4. Technology: the study and knowledge of the practical, especially industrial, use of scientific discoveries.
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7. Henry The Navigator: Port , 4 March 1394 – 13 November 1460. was an infante (prince) of the kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations.
8. Christopher Columbus: ( 1451- 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, an explorer whose voyages whose across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the western Hemisphere.
13. Economy: the system of trade and industry by which the wealth of a country is made and used.Colony : a country or area controlled politically by a more powerful and often distant country.
22. China: is an ancient civilization located in a cultural region and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia.
23. Safavid: were one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled the greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia and established the Ithnāˤashari (Twelver) school of Shi'a Islamas the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam.
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25. A.Introduction Western leaders fostered colonialism as a means of creating controlled markets for manufactured good.
27. C. British and French North America: Backwater Colonies The colonies that more fully adopted Western culture and institutions were located in British and French North America. Denser settlement led to almost the total elimination of indigenous populations of the Atlantic colonies.
28. D.North America and Western Civilization Colonists reproduced in North America most of the patterns of Western culture. American colonies of the Atlantic coast all developed representative institutions. Economic equality was greater in the colonies than in Europe, and there was no formal aristocracy.
29. E. Africa and Asia: Coastal Trading Stations Although most of the European colonization of Africa was limited to coastal fortification, two more intrusive settlements were attempted by the Portuguese in Angola and the Dutch on the Cape of Good Hope. Their expansion brought them into conflict with indigenous peoples such as the Bantus. Economically, India was drawn into the world trade system. Latin America drew more settlers from Spain and Portugal, who often intermarried with the local population, but Europeans remained a small minority of the total population.
30. F. Impacton western Europe European nations fought many wars over colonial possessions. Western colonialism had a more dramatic effect on Latin America, but even there indigenous cultures survived.