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148     ‡ÊÊœ, ‚◊ˡÊÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§Ÿ (•ãÃ⁄U⁄UÊCÔ˛UËÿ ‡ÊÊœ ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010)



•Êâ∑§flÊŒ ∑§Ê flÒ‡flË∑§⁄UáÊ

                                                                                                     *«UÊÚ. ¬˝◊ÊŒ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ
‡ÊÊœ¬òÊ-•Õ¸‡ÊÊSòÊ

      vkradokn 20oha 'krkCnh dk fgald o vekuoh; vL=             lkekU; eas Hk; mRiUu djus ls gS] ftl izdkj&^^feV~Vh dPph
fl) gqvkA vkradokn ;kfu Hk; dh jktuhfr] cy dh                   jgus ij gh dqEgkj crZu ds vkdkj esa lq/kkj dj ldrk gS]
jktuhfr] vkrad dk tUe rks jktuhfr dh dks[k ls gh gqvk           ij ids gq, crZu ds vkdkj eas lq/kkj dh vk'kk djuk ew[kZrk
gSA ,d jk"Vª dk nwljs jk"Vª ij opZLo dk;e djus dk LoIu          gS] Bhd mlh izdkj vkrad dh tM+ dks dkVs fcuk vkradokn
vkSj LoIu lkdkj djus ds fy;s ?kqliSfB;ksa dks ek/;e cukukA      :ih fo'kky o`{k u"V dj ikuk eqf'dy gS A** vkt ds lekt
vkradokn dh vkjafHkd yM+kbZ dqN ,slh gh Fkh ysfdu 'ksj          esa pksjh] MdSrh] ywV] vigj.k] cykRdkj] gR;k tSlh vekuoh;
dh lokjh djrs & djrs tc 'ks j us fga l d gks d j                d`R;ksa dk cM+rk gq, xzkQ fdlh ls Nqik gqvk ugha gS] igys
vius lokj dks gh xz k l cukus dk iz ; kl pkyw dj                izkd`frd vkinkvksa ,oa tho tUrqvksa ls Hk; Hkhr gksus okyk
fn;k gS rc vkra d okn dh Hk;kogrk dk mn?kkVu                    ekuo vkt ekuo ls gh lcls vf/kd Hk;Hkhr gS A okLrfodrk
fd;k tk jgk gS A tc bldh cfy osnh ij yk[kksa funksZ"kksas       ;g gS fd vkradokn u rks dksbZ chekjh gS vkSj uk gh dksbZ
dk jDr p<+ pqdk gS] rc ekuoh;rk dh nqgkbZ nh tk jgh gSA         ok;jl ;k tknw Vksuk gS] ftlds fy;s dksbZ bykt [kksts tkus
;g foMEcuk gh gS fd lkEiznkf;drk vkSj vkradokn ds uke           dh izrh{kk esa ge cSBs gq, gSa] okLro esa ;s ekuo dh fxjrh gqbZ
ij cM+h dher pqdkbZ xbZ gSA ekuo vf/kdkj euq"; dks              uSfrdrk vkSj [kksrh gqbZ ekuork dk gh ifj.kke gS A blhfy;s
ikf'od cuus ls jksdus dh igy djrk gS] ijUrq D;k ;g ckr          ;fn gesa lgh ek;uksa eas vius lekt] ns'k vkSj fo'o esa ls
bl jk"Vª ds ;k fo'o ds d.kZ/kkjksa dks Hkh le> esa vkrh gS]     vkradokn dks feVkuk gS rks viuh [kksbZ gqbZ ekuork dks <wa<
tks vius&vius nyksa dks cpkus] viuh&viuh lRrk dks cpkus         dj ykuk gksxk vkSj lksbZ gqbZ balkfu;r dks txkuk gksxk A
vkSj viuh&viuh dqlhZ dks cpkus dh gksM+ esa 'kkfey gSa A        fdlh us lp gh dgk gS &
      orZeku esa fo'o oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k ls xqtj jgk gS A             ^^tqeZ gksxk mUgsa cgkj dguk] tks gennZ vkneh ds ughaA
bl oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa vkradokn Hkh dsoy Hkkjr dh leL;k               ckfx;ksa ls oQk dh D;k mEehn] tks oru ds ugha] fdlh
ugha oju~ lEiw.kZ fo'o dh leL;k cu xbZ gS A blfy;s fdlh         ds ughaAA**
,d ns'k dks ugha cfYd bl leL;k ds mUewyu ds fy;s                       vrajkZ"Vªh; vkradokn ds v/;srk fcz;ka Økstj ds erkuqlkj
oSf'od iz;kl gksus pkfg;s] tSls ekuo vf/kdkj leLr fo'o          &^^20oha 'krkCnh dk vkradokn vius Lo:i eas foy{k.k gS]
esa leku :i ls ykxw gS oSls gh vkradokn ls fuiVus ds fy;s       ;g lekt vkSj jkT; O;oLFkk ds fy;s ,d dyad tSlk gS]
Hkh oSf'od fu;e] dkuwu cuk;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA vc            og vius Lo:i esa oSf'od gS vFkkZr~ fo'o Hkj ds vkradokfn;ksa
bl rjg dk izip can gksuk pkfg;s fd ftl d`R; dks ,d jk"Vª
                 a                                              esa vkilh HkkbZpkjk gSA** vkradokn dk bfrgkl vfr izkphu
vkradoknh dg jgk gS]nwljs ds fy;s og vkradoknh ugha gS A        gSA jkcVZ dhMyS.MV dh ekU;rk gS fd vkradokn 'kCn Qzkal
;g ekufldrk cuuh pkfg;s fd ;g fo'o gekjk gS] ;g /kjrh           dh Økafr vkSj tsdksfcu rkuk'kkgh ls tqM+k gSA :lh Økafr ls
gekjh gS vkSj bl fo'o dks lqUnj cukuk bl] /kjk dks olqU/kjk     Hkh vkradokn dks izeq[k LFkku izkIr gks x;k gSA vk/kqfud
cukuk gekjk drZO; gS]og pkgs xksjk gks ;k dkyk] vehj gks ;k     vkradokn dk bfrgkl 20oha 'krkCnh dh 'kL=hdj.k izfØ;k
xjhc NksVk gks ;k cM+kA iapHkwrksa ds izfr ekuo ek= ds _.k dh   ls izkjEHk izrhr gksrk gS A bl le; tks jktuSfrd izfr}afnrk
lgh vnk;xh ;gh gks ldrh gSA                                     pyh] mlls nks fojks/kh fopkj/kkjkvksa dk tUe gqvk] QyLo:i
      ^^lfn;kWa yx tkrh gSa] vkf'k;kWa cukus esa A              lRrk gsrq tks la?k"kZ mRiUu gqvk mlls Hkko dk okrkoj.k cuk
      ,d vkrad gh dkQh gS] bls mtkM+us esa AA**                 ,oa ?kkrd gfFk;kjksa eas o`f) gqbZ] ftlus vkradokn dk foLrkj
      vkradokn ls vfHkizk; fdlh Hkh fgalkRed rjhds ls tu        fd;kA
                 * ‚„UÊÿ∑§ ¬˝Êäÿʬ∑§ •Õ¸‡ÊÊSòÊ Áfl÷ʪ, ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ëÿ SŸÊÃ∑§ÊûÊ⁄U ◊„UÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ, Ÿ⁄UÁ‚¢„Uª…∏U
Shodh, Samiksha aur Mulyankan (International Research Journal)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010)        149


      vkradokn varjkZ"Vªh; lqj{kk] le`f) vkSj fLFkjrk ds            lkeuk djus ds fy;s lcls t:jh gS] ekuo ,drkA ;g rHkh
fy;s ,slh pqukSrh gS] ftlls lEiw.kZ fo'o fdlh u fdlh :i             lEHko gS tc ge ekuo caVokjs dh jktuhfr ls mHkjsa] futh
eas vkgr gS A vkradokn Hk; vkSj fgalk ds ek/;e ls vius              LokFkZ dk ifjR;kx djsa] vU;Fkk ge ,sls gh vkrad dh vkx
y{;ksa dh izkfIr eas fo'okl djrk gSA ;g y{; jktuSfrd]               esa >qylrs jgsaxsA
/kkfeZd] vkfFkZd ,oa O;fDrxr Hkh gks ldrk gSA ekuo LokLF;]                      vkradokn ds dkj.k&vkradokn dk eq[; dkj.k
ekuo thou ,oa fdlh ns'k dh v[k.Mrk ,oa lEifRr dks                   vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd leL;k,sa gSaA dgk Hkh x;k gS fd&
gkfu iagqpkus okys dk;Z gh vkrad ;k Hk; mRiUu djrs gSa]             ^^tgkWa ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksrk gS] ogha vkradokn
;gh vkradokn gSA vkt lEiw.kZ fo'o vkradokn dh foHkhf"kdk            iuirk gS A** csjkstxkjh] xjhch] vf'k{kk] mRihM+u ,oa 'kks"k.k
ls djkg jgk gSA Hkkjr Hkh foxr rhu n'kdksa ls bl leL;k              dh Hkwfedk vkradokn dk dkj.k jgh gSA jktuSfrd egRokdka{kk,sa
ls xzflr gSA                                                        Hkh vkradokn dks izsfjr djrh gS] tks ns'k vkfFkZd ,oa
      iz k s - ;'kiky ds vuq l kj&^^vkt lEiw . kZ ekuork            jktuSfrd :i ls 'kfDr'kkyh ugha gSa] ogkWa vkradokn dks
vkradokn ls =Lr gS--------bldk [krjk vkSj c<+sxk] D;ksafd           vizR;{k :i ls gfFk;kj cuk;k tkrk gSA ikfdLrku }kjk
ge rduhdh dk bLrseky euq"; dh l`tukRed mtkZ dks                     tEew&d'ehj esa izk;ksftr vkradokn blh dk ifj.kke gSA
tkx`r djus vkSj fnyksa ds Qklys dks nwj djus ds ctk;                jktuSfrd bPNk 'kfDr dh deh Hkh vkradokn dks iuius nsrh
dsoy HkkSxksfyd nwjh dks de djus ds fy;s dj jgs gSa A ;gh           gS A vQty xq: dks ltk u nsuk bldk izeq[k mnkgj.k gSA
otg gS fd uLyh;] etgch vkSj lkaLd`frd opZLooknh                           Hkkjr esa vkradokn dk foLrkj lqj{kk mik;ksa eas deh ds
vkradokn c<+ jgk gSA**                                              dkj.k Hkh gqvk gSA [kwfQ;k lwpukvksa dks ,d= djus ,oa
      nqfu;k ds dqN ,sls Bsdsnkj ns'kksa us vius futh LokFkZ ds     mudk lgh le; ij fo'ys"k.k dj vko';d dk;Zokgh djus
fy;s 20oha lnh eas vkradokn ds cht cks;s FksA pkgs og               esa <hykiu Hkh ,d dkj.k gS A 1984 esa bfUnjk xka/kh dh gR;k]
btjk;y&fQyhLrhu leL;k gks ;k Hkkjr&ikfdLrku fookn                   iatkc dk vkradokn] jktho xka/kh dh gR;k] tEew&d'ehj
gks] fo;ruke ;q) gks ;k mRrj nf{k.kh dksfj;k dk vkilh               dk vkradokn] 1999 dk foeku vigj.k] 11 flrEcj 2001
fookn gks] bu lcds ihNs dgha u dgha mu rFkkdfFkr                    dks vejhdh fo'o O;kikj dsUnz vkSj isaVkxu ij gq, vkradh
fodflr ns'kksa dh egRokdka{kk vkSj futh LokFkZ gh jgk gS A          geys] 13 fnlEcj 2001 dks Hkkjrh; laln ij geyk] 2008
tgkWa&tgkWa bu ns'kksa us jkT; fd;k] ogkWa&ogkWa vkradokn QSyk      esa t;iqj esa ce foLQksV ,oa 26-11-2008 dks eqEcbZ ds rkt
dj Lo;a dk mYyw lh/kk djrs jgs A ge ew[kksZa dh Hkkafr mudh         gksVy ,oa ujheu gkml ds vkradoknh ?kVuk] yanu esa ce
bl f?kukSuh pky dk f'kdkj gksrs jgsA ,d ,slk lR; tks dVq            foLQksV ,oa ikfdLrku esa csuthj HkqV~Vks dh gR;k vkfn
rks gS gh] nnZukd Hkh gS vkSj ;g lR; gS fd vkradokn ftlls           ?kVukvksa ls Li"V gS fd vkradokn ds ihNs /kkfeZd] lkekftd]
fo'o tw> jgk gS] pkgs og 'kfDr'kkyh vesfjdk gks ;k NksVk            vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd dkj.k eq[; gSaA
lk }hi Jhyadk A vkradokn us fo'o ds vf/kdrj ns'kksa dks                   bafM;k VqMs ds lEiknd izHkq pkoyk us ^^viuh ckr**
viuh pisV esa ys fy;k gS A bfrgkl esa >kWads rks Kkr gksrk          esa fy[kk gS fd&^^gkykafd eqEcbZ ce dk.M ds ckn vkradokn
gS fd ekuo leqnk; dks tkfr] /keZ] dkys&xksjs] fgUnw&eqlyeku         ds f[kykQ tax esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy;s 94759 yksxksa us vc
vkSj irk ugha fdrus rjhdksa ls ckaV j[kk gS] ftldk ifj.kke          rd 'kiFk yh gS A ns'k ds jktusrkvksa dk Hkh drZO; gS fd
ge yxkrkj Hkqxrrs vk jgs gSa A ,sls Hk;kog ifj.kke ftlus            oksV dh jktuhfr ls Åij mBdj Hkkjr ds okLrfod dY;k.k
lEiw.kZ fo'o dks brus VqdM+ksa esa ckaV fn;k gS fd budh fxurh       ds ckjs esa lkspsa ,oa ns'k esa lkEiznkf;d lkSgknZ ds ekgkSy dks
djuk nq"dj dk;Z gS A dbZ ns'k vkil esa 'k=qrk ikys gq, gSaA         fodflr djus dh fn'kk esa iz;Ru djsaA
vkradokn ekuo leqnk; ds bl caVokjs dk gh ifj.kke gSA                      vkra d okn lekfIr ds mik;&1- ns ' k ds iz R ;s d
      vkt vkradokn us yk[kksa ns'kksa dks fuxy fy;k gSA             ukxfjd dks tkx:d gksdj vkradokn ds fojks/k esa lg;ksx
xkSjryc ckr ;g Hkh gS fd [kqn dks /keZfujis{k dgus okys             djuk gksxk A 2- izR;sd jk"Vª dks f'k{kk ,oa jkstxkj esa o`f)
vesfjdk ds 44osa jk"Vªifr vksckek Hkh ckbZcy ij gkFk                djds vehj&xjhc dh [kkbZ dks ikVuk gksxkA 3- f'k{kk jk"Vªh;
j[kdj 'kiFk ysrs gSa] vius Hkk"k.k esa dgrs gSa fd&^^;g ns'k        ,oa uSfrd pfj= dk fuekZ.k djus okyh gksuh pkfg;sA 4-
blkbZ;ksa] eqfLyeksa] ;gwfn;ksa vkSj fgUnqvksa dk gSA** blls cM+h   izR;sd jk"Vª dks viuh ty] Fky ,oa ok;q ¼rhuksa lsuk½ dks
foMEcuk vkSj D;k gks ldrh gS] gky gh ds o"kksZa esa eqEcbZ          etcwr djuk gksxk rFkk mfpr fuxjkuh j[kuh gksxh vFkkZr~
vkradh geyk] xktk esa btjk;yh lsuk dk vfHk;ku vkSj                  lqj{kk ra= etcwr cuk;k tkosA 5- vkradoknh Hkh gkbZVsd gks
fyV~Vs ,oa Jhyadk lsuk ds chp tkjh ;q)] ;g lc vkradokn              x;s gSa] bUgksusa baVjusV viuk fy;k gS vr% buds f[kykQ tks
dk gh ifj.kke gS A njvly ns[kk tk;s rks lkEiznkf;drk gh             Hkh dne mBk;s tk;sa mudk izpkj&izlkj u gks] rHkh bu ij
vkradokn dh tuuh gS] tks pqukSrh gekjs lkeus gS mldk                vadq'k yxk;k tk ldsxkA 6- lkekftd :f<+okfnrk ,oa va/
150       ‡ÊÊœ, ‚◊ˡÊÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§Ÿ (•ãÃ⁄U⁄UÊCÔ˛UËÿ ‡ÊÊœ ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010)

kfo'oklksa dks lekIr djuk gksxkA 7- ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk                    os viuh ?k`f.kr xfrfof/k;ksa dks tkjh j[k ldsA ^^gj rjQ
gksuh pkfg;s vU;Fkk fonzksg vkradokn esa ifjf.kr gks tkrk gSA                  tqYe gS csclh gS] lgek&lgek lk gj vkneh gSA** vkt
8- jktuhfrK LokFkZ jfgr gksdj iztk dk ikyu iq=or~ djsa]                        lEiw.kZ fo'o esa vkradokn dks lekIr djus vkSj ekuorkokn
ftl ns'k esa 'kkld Hkz"V gS rks iztk dk Hkz"V pfj= gksuk                       dks c<+kok nsus dk ladYi ysuk] ekuork okn ds lkSgknZ ,oa
LokHkkfod gSA 9- euq"; dks euq"; cuus dh f'k{kk nh tk;s ugha                   eS=h dh vo/kkj.kk dks tuekul rd iagqpkuk gksxk A 'kS{kf.kd
rks ekuork dk fouk'k gks tk;sxkA 10- 'kks"kdksa ds izfr fonzkg s               iz.kkyh ds vkewy ifjorZu] uSfrdrk] HkkokRed ,drk] U;k;]
n'kkZus ds fy;s fgalk ds LFkku ij vfgalk dks viuk;k tkuk                       ikjLifjd vkRe fo'okl] O;fDrxr LokFkZ ls Åij mBdj
pkfg;sA 11- ekuoh; xq.kksa dks tkx`r dj ekuoh; nqcZyrkvksa                     jk"Vªh; fgr dks c<+kok nsuk gksxk A cPpksa ds tUe ls gh vPNs
ij fot; ikuk pkfg;s] ftlls lekt esa vkradokn tSlh                              laLdkj Mkysa rkfd vkus okys dy eas nqfu;k dh rLohj esa
cqjkbZ ls cpk tk ldsA 12- ekuo ewY;ksa eas o`f) djds fo'o                      veu vkSj pSu lkQ >yds] dgha vkrad vkSj ekre u gks]
esa vkradokn dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA 13- vkradokn                             ljdkj Hkh bl {ks= esa iz;Ru dj jgh gS] ns'k nzksgh ds fy;s
lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr ds fy;s pqukSrh gS blfy;s lHkh ns'kksa dks                   ^^iksVk vf/kfu;e** ykxw fd;k ,oa ns'k ds vkrad dks feVkus
,dtqV gksdj bldk lkeuk djuk pkfg;sA dqN yksx bl                                ds fy;s dbZ ,DV cuk;s x;s ftlesa e/;izns'k esa bl leL;k
cgqyokn dks Hkkjr dh detksjh ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] ysfdu                       ls fuiVus ds fy;s 1113 ,e ih Mh ih ,DV izHkko'khy fd;k
oLrqr% ;gh mldh vlyh rkdr gSA Hkkjr ,d vkfFkZd]                                x;k rFkk vU; jkT;ksa esa Hkh izHkko'khy gS ysfdu lekt esa iqu%
lkaLd`frd vkSj lkefjd egk'kfDr gS] ftl ij vkradoknh                            psruk tkx`r djus gsrq ekuork ds uUgs&uUgs ikS/ks yxkus
[kjksaps rks Mkyh tk ldrh gSa] ysfdu mls rksM+uk vlEHko gS                     gksaxsA ,d vksj ekuo eaxy x`g ij fot; dh rS;kjh esa gS]
A oSls Hkh nqfu;k dk HkkSxksfyd bfrgkl bl ckr dk xokg                          rks nwljh vksj ekuo tkfr dk i`Foh ij ekStwn vfLrRo ij
gS fd vkt rd vkradokn ds }kjk fdlh /keZjkT; dk xBu                             [krjs ds ckny e.Mjk jgs gSaA ,slk Hkh ugha gS fd lH;rk var
ugha fd;k tk ldk] fQj og gkjh gqbZ yM+kbZ ds izfr fdlh                         dh dxkj ij gS] ijUrq tc ekuoh; O;ogkj vkSj i'kq ds
xqIr leFkZu ;k lgkuqHkwfr dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha jg tkrk gS A                      O;ogkj esa vk/kkjHkwr varj gh u jg tk;s rc bls lH; lekt
fdlh dfo us Bhd gh dgk gS &                                                    dk var gh dguk mfpr gksxkA ;g Hkh fdrus {kksHk dh ckr
        ^^tks Hkjk ugha gS Hkkoksa ls] ftlesa cgrh jl/kkj ugha A               gS fd fo'o esa iwathokn] lektokn dh rjg vkradokn Hkh
        og g`n; ugha og iRFkj gS] ftlesa Lons'k dks I;kj                       ,d udkjkRed fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa izfrf"Br gks x;k gS A
ughaAA**                                                                       vkradokn ds c<+rs nk;js ds fy;s orZeku oSf'od jktuhfr
        vkradokn dh ;g izo`fRr ekuookn] veu vkSj fo'o                          rFkk oSf'od vFkZra= gh ftEesnkj gS] ftlus oSf'od] lkekftd
ca/kqRo ds fo:) gS] bldk mn~ns'; fgalkRed] tSo&vtSo                            lajpuk ij izgkj djrs gq, fo'o esa fouk'k ds cht cks;s gSaA
gfFk;kjksa ,oa ijek.kq vk;q/kksa ds ek/;e ls fo'o tuer dks                            orZeku le; eas vkradokn fdlh u fdlh :i esa lEiw.kZ
izHkkfor djuk gS A yksdra= ,oa fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks vo:)                        fo'o esa izpfyr gS vkSj lHkh fopkjdksa] jktuhfrKksa] uhfr fu/
dj vkradokn dk lkezkT; dk;e djuk gSA ;g vius bl                                kkZjdksa] lekt'kkfL=;ksa] varjkZ"Vªh; iqfyl vFkkZr~ baVjiksy]
mn~ns'; ds izfr csgn xEHkhj gS] fo'o Hkj ds vkradokfn;ksa                      la;qDr jk"Vª la?k] lkdZ ,oa fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa ds fy;s fpark
ds e/; xBca/ku vkSj jktuhfrd LokFkZokn ls izsfjr dqN                           dk fo"k; gS A ;g ,d ,slh Toyar leL;k gS tks yxkrkj
jk"Vªksa }kjk budks lkekftd lg;ksx] leFkZu vkSj lEizs"k.k                      lqjlk ds ewag dh Hkkafr c<+rh gh tk jgh gS vkSj bl ij
fd;k tk jgk gS] bldk fu'kkuk vc flQZ ,d {ks= vFkok ns'k                        fu;a=.k ikuk u dsoy dfBu vfirq pqukSrhiw.kZ gS A
ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ fo'o gS] tu lk/kkj.k esa Mj vkSj vkrad                              u vkrad u vkrad dk lk;k] flQZ vkSj flQZ 'kkafr] izse
QSykuk rkfd turk vkradokfn;ksa ds fo:) mB u lds vkSj                           vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk] ;gh gekjh Mxj gks A




‚ãŒ÷¸                           ª˝ ã Õ
       1- ledkyhu jktuhfrd eqn~ns&MkW- ch-,y-QfM+;k 2- Lokarsftd ¼;q)uhfrd½ v/;;u &izks- yYyu th flag 3- n U;w eSu vkWQ ikWoj&lh- jkbZV feYl 4- n ikWiqys'ku
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148 150

  • 1. 148 ‡ÊÊœ, ‚◊ˡÊÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§Ÿ (•ãÃ⁄U⁄UÊCÔ˛UËÿ ‡ÊÊœ ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010) •Êâ∑§flÊŒ ∑§Ê flÒ‡flË∑§⁄UáÊ *«UÊÚ. ¬˝◊ÊŒ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ‡ÊÊœ¬òÊ-•Õ¸‡ÊÊSòÊ vkradokn 20oha 'krkCnh dk fgald o vekuoh; vL= lkekU; eas Hk; mRiUu djus ls gS] ftl izdkj&^^feV~Vh dPph fl) gqvkA vkradokn ;kfu Hk; dh jktuhfr] cy dh jgus ij gh dqEgkj crZu ds vkdkj esa lq/kkj dj ldrk gS] jktuhfr] vkrad dk tUe rks jktuhfr dh dks[k ls gh gqvk ij ids gq, crZu ds vkdkj eas lq/kkj dh vk'kk djuk ew[kZrk gSA ,d jk"Vª dk nwljs jk"Vª ij opZLo dk;e djus dk LoIu gS] Bhd mlh izdkj vkrad dh tM+ dks dkVs fcuk vkradokn vkSj LoIu lkdkj djus ds fy;s ?kqliSfB;ksa dks ek/;e cukukA :ih fo'kky o`{k u"V dj ikuk eqf'dy gS A** vkt ds lekt vkradokn dh vkjafHkd yM+kbZ dqN ,slh gh Fkh ysfdu 'ksj esa pksjh] MdSrh] ywV] vigj.k] cykRdkj] gR;k tSlh vekuoh; dh lokjh djrs & djrs tc 'ks j us fga l d gks d j d`R;ksa dk cM+rk gq, xzkQ fdlh ls Nqik gqvk ugha gS] igys vius lokj dks gh xz k l cukus dk iz ; kl pkyw dj izkd`frd vkinkvksa ,oa tho tUrqvksa ls Hk; Hkhr gksus okyk fn;k gS rc vkra d okn dh Hk;kogrk dk mn?kkVu ekuo vkt ekuo ls gh lcls vf/kd Hk;Hkhr gS A okLrfodrk fd;k tk jgk gS A tc bldh cfy osnh ij yk[kksa funksZ"kksas ;g gS fd vkradokn u rks dksbZ chekjh gS vkSj uk gh dksbZ dk jDr p<+ pqdk gS] rc ekuoh;rk dh nqgkbZ nh tk jgh gSA ok;jl ;k tknw Vksuk gS] ftlds fy;s dksbZ bykt [kksts tkus ;g foMEcuk gh gS fd lkEiznkf;drk vkSj vkradokn ds uke dh izrh{kk esa ge cSBs gq, gSa] okLro esa ;s ekuo dh fxjrh gqbZ ij cM+h dher pqdkbZ xbZ gSA ekuo vf/kdkj euq"; dks uSfrdrk vkSj [kksrh gqbZ ekuork dk gh ifj.kke gS A blhfy;s ikf'od cuus ls jksdus dh igy djrk gS] ijUrq D;k ;g ckr ;fn gesa lgh ek;uksa eas vius lekt] ns'k vkSj fo'o esa ls bl jk"Vª ds ;k fo'o ds d.kZ/kkjksa dks Hkh le> esa vkrh gS] vkradokn dks feVkuk gS rks viuh [kksbZ gqbZ ekuork dks <wa< tks vius&vius nyksa dks cpkus] viuh&viuh lRrk dks cpkus dj ykuk gksxk vkSj lksbZ gqbZ balkfu;r dks txkuk gksxk A vkSj viuh&viuh dqlhZ dks cpkus dh gksM+ esa 'kkfey gSa A fdlh us lp gh dgk gS & orZeku esa fo'o oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k ls xqtj jgk gS A ^^tqeZ gksxk mUgsa cgkj dguk] tks gennZ vkneh ds ughaA bl oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa vkradokn Hkh dsoy Hkkjr dh leL;k ckfx;ksa ls oQk dh D;k mEehn] tks oru ds ugha] fdlh ugha oju~ lEiw.kZ fo'o dh leL;k cu xbZ gS A blfy;s fdlh ds ughaAA** ,d ns'k dks ugha cfYd bl leL;k ds mUewyu ds fy;s vrajkZ"Vªh; vkradokn ds v/;srk fcz;ka Økstj ds erkuqlkj oSf'od iz;kl gksus pkfg;s] tSls ekuo vf/kdkj leLr fo'o &^^20oha 'krkCnh dk vkradokn vius Lo:i eas foy{k.k gS] esa leku :i ls ykxw gS oSls gh vkradokn ls fuiVus ds fy;s ;g lekt vkSj jkT; O;oLFkk ds fy;s ,d dyad tSlk gS] Hkh oSf'od fu;e] dkuwu cuk;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA vc og vius Lo:i esa oSf'od gS vFkkZr~ fo'o Hkj ds vkradokfn;ksa bl rjg dk izip can gksuk pkfg;s fd ftl d`R; dks ,d jk"Vª a esa vkilh HkkbZpkjk gSA** vkradokn dk bfrgkl vfr izkphu vkradoknh dg jgk gS]nwljs ds fy;s og vkradoknh ugha gS A gSA jkcVZ dhMyS.MV dh ekU;rk gS fd vkradokn 'kCn Qzkal ;g ekufldrk cuuh pkfg;s fd ;g fo'o gekjk gS] ;g /kjrh dh Økafr vkSj tsdksfcu rkuk'kkgh ls tqM+k gSA :lh Økafr ls gekjh gS vkSj bl fo'o dks lqUnj cukuk bl] /kjk dks olqU/kjk Hkh vkradokn dks izeq[k LFkku izkIr gks x;k gSA vk/kqfud cukuk gekjk drZO; gS]og pkgs xksjk gks ;k dkyk] vehj gks ;k vkradokn dk bfrgkl 20oha 'krkCnh dh 'kL=hdj.k izfØ;k xjhc NksVk gks ;k cM+kA iapHkwrksa ds izfr ekuo ek= ds _.k dh ls izkjEHk izrhr gksrk gS A bl le; tks jktuSfrd izfr}afnrk lgh vnk;xh ;gh gks ldrh gSA pyh] mlls nks fojks/kh fopkj/kkjkvksa dk tUe gqvk] QyLo:i ^^lfn;kWa yx tkrh gSa] vkf'k;kWa cukus esa A lRrk gsrq tks la?k"kZ mRiUu gqvk mlls Hkko dk okrkoj.k cuk ,d vkrad gh dkQh gS] bls mtkM+us esa AA** ,oa ?kkrd gfFk;kjksa eas o`f) gqbZ] ftlus vkradokn dk foLrkj vkradokn ls vfHkizk; fdlh Hkh fgalkRed rjhds ls tu fd;kA * ‚„UÊÿ∑§ ¬˝Êäÿʬ∑§ •Õ¸‡ÊÊSòÊ Áfl÷ʪ, ‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ëÿ SŸÊÃ∑§ÊûÊ⁄U ◊„UÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ, Ÿ⁄UÁ‚¢„Uª…∏U
  • 2. Shodh, Samiksha aur Mulyankan (International Research Journal)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010) 149 vkradokn varjkZ"Vªh; lqj{kk] le`f) vkSj fLFkjrk ds lkeuk djus ds fy;s lcls t:jh gS] ekuo ,drkA ;g rHkh fy;s ,slh pqukSrh gS] ftlls lEiw.kZ fo'o fdlh u fdlh :i lEHko gS tc ge ekuo caVokjs dh jktuhfr ls mHkjsa] futh eas vkgr gS A vkradokn Hk; vkSj fgalk ds ek/;e ls vius LokFkZ dk ifjR;kx djsa] vU;Fkk ge ,sls gh vkrad dh vkx y{;ksa dh izkfIr eas fo'okl djrk gSA ;g y{; jktuSfrd] esa >qylrs jgsaxsA /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd ,oa O;fDrxr Hkh gks ldrk gSA ekuo LokLF;] vkradokn ds dkj.k&vkradokn dk eq[; dkj.k ekuo thou ,oa fdlh ns'k dh v[k.Mrk ,oa lEifRr dks vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd leL;k,sa gSaA dgk Hkh x;k gS fd& gkfu iagqpkus okys dk;Z gh vkrad ;k Hk; mRiUu djrs gSa] ^^tgkWa ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksrk gS] ogha vkradokn ;gh vkradokn gSA vkt lEiw.kZ fo'o vkradokn dh foHkhf"kdk iuirk gS A** csjkstxkjh] xjhch] vf'k{kk] mRihM+u ,oa 'kks"k.k ls djkg jgk gSA Hkkjr Hkh foxr rhu n'kdksa ls bl leL;k dh Hkwfedk vkradokn dk dkj.k jgh gSA jktuSfrd egRokdka{kk,sa ls xzflr gSA Hkh vkradokn dks izsfjr djrh gS] tks ns'k vkfFkZd ,oa iz k s - ;'kiky ds vuq l kj&^^vkt lEiw . kZ ekuork jktuSfrd :i ls 'kfDr'kkyh ugha gSa] ogkWa vkradokn dks vkradokn ls =Lr gS--------bldk [krjk vkSj c<+sxk] D;ksafd vizR;{k :i ls gfFk;kj cuk;k tkrk gSA ikfdLrku }kjk ge rduhdh dk bLrseky euq"; dh l`tukRed mtkZ dks tEew&d'ehj esa izk;ksftr vkradokn blh dk ifj.kke gSA tkx`r djus vkSj fnyksa ds Qklys dks nwj djus ds ctk; jktuSfrd bPNk 'kfDr dh deh Hkh vkradokn dks iuius nsrh dsoy HkkSxksfyd nwjh dks de djus ds fy;s dj jgs gSa A ;gh gS A vQty xq: dks ltk u nsuk bldk izeq[k mnkgj.k gSA otg gS fd uLyh;] etgch vkSj lkaLd`frd opZLooknh Hkkjr esa vkradokn dk foLrkj lqj{kk mik;ksa eas deh ds vkradokn c<+ jgk gSA** dkj.k Hkh gqvk gSA [kwfQ;k lwpukvksa dks ,d= djus ,oa nqfu;k ds dqN ,sls Bsdsnkj ns'kksa us vius futh LokFkZ ds mudk lgh le; ij fo'ys"k.k dj vko';d dk;Zokgh djus fy;s 20oha lnh eas vkradokn ds cht cks;s FksA pkgs og esa <hykiu Hkh ,d dkj.k gS A 1984 esa bfUnjk xka/kh dh gR;k] btjk;y&fQyhLrhu leL;k gks ;k Hkkjr&ikfdLrku fookn iatkc dk vkradokn] jktho xka/kh dh gR;k] tEew&d'ehj gks] fo;ruke ;q) gks ;k mRrj nf{k.kh dksfj;k dk vkilh dk vkradokn] 1999 dk foeku vigj.k] 11 flrEcj 2001 fookn gks] bu lcds ihNs dgha u dgha mu rFkkdfFkr dks vejhdh fo'o O;kikj dsUnz vkSj isaVkxu ij gq, vkradh fodflr ns'kksa dh egRokdka{kk vkSj futh LokFkZ gh jgk gS A geys] 13 fnlEcj 2001 dks Hkkjrh; laln ij geyk] 2008 tgkWa&tgkWa bu ns'kksa us jkT; fd;k] ogkWa&ogkWa vkradokn QSyk esa t;iqj esa ce foLQksV ,oa 26-11-2008 dks eqEcbZ ds rkt dj Lo;a dk mYyw lh/kk djrs jgs A ge ew[kksZa dh Hkkafr mudh gksVy ,oa ujheu gkml ds vkradoknh ?kVuk] yanu esa ce bl f?kukSuh pky dk f'kdkj gksrs jgsA ,d ,slk lR; tks dVq foLQksV ,oa ikfdLrku esa csuthj HkqV~Vks dh gR;k vkfn rks gS gh] nnZukd Hkh gS vkSj ;g lR; gS fd vkradokn ftlls ?kVukvksa ls Li"V gS fd vkradokn ds ihNs /kkfeZd] lkekftd] fo'o tw> jgk gS] pkgs og 'kfDr'kkyh vesfjdk gks ;k NksVk vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd dkj.k eq[; gSaA lk }hi Jhyadk A vkradokn us fo'o ds vf/kdrj ns'kksa dks bafM;k VqMs ds lEiknd izHkq pkoyk us ^^viuh ckr** viuh pisV esa ys fy;k gS A bfrgkl esa >kWads rks Kkr gksrk esa fy[kk gS fd&^^gkykafd eqEcbZ ce dk.M ds ckn vkradokn gS fd ekuo leqnk; dks tkfr] /keZ] dkys&xksjs] fgUnw&eqlyeku ds f[kykQ tax esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy;s 94759 yksxksa us vc vkSj irk ugha fdrus rjhdksa ls ckaV j[kk gS] ftldk ifj.kke rd 'kiFk yh gS A ns'k ds jktusrkvksa dk Hkh drZO; gS fd ge yxkrkj Hkqxrrs vk jgs gSa A ,sls Hk;kog ifj.kke ftlus oksV dh jktuhfr ls Åij mBdj Hkkjr ds okLrfod dY;k.k lEiw.kZ fo'o dks brus VqdM+ksa esa ckaV fn;k gS fd budh fxurh ds ckjs esa lkspsa ,oa ns'k esa lkEiznkf;d lkSgknZ ds ekgkSy dks djuk nq"dj dk;Z gS A dbZ ns'k vkil esa 'k=qrk ikys gq, gSaA fodflr djus dh fn'kk esa iz;Ru djsaA vkradokn ekuo leqnk; ds bl caVokjs dk gh ifj.kke gSA vkra d okn lekfIr ds mik;&1- ns ' k ds iz R ;s d vkt vkradokn us yk[kksa ns'kksa dks fuxy fy;k gSA ukxfjd dks tkx:d gksdj vkradokn ds fojks/k esa lg;ksx xkSjryc ckr ;g Hkh gS fd [kqn dks /keZfujis{k dgus okys djuk gksxk A 2- izR;sd jk"Vª dks f'k{kk ,oa jkstxkj esa o`f) vesfjdk ds 44osa jk"Vªifr vksckek Hkh ckbZcy ij gkFk djds vehj&xjhc dh [kkbZ dks ikVuk gksxkA 3- f'k{kk jk"Vªh; j[kdj 'kiFk ysrs gSa] vius Hkk"k.k esa dgrs gSa fd&^^;g ns'k ,oa uSfrd pfj= dk fuekZ.k djus okyh gksuh pkfg;sA 4- blkbZ;ksa] eqfLyeksa] ;gwfn;ksa vkSj fgUnqvksa dk gSA** blls cM+h izR;sd jk"Vª dks viuh ty] Fky ,oa ok;q ¼rhuksa lsuk½ dks foMEcuk vkSj D;k gks ldrh gS] gky gh ds o"kksZa esa eqEcbZ etcwr djuk gksxk rFkk mfpr fuxjkuh j[kuh gksxh vFkkZr~ vkradh geyk] xktk esa btjk;yh lsuk dk vfHk;ku vkSj lqj{kk ra= etcwr cuk;k tkosA 5- vkradoknh Hkh gkbZVsd gks fyV~Vs ,oa Jhyadk lsuk ds chp tkjh ;q)] ;g lc vkradokn x;s gSa] bUgksusa baVjusV viuk fy;k gS vr% buds f[kykQ tks dk gh ifj.kke gS A njvly ns[kk tk;s rks lkEiznkf;drk gh Hkh dne mBk;s tk;sa mudk izpkj&izlkj u gks] rHkh bu ij vkradokn dh tuuh gS] tks pqukSrh gekjs lkeus gS mldk vadq'k yxk;k tk ldsxkA 6- lkekftd :f<+okfnrk ,oa va/
  • 3. 150 ‡ÊÊœ, ‚◊ˡÊÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§Ÿ (•ãÃ⁄U⁄UÊCÔ˛UËÿ ‡ÊÊœ ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010) kfo'oklksa dks lekIr djuk gksxkA 7- ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk os viuh ?k`f.kr xfrfof/k;ksa dks tkjh j[k ldsA ^^gj rjQ gksuh pkfg;s vU;Fkk fonzksg vkradokn esa ifjf.kr gks tkrk gSA tqYe gS csclh gS] lgek&lgek lk gj vkneh gSA** vkt 8- jktuhfrK LokFkZ jfgr gksdj iztk dk ikyu iq=or~ djsa] lEiw.kZ fo'o esa vkradokn dks lekIr djus vkSj ekuorkokn ftl ns'k esa 'kkld Hkz"V gS rks iztk dk Hkz"V pfj= gksuk dks c<+kok nsus dk ladYi ysuk] ekuork okn ds lkSgknZ ,oa LokHkkfod gSA 9- euq"; dks euq"; cuus dh f'k{kk nh tk;s ugha eS=h dh vo/kkj.kk dks tuekul rd iagqpkuk gksxk A 'kS{kf.kd rks ekuork dk fouk'k gks tk;sxkA 10- 'kks"kdksa ds izfr fonzkg s iz.kkyh ds vkewy ifjorZu] uSfrdrk] HkkokRed ,drk] U;k;] n'kkZus ds fy;s fgalk ds LFkku ij vfgalk dks viuk;k tkuk ikjLifjd vkRe fo'okl] O;fDrxr LokFkZ ls Åij mBdj pkfg;sA 11- ekuoh; xq.kksa dks tkx`r dj ekuoh; nqcZyrkvksa jk"Vªh; fgr dks c<+kok nsuk gksxk A cPpksa ds tUe ls gh vPNs ij fot; ikuk pkfg;s] ftlls lekt esa vkradokn tSlh laLdkj Mkysa rkfd vkus okys dy eas nqfu;k dh rLohj esa cqjkbZ ls cpk tk ldsA 12- ekuo ewY;ksa eas o`f) djds fo'o veu vkSj pSu lkQ >yds] dgha vkrad vkSj ekre u gks] esa vkradokn dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA 13- vkradokn ljdkj Hkh bl {ks= esa iz;Ru dj jgh gS] ns'k nzksgh ds fy;s lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr ds fy;s pqukSrh gS blfy;s lHkh ns'kksa dks ^^iksVk vf/kfu;e** ykxw fd;k ,oa ns'k ds vkrad dks feVkus ,dtqV gksdj bldk lkeuk djuk pkfg;sA dqN yksx bl ds fy;s dbZ ,DV cuk;s x;s ftlesa e/;izns'k esa bl leL;k cgqyokn dks Hkkjr dh detksjh ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] ysfdu ls fuiVus ds fy;s 1113 ,e ih Mh ih ,DV izHkko'khy fd;k oLrqr% ;gh mldh vlyh rkdr gSA Hkkjr ,d vkfFkZd] x;k rFkk vU; jkT;ksa esa Hkh izHkko'khy gS ysfdu lekt esa iqu% lkaLd`frd vkSj lkefjd egk'kfDr gS] ftl ij vkradoknh psruk tkx`r djus gsrq ekuork ds uUgs&uUgs ikS/ks yxkus [kjksaps rks Mkyh tk ldrh gSa] ysfdu mls rksM+uk vlEHko gS gksaxsA ,d vksj ekuo eaxy x`g ij fot; dh rS;kjh esa gS] A oSls Hkh nqfu;k dk HkkSxksfyd bfrgkl bl ckr dk xokg rks nwljh vksj ekuo tkfr dk i`Foh ij ekStwn vfLrRo ij gS fd vkt rd vkradokn ds }kjk fdlh /keZjkT; dk xBu [krjs ds ckny e.Mjk jgs gSaA ,slk Hkh ugha gS fd lH;rk var ugha fd;k tk ldk] fQj og gkjh gqbZ yM+kbZ ds izfr fdlh dh dxkj ij gS] ijUrq tc ekuoh; O;ogkj vkSj i'kq ds xqIr leFkZu ;k lgkuqHkwfr dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha jg tkrk gS A O;ogkj esa vk/kkjHkwr varj gh u jg tk;s rc bls lH; lekt fdlh dfo us Bhd gh dgk gS & dk var gh dguk mfpr gksxkA ;g Hkh fdrus {kksHk dh ckr ^^tks Hkjk ugha gS Hkkoksa ls] ftlesa cgrh jl/kkj ugha A gS fd fo'o esa iwathokn] lektokn dh rjg vkradokn Hkh og g`n; ugha og iRFkj gS] ftlesa Lons'k dks I;kj ,d udkjkRed fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa izfrf"Br gks x;k gS A ughaAA** vkradokn ds c<+rs nk;js ds fy;s orZeku oSf'od jktuhfr vkradokn dh ;g izo`fRr ekuookn] veu vkSj fo'o rFkk oSf'od vFkZra= gh ftEesnkj gS] ftlus oSf'od] lkekftd ca/kqRo ds fo:) gS] bldk mn~ns'; fgalkRed] tSo&vtSo lajpuk ij izgkj djrs gq, fo'o esa fouk'k ds cht cks;s gSaA gfFk;kjksa ,oa ijek.kq vk;q/kksa ds ek/;e ls fo'o tuer dks orZeku le; eas vkradokn fdlh u fdlh :i esa lEiw.kZ izHkkfor djuk gS A yksdra= ,oa fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks vo:) fo'o esa izpfyr gS vkSj lHkh fopkjdksa] jktuhfrKksa] uhfr fu/ dj vkradokn dk lkezkT; dk;e djuk gSA ;g vius bl kkZjdksa] lekt'kkfL=;ksa] varjkZ"Vªh; iqfyl vFkkZr~ baVjiksy] mn~ns'; ds izfr csgn xEHkhj gS] fo'o Hkj ds vkradokfn;ksa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k] lkdZ ,oa fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa ds fy;s fpark ds e/; xBca/ku vkSj jktuhfrd LokFkZokn ls izsfjr dqN dk fo"k; gS A ;g ,d ,slh Toyar leL;k gS tks yxkrkj jk"Vªksa }kjk budks lkekftd lg;ksx] leFkZu vkSj lEizs"k.k lqjlk ds ewag dh Hkkafr c<+rh gh tk jgh gS vkSj bl ij fd;k tk jgk gS] bldk fu'kkuk vc flQZ ,d {ks= vFkok ns'k fu;a=.k ikuk u dsoy dfBu vfirq pqukSrhiw.kZ gS A ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ fo'o gS] tu lk/kkj.k esa Mj vkSj vkrad u vkrad u vkrad dk lk;k] flQZ vkSj flQZ 'kkafr] izse QSykuk rkfd turk vkradokfn;ksa ds fo:) mB u lds vkSj vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk] ;gh gekjh Mxj gks A ‚ãŒ÷¸ ª˝ ã Õ 1- ledkyhu jktuhfrd eqn~ns&MkW- ch-,y-QfM+;k 2- Lokarsftd ¼;q)uhfrd½ v/;;u &izks- yYyu th flag 3- n U;w eSu vkWQ ikWoj&lh- jkbZV feYl 4- n ikWiqys'ku vkWQ bafM;k ,.M ikfdLrku & fdUlys Msfol 5- n ikWoj ,yhV & lh- jkbZV feYl 6- dks&vkWijs'ku ,.M dkWEihVh'ku ,eax fizfefVo ihiqYl&ekjxzsV ehM+ 7- ykbZQ ,.M LVwMs.V&lh-,p- dqys 8- n izksfVLVsUV bfFkd ,.M fLifjV vkWQ dSfiVfyTe&eSDl cscj 9- Hkkjr 2008 if=dk,sa 1- bafM;k VqMs & 21 tuojh 2009 2- vej mtkyk] tulRrk lekpkj i=] Økfudy 3- izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k 4- vkmVyqd 5- nSfud HkkLdj & 28 vxLr 2006] 23 flrEcj 2008] 10 uoEcj 2008 6- vkfFkZd txr 7- bafM;u iksfyfVdy ohdyh 9- vkS|ksfxd O;kikj if=dk 10- bf.M;k dSfj;j 11- lnu bdkWuksfeDl 12- lelkef;d ?kVuk pØ