend

Rwa line WBZ
50 = φ DC
-10

0

10

20

30

40

GAS

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50= φ NC
Indonesian Equation

S HC = (1-SW)
DEPTH

Rw

Rt

Φ eff S W

S Hc

S Hc × Φ eff

END
Here our goal need more data from
ROCK PHYSICS LABORATORY,
so it limited to

S hc × φ e
GSC
GOC
WOC
Lithology

GR

Rt

φN

Sand Stone ( more
compacted & dry )

Less=25
Less clay
minerals

More=1000
SiO2 insulator / no
electrolytic
conduction

Less<10
More=2.6
No fluid / no H2 Closed grain
packing

Sand Stone ( less
compacted & wet)

Less=25
Less clay
minerals

Less<100
Saltwater
conductor /
electrolytic
conduction

More=10-30
Having H2

Moderate=2.1
(30% H2O=1
/70% SiO2
=2.6)

Having oil

Less=25
Less clay
minerals

Moderate >100-700
Oil insulator
(at least 5times of
R0 )

More=10-30
Having H2
(less than
water zone)

Moderate=1.9
(less than
water zone)

Having gas

Less=25
Less clay
minerals

More >700
Gas insulator
(at least 5times of

More=10-30
Having H2
(less than oil

Less =1.8

Having water

ρb
Lithology

GR

Rt

φN

ρb

Sand-Shale ( more
compacted & dry )

Less=30-50
More or
less clay
minerals

More<100
Dry clay insulator
,bounded water in
composition / not
much electrolytic
conduction

Less=20
No fluid /
bounded water
H2

More=2.5
Closed grain
packing
(30%shale
=2.3,70%sio2=2
.6)

Sand-Shale ( less
compacted & wet)

Less=30-50
More or
less clay
minerals

Less<50
Wet clay
conductor / more
electrolytic
conduction

More=20-40
Having H2

Moderate=2.2
(20% H2O=1
,50% SiO2 =2.6
30%Shale 1.82.6)

Having oil

Less=30-50
More or
less clay
minerals

Moderate >100-700
Oil insulator
(at least 5times of
R0 )

More=20-40
Having H2
(less than
water zone)

Moderate=1.8
(less than
water zone)

Having gas

Less=30-50
More or
less clay
minerals

More >700
Gas insulator
(at least 5times of
oil zone )

More=20-40
Having H2
(less than oil
zone)

Less =1.7

Having water
Lithology

GR

Rt

φN

ρb

Shale ( more
compacted & dry )

More =80-100
More clay
minerals (80%)

More<50
Dry clay insulator
/ not much
electrolytic
conduction

Less=30-40
No fluid /
bounded water
H2

More=2.3
Closed grain
packing

Shale ( less
compacted & wet)

More =80-100
More clay
minerals

Less<10
Wet clay
conductor
/ more electrolytic
conduction

More=40-50
Having H2

Moderate=1.9
(30%
H2O=1,70%
shale=2.3)
,

More >100(120)
More clay
minerals

More<50
Dry clay insulator
/Less<10
Wet clay
conductor

Less=30-40

More 2.4

Having water

Clay
Dileep.P.Allavarapu
dpa.taeching@gmail.com /or
motherindia.energy@gmail.com
9703070878
Contact any Institution
Dept. of Mathematics, MGR Junior College
Dept. of Chemistry, LAMP Degree College
Dept. of Geophysics , Andhra University
Logging Base ,ONGC –Rajahmundry Asset
Oil and Gas Deliveries, Infotech Enterprises Limited
Gravity Observatory , Gravity Group-NGRI
Seismological Observatory, Warna Canal Division-MERI
UV Physics Academy
Analog IAS Academy

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well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapu

  • 1. Science Behind Logging Dileep.P.Allavarapu dpa.taeching@gmail.com /or motherindia.energy@gmail.com 9703070878
  • 2. Role of Different Disciplines Logging play any important role in exploration and production industry? Can be comparable with other techniques ? Really logging is a replacement of core recovery and analysis? Cost effective ?
  • 3. EACH DISCIPLINE HAS ITS OWN IMPORTANCE & ROLE in E&P RESERVOIR MODELING OPEN HOLE LOGGING (RES, POR, LITH LOGS) -LWD/WL MUD LOGGING CORE ANALYSIS DRILLING & LOGGING STATIC MODEL INTERPRETATION MODEL & UNCERTAINITY CERTAINITY CORE ANALYSIS 3D & VSP GEOLOGY & SEISMIC CASED HOLE /PL LOGGING (cement eval,flow rate ,fluid Tests) -WL INJUCTION DATA FLUID STUDIES DYNAMIC MODEL FLUID STUDIES 4D
  • 4. observations OPEN HOLE LOGGING (RES, POR, LITH LOGS) -LWD/WL MUD LOGGING CORE ANALYSIS CASED HOLE /PL LOGGING (cement evaluation , flow rate ,fluid Tests) -WL INJUCTION DATA FLUID STUDIES DRILLING &LOGGING operations Interrelated operations completions DRECTIONAL DRILLING CORE RECOVERY PIPING & CASING OIL TUBING (packers arrangement) PERFORATING WELL CLEANING (gravel packing , acid injunctions, compressions) INJUCTIONS
  • 5. Few things about Logging Well ,log ,logging,………? Log interpretation.
  • 6. Logging : the process of continuous recording of parameters w.r.to depth that is to obtain comprehensive information about formations in the bore hole by lowering the tool Log: the record that contains obtained and required basic information about the parameters in the bole
  • 7. Don’t miss understand…….. logs (product) logging (process) open hole cased hole LWD , WL ,….. Production well logging….. open hole cased hole Production well Lithology ,Porosity ,Resistivity, …. Other miscellaneous Sonde: Combination of lowering tool, Bore Hole/Well :Source of parameters/formation, Bore Hole Environment:Distrubed –Undisturbed condition of Bore Hole, Before production (Stage of Reservoir /Field/Basin) In production (Stage of Production) Well: Discovery(Wild cat),Exploratory ,Development Well: Production(Recovery),Injection
  • 8. Log Presentation Lithology logs SP,GR along with CALIPER, BIT SIZE Lithology: (shale ,sand ,…) Porous –permeable beds (no of ,thickness) Shale volume Resistivity logs Porosity logs Focused(latro) , Non focused types of NormalInduction Sonic ,Neutron, Density Resistivity : Formation water & True resistivity Saturation MHI Permeability indication Porosity : Effective porosity Type of fluid Contacts (GSC,GOC,OWC,GWC) Uncompacted
  • 9. Stages of Interpretation UNDERSTANDING LOG STUDY THE LOG RECORD (to take proper action in any stage of interpretation ) HEADer- MAINfo- TAILer,…. DISPLAY INFORMATION . TOOL SKETCH , CALIBRATION , PERFORMANCE & REMARKS ……… MARK THE INTERESTED ZONES QUICK LOOK INTERPRETATION (to take the readings ) POROUS –PERMEABLE ZONES : WATER /HC BEARING ,OTHER RESERVOIR ROCK UNITS TAKE READINGS & LIST OUT THE INERPRETATION FORMULA (to calculate the interpretation parameters) GR , SP , CALIPER, RESTIVITY ,MICRO RESISTIVITY, NEUTRON ,BULK DENSITY ,SONIC TRANSIT TIME DETAILED INTERPRETATION
  • 10. GR FOR IGR SP/RESISTIVITY &NEUTRON RESISTIVITY FOR Rt FOR Rw NEUTRON , BULK DENSITY ,SONIC TRANSIT TIME FOR CALIPER, MICRO RESISTIVITY FOR FOR φe k indication S w, S hc, S movable , PAY= S movable * φe Aim of logging: Calculation of S Hc * φ Preparation of a PARA LOG Why a log analyst limited his aim to e in each reservoir rock unit & S hc × φ e ? Log analyst can do but accuracy …..because cant estimate exact S hc = (1-S hr) need help of core analyst of viscosity ,permeability ….
  • 11. Interpretation parameters Rt Φ N, Φ D R w ,Ro, Rsh V sh Φ eff Sw S hc Archie’s 2nd equation Indonesian ’s equation (Archie's 1st equation about formation factor) DEPTH Rw Rt Φ eff SW S Hc S Hc × Φ eff
  • 13. Sand Stones: Log Analyst: Composition (Sand Stone) Framework of Quartz and Feldspar Grains(Majority)/ Other Fragments (Non Majority)/ Cement (Quit Limited)) Processing Engineer: Matrix (Sand Stone) K-Na, Ca Al Si3 O8 Si O2
  • 14. Shales: Frame work ,Matrix, Cement are Clay Minerals ( Kaolinite,Montmorilllonite,Illite) Minute percentage of Non Clay Minerals. 90% Clay Minerals K Feldspar derived Radio Active K rich clays Rain water derived U,Th Br salts K (12%),U Th (<500ppm) Laminar (separate layers of fine grains) Dispersed (spreaded clusters of fine grains in coarse grains) Structural (distribution mixture of fine grains in coarse grains) Which shale effects the formation more? Why? Dispersed(assumptions become wrong;cant locate cluster and estimate its distribution beyond well surroundings) >Structural>Laminar Salt : 100% NaCl (general) or 0-10% KCl +90-100%NaCl (rare) Brazile wells shows high gama in salt formations because of KCl presence ,in past north brazilen sea having more KCl salt
  • 15. Why anhydrate or gypsum are tops of salt(local gravity high)? During evaporation of sea water more saturate solution of NaCl formed and precipitated, still some minerals remain finally precipitated at top of the salt , at the end of the evaporation react with H2O form anhydrate or gypsum.
  • 19. Chemical Sources: NEUTRON SOURCE Neutron sources Gamma sourceso Cesium(Cs137) produce a steady flux of gamma rays at 662 KeV ENERGY LEAVING SOURCE 106 NEUTRON ENERGY (e V) o Am241-Be9 : emits neutrons with mean energy of 4.2 MeV. oz Californium(Cf252) : emits neutrons with mean energy of 2.35 MeV. 104 102 10 eV Electrical Generators: This device produces 14 MeV neutrons by accelerating deuterium ions into a tritium target (up to 125,000 V DC). APPROX. EPITHERMAL ENERGY REGION 1 .4 eV AVERAGE THERMAL ENERGY . 025 EV CAPTURE 01 1 10 TIM E ( µ s ) 100
  • 20. Energy state Range Interaction high >0.5Mev Inelastic scattering medium 0.5ev-0.5Mev Elastic scattering low <0.5ev Thermal capture Energy state Range Interaction high >2Mev Pair production medium 0.5Mev-0.5Mev Compton scattering low <0.5Mev PEE Remark Remark
  • 21. Why R proportional to l /A ? RMS velocity of free(week bonded )electron Collision of energized surface electron with unenergized electron Week bonded Strong bonded v v vvv v me If Area increased, no: electrons come to contact with electrode is increased Energy transmission as velocity exchange
  • 22. ELECTRICAL LOGGING TOOLS Conventional Electrical survey Tools Non-Conventional Electrical survey Tools natural artificial artificial artificial SP Normal Resistivity & Micro Resistivity (focused, non focused) Induction (short, long) Lateral RADIO ACTIVE LOGGING TOOLS Conventional Radio Active Tools Non-Conventional Radio Active Tools natural artificial artificial GR Neutron Density (Compensation) Dual energy, Litho , GR-Spectroscopy SONIC LOGGING TOOLS Conventional Sonic Tools Non-Conventional Sonic Tools artificial artificial Sonic (Compensation) Long spread , Depth derived ,Array, Wave sonic, Dipole MISCELLANEOUS LOGGING TOOLS (BH Conditions) Temperature ,Pressure…… Formation testers (BH Geometry ) Caliper,Dipmeter,…
  • 24. Archie's Both Equations : Archie's experiment concludes an empirical relationship between resistivity of the water bearing formation and water, pore volume it contain and also water saturation. If Sw = 1 , means water-bearing formation Resistivity of water Resistivity of waterbearing formation Formation factor Water saturation
  • 25. Volume of Shale: The percentage of shale present in the rock unit Response in the zone of interest Shale Clean formation Indonesian Equation
  • 26. GR: The record of count rate of Natural GAMMA as a result of emission from RADIO ACTIVE MINERALS present in the ROCK UNITS RADIO ACTIVE MINERALS are more in the CLAYS & SHALES GR infer the LITHOLOGY whether rock unit is having CLAYS & SHALES or not In the first /each run (lowering tool), first track (left side of log paper) 0-100 API (10intervels) along with CALIPER,BIT SIZE , SP. GR around 30 -SAND up to 50 -SAND SHALE up to 80 -SHALE SAND up to 100- SHALE more than 100-CLAY Volume of Shale DEPTH GR Vsh END
  • 27. SP: The record of voltage variation as a result of electrolytic conduction due to salinity variation between fluids present in the ROCK UNITS electrolytic conduction is more across porous –permeable rock unit SP infer the LITHOLOGY whether rock unit is having porous& permeable SAND or not In the first /each run (lowering tool), first track (left side of log paper) 0-100 units (10intervels) along with CALIPER,BIT SIZE ,GR. SP +Ve : R mf <R w : Shale Base Line is in left side of Sand Deflection Line SP in the same well either +Ve or –Ve : crossover indicates the presence of HYDROCARBON END
  • 28. OR K=61+0.133T°F R we to R w conversion chart DEPTH SSP K 10 ˆ(SSP/K) Rwe R w END
  • 29. BIT SIZE : size of the drill-bit used CALIPER: size of the drilled hole Grater than BIT SIZE : absence of permeable rock units / factures Less than BIT SIZE : presence of permeable rock units /MUD CAKE RESISTIVITY : Apparent resistivity of the formation (can calculate true resistivity by using at least three apparent resistivity values ) Using Resistivity Tool: in saline muds , good contact between annulus electrode and BH wall. Using Induction Tool : in non saline muds In the first run (lowering tool), first track (middle of log paper) 0.2-2000 units (log scale) Configuration : App resistivity = (Geometrical factor × Observed voltage difference)/ Sending current Characteristic charts used to calculate true resistivity from apparent resistivity END
  • 30. DLL MSFL Invasion Correction charts DLL MSFL LOG RECORD (R t / R LLD )× R LLD = R t DEPTH LLD LLS MSFL LLD/LLS LLD/MSFL Rt/LLD Rsh = Rt in shale RO = Rt in WBZ Rt END
  • 31. NEUTRON: The count rate of back scattered neutron/gamma as a result of energizing rock units with neutrons (source: Am Be -16 curie) Sending neutron lose total energy and collapse into the nuclei of HYDROGEN and release a Gamma Response α Hydrogen Index In the first run (lowering tool), third track (right side of log paper) 0.54 - -0.06 (10intervels) along with SONIC ,DENSITY. NEUTRON : Gas < Oil <Water in sand Sand < Shale (bounded water) Correction for shale: Φ Nc = ΦN-(Vsh× ΦN in shale) Neutron Porosity Φ N = ΦN calibration corrected END
  • 32. DENSITY : The count rate of back scattered gamma as a result of energizing rock units with gammas (source : Cs 137) Sending gamma undergone Compton Scattering no of collisions α no of electrons in rock unit ρe ρb = 1.0704 ρe + 0.1883 In the first run (lowering tool), third track (right side of log paper) 2.8 -1.8 (10intervels) along with SONIC ,NEUTRON. DENSITY: Gas < <Oil <Water in sand Correction for shale: Φ Dc = ΦD-(Vsh× ΦD in shale) END
  • 33. Effective Porosity: Volume of interconnected pores Neutron Correction for shale: Φ Nc = ΦN-(Vsh× ΦN in shale) Density Correction for shale: Φ Dc = ΦD-(Vsh× ΦD in shale) DEPTH Φ N cal Φ NC ρb φD φDC Φeff END
  • 34. Φ N RT GR 20 97 24 24 78 23 22 69 25 28 72 26 30 52 23 Will get Rt =100 Sand Stone Matrix Point ∆t = 48, φN =0 , ρb =2.65 ΦN = 0 10 20 30 40 50 Choose Φ=20 END
  • 35. now mark the point φ=20,Rt=156.25 & draw the 80% saturation line Rw=4.878 now replace the 0.64 by 0.36,0.16,0.04 …..to get the 60%,40%,20%,…… saturation lines Sw =80% =0.8 Rt = 100/0.64 = 156.25 END
  • 36. SW =1=100% Red Points GR=23-30 Blue Points GR=30-40 Yellow Points GR=40-50 END
  • 38. Ro =F Rw Rt= F Rwa Different Trend HC indication Main Trend Rwa line WBZ
  • 39. 50 = φ DC -10 0 10 20 30 40 GAS -10 0 10 20 30 40 50= φ NC
  • 40. Indonesian Equation S HC = (1-SW) DEPTH Rw Rt Φ eff S W S Hc S Hc × Φ eff END
  • 41. Here our goal need more data from ROCK PHYSICS LABORATORY, so it limited to S hc × φ e
  • 43. Lithology GR Rt φN Sand Stone ( more compacted & dry ) Less=25 Less clay minerals More=1000 SiO2 insulator / no electrolytic conduction Less<10 More=2.6 No fluid / no H2 Closed grain packing Sand Stone ( less compacted & wet) Less=25 Less clay minerals Less<100 Saltwater conductor / electrolytic conduction More=10-30 Having H2 Moderate=2.1 (30% H2O=1 /70% SiO2 =2.6) Having oil Less=25 Less clay minerals Moderate >100-700 Oil insulator (at least 5times of R0 ) More=10-30 Having H2 (less than water zone) Moderate=1.9 (less than water zone) Having gas Less=25 Less clay minerals More >700 Gas insulator (at least 5times of More=10-30 Having H2 (less than oil Less =1.8 Having water ρb
  • 44. Lithology GR Rt φN ρb Sand-Shale ( more compacted & dry ) Less=30-50 More or less clay minerals More<100 Dry clay insulator ,bounded water in composition / not much electrolytic conduction Less=20 No fluid / bounded water H2 More=2.5 Closed grain packing (30%shale =2.3,70%sio2=2 .6) Sand-Shale ( less compacted & wet) Less=30-50 More or less clay minerals Less<50 Wet clay conductor / more electrolytic conduction More=20-40 Having H2 Moderate=2.2 (20% H2O=1 ,50% SiO2 =2.6 30%Shale 1.82.6) Having oil Less=30-50 More or less clay minerals Moderate >100-700 Oil insulator (at least 5times of R0 ) More=20-40 Having H2 (less than water zone) Moderate=1.8 (less than water zone) Having gas Less=30-50 More or less clay minerals More >700 Gas insulator (at least 5times of oil zone ) More=20-40 Having H2 (less than oil zone) Less =1.7 Having water
  • 45. Lithology GR Rt φN ρb Shale ( more compacted & dry ) More =80-100 More clay minerals (80%) More<50 Dry clay insulator / not much electrolytic conduction Less=30-40 No fluid / bounded water H2 More=2.3 Closed grain packing Shale ( less compacted & wet) More =80-100 More clay minerals Less<10 Wet clay conductor / more electrolytic conduction More=40-50 Having H2 Moderate=1.9 (30% H2O=1,70% shale=2.3) , More >100(120) More clay minerals More<50 Dry clay insulator /Less<10 Wet clay conductor Less=30-40 More 2.4 Having water Clay
  • 46. Dileep.P.Allavarapu dpa.taeching@gmail.com /or motherindia.energy@gmail.com 9703070878 Contact any Institution Dept. of Mathematics, MGR Junior College Dept. of Chemistry, LAMP Degree College Dept. of Geophysics , Andhra University Logging Base ,ONGC –Rajahmundry Asset Oil and Gas Deliveries, Infotech Enterprises Limited Gravity Observatory , Gravity Group-NGRI Seismological Observatory, Warna Canal Division-MERI UV Physics Academy Analog IAS Academy