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Part 1
Water as a Resource
Precipitation around the world
      Wet: along equator and 60°
          Dry: 30° and poles
Distribution of Earth’s water
           97.6% in oceans (saltwater)
                 2.4% is freshwater
most freshwater is frozen (N and S poles, glaciers)
    very little freshwater is directly accessible
Major Water Compartments
Potential fates of precipitation
       evaporation: back to atmosphere
 transpiration: through plants to atmosphere
      infiltration: to soil and groundwater
    runoff: rare in most natural ecosystems
Humans have increased runoff…
• Runoff takes topsoil with it!!

     Rill Erosion
(most soil erosion loss)       Gully Erosion
The problem with runoff…
Groundwater
zone of aeration: soil pores filled with water and air,
  zone of saturation: soil pores filled with water,
    groundwater: water in zone of saturation,
         water table: top of groundwater…
Aquifers
aquifer: porous, water-bearing layer(s) of sand, gravel, and/or rock
          recharge zone: area where water enters aquifer
Aquifers in Pennsylvania
where does southwest PA get its water?
Aquifers: confined vs. unconfined
      -springs and artesian wells
                                    Recharge
                                      zone
Global Water Use

#1. agriculture (mostly irrigation)

#2. industrial

#3. domestic
Global water use
water use in low-, middle-, and high-income nations:
       shifts from agriculture toward industry
Irrigation in dry regions
water is a precious resource

                               Irrigation
Industrial water use
used as a solvent, and as a cooling agent
Domestic water use
about 2/3 used in the bathroom (toilet flushing and bathing)
       relatively little used for drinking and cooking
Water Supply
• Because water is essential for most human
  activities, long-term human habitation
  requires a renewable water supply
  =Water resources that are replenished regularly
   (mainly surface water and shallow ground water)
    • Often dependant on precipitation
Where do we get our water?
well: hole in soil/bedrock from which water is extracted
    many cause a cone of depression in water table
      may cause nearby shallow wells to “run dry”
Where do we get our water?
reservoirs: created by construction of dams
              constructed for:
               1) flood control
         2) consistent water supply
The problems with dams
• Water in reservoirs
  evaporates more
  quicklywater loss
• They change natural,
  seasonal flow regimes
• They stop the water and
  allow sediment to settle
  behind the dam
   – Eventually the reservoir will
     fill with sediment
The problems with dams
• They drown valleys
  and destroy free-
  flowing rivers
• They impede
  migrations of fish and
  land animals
Water Use
• Water can be reused if it is not contaminated
• Withdrawal- total water taken from a water body
  (most could be returned to circulation)
• Consumption- water evaporated, absorbed or
  contaminated (water “lost” to immediate future
  use

• We must use water conscientiously to protect
  and conserve it!
• Conservative
  irrigation may save
  vast amounts of
  water
Water use and conservation
use of native plants gaining popularity in dry regions,
  native plants are well-adapted to dry conditions
Watersheds
• Watershed = the area drained by a
  particular stream
• Watershed conservation involves the idea
  of monitoring and conserving the
  resources within a watershed’s boundaries
  to protect the water resource
Part 2
                  Water Pollution
• Any physical, biological, or chemical change in
  water quality that adversely affects living
  organisms can be considered pollution.
  – Point Sources - Discharge pollution from specific
    locations (channeled).
     • Factories, Power plants
  – Non-Point Sources - Scattered or diffuse, having no
    specific location of discharge.
     • Agricultural fields, Feedlots
     • Atmospheric Deposition
Point-source pollution
point-source pollution: can be traced to a discrete point
              example = pipe from factory
Nonpoint-source pollution
nonpoint-source pollution: pollution comes from broad area
         example = erosion, fertilizers from farms
Infectious Agents
• Main source of waterborne pathogens is
  untreated and improperly treated human
  waste.
  – Animal wastes from feedlots and fields is also
    an important source of pathogens.
Testing water for infectious agents
• Individual disease-causing organisms are
  difficult/expensive to test for.
• Infectious agents are more common in water
  with high concentrations of untreated waste.
• Coliform bacteria (E. coli) are common in the
  digestive tracts of warm blooded animals.
• Fecal coliforms are used as indicators that other
  more infectious agents may also be present in
  water.
  – If a test shows coliform bacteria are present, there is
    untreated waste in the water and it is assumed to be
    unsafe to drink.
Threats to groundwater:
            illegal dumping
         faulty septic systems
  fertilizer & pesticide application
               leaky tanks
Movement of pollutants
groundwater does NOT always move straight down!
Groundwater contamination
movement depends on density relative to water
Pollution by Organic Material
           (untreated sewage)
decomposition of OM “uses up” dissolved oxygen in water
       (high Biological Oxygen Demand = BOD)
        little or none left for aquatic organisms
Excess nutrients
eutrophication: increase in nutrient levels which leads to
             excess productivity (algal bloom),
    (then decomposition of dead algae depletes DO)
Cultural Eutrophication
• Large excesses of nutrients are often put into
  rivers for “disposal”
• When these rivers empty into the sea/ocean
  they can cause large “dead zones” without any
  dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• The largest dead zone in the world is in the Gulf
  of Mexico at the mouth of the Mississippi
  – During summer months (when algae growth is
    highest) the dead zone may reach 7,000 square
    miles, the size of NJ.
Ens water pollution power point teacher copy period 10 env sci
Wastewater treatment--Septic system
 wastewater must percolate--
 1. fast enough to handle daily load,
 2. slow enough to allow “purification”,
 potential drainfield sites are subject to “perc” test
Septic systems
   solids settle in septic tank where they are decomposed by bacteria,
      if bacteria are killed (chemicals), system starts to fail (YUCK!)
if too many “cloggers” go down the drain, system starts to fail (YUCK!)
Wastewater treatment plants
the idea: centralize treatment to ensure proper treatment
        problem: expensive to build and maintain
               up to three treatment levels
Inorganic Pollutants
• Some inorganic materials are released by
  natural processes
• Humans accelerate production of many
  chemicals by mining, processing, and discarding
  of materials
•   Metals- many are toxic at high concentrations, and may
    bioaccumulate
•   Salts- some are toxic (selenium, arsenic). Some accumulate and
    poison soils and local waters
•   Acids and bases- can disrupt the fragile balance of life in surface
    waters. Acids may also dissolve other toxic substances like metals.
Organic Chemicals
• Thousands of natural and synthetic
  organic chemicals are used to make
  pesticides, plastics, pharmaceuticals,
  pigments, etc.
• Two most important sources of toxic
  organic chemicals in water are:
  – Improper disposal of industrial and household
    wastes.
  – Runoff of pesticides from high-use areas.
     • Fields, roadsides, golf courses
Sediment
• Although natural, sediment can cause major
  environmental problems.
  – Fill lakes/reservoirs, navigation channels in Rivers
  – Make it hard to treat water for drinking
  – Smother stream bottom (benthic) habitatkill bugs
    and fish eggs. May choke out fish (clogged gills)
  – Blocks sunlightreduces primary production in
    aquatic systemsmay reduce overall biomass of any
    system linked to the affected aquatic ecosystem
• Anthropogenic erosion is the largest water
  pollution problem in the USA.
                            USA
Ens water pollution power point teacher copy period 10 env sci
Thermal Pollution
• Increases/decreases in water temperature
  can affect water quality and aquatic life.
• Water in nature changes temp slowly.
  Organisms are not adapted to change
  temp quickly.
• Vegetation and runoff patterns can affect
  water temps.
WATER QUALITY TODAY
• Areas of Progress
  – Clean Water Act (1972) established a
    National Pollution Discharge Elimination
    System (NPDES) which requires a permit for
    any entity dumping wastes in surface waters.
    • In 1999, EPA reported 91.4% of all monitored river
      miles and 87.5% of all accessed lake acres are
      suitable for their designated uses.*
       – Most progress due to municipal sewage treatment
         facilities.
  – Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) requires
    minimum safety standards for every
    community water supply
    • Also has provisions to protect groundwater
WATER QUALITY TODAY
• Watershed approaches are involving local
  people and getting them informed about
  what goes on in their watersheds
  awareness about their effects on the local
  water quality
• Since 1998, EPA uses a TMDL system to
  regulate input of pollutants
Ens water pollution power point teacher copy period 10 env sci
Remaining Problems
• Greatest impediments to achieving
  national goals in water quality are
  sediment, nutrients, and pathogens,
  especially from non-point discharges.
  – About three-quarters of water pollution in the
    US comes from soil erosion, air pollution
    fallout, and agricultural and urban runoff.
     • Single cow produces 30 kg manure/day.
        – Some feedlots have 100,000 animals.
Problems and Progress in Other
          Countries
• Sewage treatment in wealthier countries of
  Europe generally equal or surpass the US.
• In Russia, only about half of the tap water
  supply is safe to drink.
• In urban areas of South America, Africa,
  and Asia, 95% of all sewage is discharged
  untreated into rivers.
• Two-thirds of India’s surface waters are
  contaminated sufficiently to be considered
  dangerous to human health.
Ocean Pollution
• Estimated 6 million metric tons of plastic
  bottles, packaging material, and other litter
  tossed from ships into the ocean annually.
  – Few coastlines in the world remain
    uncontaminated by oil or oil products.

• London Dumping Convention (1990)
  – International convention
  – Calls for end to ocean dumping
  – U.S. is a signatory to this

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Ens water pollution power point teacher copy period 10 env sci

  • 1. Part 1 Water as a Resource
  • 2. Precipitation around the world Wet: along equator and 60° Dry: 30° and poles
  • 3. Distribution of Earth’s water 97.6% in oceans (saltwater) 2.4% is freshwater most freshwater is frozen (N and S poles, glaciers) very little freshwater is directly accessible
  • 5. Potential fates of precipitation evaporation: back to atmosphere transpiration: through plants to atmosphere infiltration: to soil and groundwater runoff: rare in most natural ecosystems
  • 6. Humans have increased runoff… • Runoff takes topsoil with it!! Rill Erosion (most soil erosion loss) Gully Erosion
  • 7. The problem with runoff…
  • 8. Groundwater zone of aeration: soil pores filled with water and air, zone of saturation: soil pores filled with water, groundwater: water in zone of saturation, water table: top of groundwater…
  • 9. Aquifers aquifer: porous, water-bearing layer(s) of sand, gravel, and/or rock recharge zone: area where water enters aquifer
  • 10. Aquifers in Pennsylvania where does southwest PA get its water?
  • 11. Aquifers: confined vs. unconfined -springs and artesian wells Recharge zone
  • 12. Global Water Use #1. agriculture (mostly irrigation) #2. industrial #3. domestic
  • 13. Global water use water use in low-, middle-, and high-income nations: shifts from agriculture toward industry
  • 14. Irrigation in dry regions water is a precious resource Irrigation
  • 15. Industrial water use used as a solvent, and as a cooling agent
  • 16. Domestic water use about 2/3 used in the bathroom (toilet flushing and bathing) relatively little used for drinking and cooking
  • 17. Water Supply • Because water is essential for most human activities, long-term human habitation requires a renewable water supply =Water resources that are replenished regularly (mainly surface water and shallow ground water) • Often dependant on precipitation
  • 18. Where do we get our water? well: hole in soil/bedrock from which water is extracted many cause a cone of depression in water table may cause nearby shallow wells to “run dry”
  • 19. Where do we get our water? reservoirs: created by construction of dams constructed for: 1) flood control 2) consistent water supply
  • 20. The problems with dams • Water in reservoirs evaporates more quicklywater loss • They change natural, seasonal flow regimes • They stop the water and allow sediment to settle behind the dam – Eventually the reservoir will fill with sediment
  • 21. The problems with dams • They drown valleys and destroy free- flowing rivers • They impede migrations of fish and land animals
  • 22. Water Use • Water can be reused if it is not contaminated • Withdrawal- total water taken from a water body (most could be returned to circulation) • Consumption- water evaporated, absorbed or contaminated (water “lost” to immediate future use • We must use water conscientiously to protect and conserve it!
  • 23. • Conservative irrigation may save vast amounts of water
  • 24. Water use and conservation use of native plants gaining popularity in dry regions, native plants are well-adapted to dry conditions
  • 25. Watersheds • Watershed = the area drained by a particular stream • Watershed conservation involves the idea of monitoring and conserving the resources within a watershed’s boundaries to protect the water resource
  • 26. Part 2 Water Pollution • Any physical, biological, or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms can be considered pollution. – Point Sources - Discharge pollution from specific locations (channeled). • Factories, Power plants – Non-Point Sources - Scattered or diffuse, having no specific location of discharge. • Agricultural fields, Feedlots • Atmospheric Deposition
  • 27. Point-source pollution point-source pollution: can be traced to a discrete point example = pipe from factory
  • 28. Nonpoint-source pollution nonpoint-source pollution: pollution comes from broad area example = erosion, fertilizers from farms
  • 29. Infectious Agents • Main source of waterborne pathogens is untreated and improperly treated human waste. – Animal wastes from feedlots and fields is also an important source of pathogens.
  • 30. Testing water for infectious agents • Individual disease-causing organisms are difficult/expensive to test for. • Infectious agents are more common in water with high concentrations of untreated waste. • Coliform bacteria (E. coli) are common in the digestive tracts of warm blooded animals. • Fecal coliforms are used as indicators that other more infectious agents may also be present in water. – If a test shows coliform bacteria are present, there is untreated waste in the water and it is assumed to be unsafe to drink.
  • 31. Threats to groundwater: illegal dumping faulty septic systems fertilizer & pesticide application leaky tanks
  • 32. Movement of pollutants groundwater does NOT always move straight down!
  • 33. Groundwater contamination movement depends on density relative to water
  • 34. Pollution by Organic Material (untreated sewage) decomposition of OM “uses up” dissolved oxygen in water (high Biological Oxygen Demand = BOD) little or none left for aquatic organisms
  • 35. Excess nutrients eutrophication: increase in nutrient levels which leads to excess productivity (algal bloom), (then decomposition of dead algae depletes DO)
  • 36. Cultural Eutrophication • Large excesses of nutrients are often put into rivers for “disposal” • When these rivers empty into the sea/ocean they can cause large “dead zones” without any dissolved Oxygen (DO) • The largest dead zone in the world is in the Gulf of Mexico at the mouth of the Mississippi – During summer months (when algae growth is highest) the dead zone may reach 7,000 square miles, the size of NJ.
  • 38. Wastewater treatment--Septic system wastewater must percolate-- 1. fast enough to handle daily load, 2. slow enough to allow “purification”, potential drainfield sites are subject to “perc” test
  • 39. Septic systems solids settle in septic tank where they are decomposed by bacteria, if bacteria are killed (chemicals), system starts to fail (YUCK!) if too many “cloggers” go down the drain, system starts to fail (YUCK!)
  • 40. Wastewater treatment plants the idea: centralize treatment to ensure proper treatment problem: expensive to build and maintain up to three treatment levels
  • 41. Inorganic Pollutants • Some inorganic materials are released by natural processes • Humans accelerate production of many chemicals by mining, processing, and discarding of materials • Metals- many are toxic at high concentrations, and may bioaccumulate • Salts- some are toxic (selenium, arsenic). Some accumulate and poison soils and local waters • Acids and bases- can disrupt the fragile balance of life in surface waters. Acids may also dissolve other toxic substances like metals.
  • 42. Organic Chemicals • Thousands of natural and synthetic organic chemicals are used to make pesticides, plastics, pharmaceuticals, pigments, etc. • Two most important sources of toxic organic chemicals in water are: – Improper disposal of industrial and household wastes. – Runoff of pesticides from high-use areas. • Fields, roadsides, golf courses
  • 43. Sediment • Although natural, sediment can cause major environmental problems. – Fill lakes/reservoirs, navigation channels in Rivers – Make it hard to treat water for drinking – Smother stream bottom (benthic) habitatkill bugs and fish eggs. May choke out fish (clogged gills) – Blocks sunlightreduces primary production in aquatic systemsmay reduce overall biomass of any system linked to the affected aquatic ecosystem • Anthropogenic erosion is the largest water pollution problem in the USA. USA
  • 45. Thermal Pollution • Increases/decreases in water temperature can affect water quality and aquatic life. • Water in nature changes temp slowly. Organisms are not adapted to change temp quickly. • Vegetation and runoff patterns can affect water temps.
  • 46. WATER QUALITY TODAY • Areas of Progress – Clean Water Act (1972) established a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) which requires a permit for any entity dumping wastes in surface waters. • In 1999, EPA reported 91.4% of all monitored river miles and 87.5% of all accessed lake acres are suitable for their designated uses.* – Most progress due to municipal sewage treatment facilities. – Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) requires minimum safety standards for every community water supply • Also has provisions to protect groundwater
  • 47. WATER QUALITY TODAY • Watershed approaches are involving local people and getting them informed about what goes on in their watersheds awareness about their effects on the local water quality • Since 1998, EPA uses a TMDL system to regulate input of pollutants
  • 49. Remaining Problems • Greatest impediments to achieving national goals in water quality are sediment, nutrients, and pathogens, especially from non-point discharges. – About three-quarters of water pollution in the US comes from soil erosion, air pollution fallout, and agricultural and urban runoff. • Single cow produces 30 kg manure/day. – Some feedlots have 100,000 animals.
  • 50. Problems and Progress in Other Countries • Sewage treatment in wealthier countries of Europe generally equal or surpass the US. • In Russia, only about half of the tap water supply is safe to drink. • In urban areas of South America, Africa, and Asia, 95% of all sewage is discharged untreated into rivers. • Two-thirds of India’s surface waters are contaminated sufficiently to be considered dangerous to human health.
  • 51. Ocean Pollution • Estimated 6 million metric tons of plastic bottles, packaging material, and other litter tossed from ships into the ocean annually. – Few coastlines in the world remain uncontaminated by oil or oil products. • London Dumping Convention (1990) – International convention – Calls for end to ocean dumping – U.S. is a signatory to this