It deals with green and brown agenda of developing and developed countries

1. Environmental concerns of developing and
developed countries
• Presented by:
• Krishna Dutt - 131109025

2. “The ‘environment’ is where we live; and
development is what we all do in attempting
to improve our lot within that abode.
The two are inseparable.”
Our Common Future

3. Why differences in the environmental concerns
of developing and developed countries….?

4. Developing
countries
Developed
countries
Population
Population
growth
Wealth and
income
Resource
use
Pollution
and waste
19
81
0.1
1.6
85
15
88
12
75
25
PercentofWorld’spopulation

5. Economic Development
Trade-Offs
Good News Bad News
Global life expectancy doubled
since 1950
Life expectancy 11 years less in
developing countries than in
developed countries
Food production ahead of
population growth since 1978
Harmful environmental effects
of agriculture may limit future
food production
Infant mortality cut in half since
1955
Air and water pollution down in
most developed countries since
1970
Number of people living in
poverty dropped 6% since 1990
Infant mortality rate in developing
countries over 8 times higher than
in developed countries
Air and water pollution levels in
most developing countries too
high
Half of world’s people
trying to live on
less than $3
(U.S.) per day

6. DevelopingVsdevelopedcountries

7. DevelopingVsdevelopedcountries
The Blame game

8. Developed Countries Tried to Put Blame on Developing Countries in
Terms
Population Growth and Poverty
Developing Countries Tried to Put Blame for Environmental Degradation
On Developed Countries
Because of
Affluence or Energy Intensive Consumption Patterns

9. 1.5 Ha – fair earth share (William Rees and MathisWackernagel)

10. McGranahan and Satterthwaite have divided the environmenta issues into two sets of issue or
agendas.
• The first is the ‘Brown’ agenda, which addresses issues associated with environmental health –
this prospective is often championed by urbanists. The relevant issues include unsanitary living
conditions, hazardous pollutants in the air and water, and the accumulations of solid waste.
These are problems that have immediate environmental impacts and tend to burden mostly
lower income groups in society.
• The ‘Green’ agenda on the other hand is generally championed by environmentalists (often
from high income countries). The green agenda focuses on how urban-based production,
consumption and waste generation contribute to ecosystem disruption, resource depletion and
global climate change. These issues are problems that have more long term impacts that are
dispersed and delayed – in other words, they threaten long-term ecological sustainability.
From an article by McGranahan and Satterthwaite in
C.Pugh, Sustainable Cities in Developing Countries, Earthscan, pg. 73-87
TheBrownandtheGreenAgendas

11. heBrownversustheGreenAgenda
According to McGranahan and Satterthwaite, one reason that it is important to distinguish
between the Brown and Green agendas is that conflicts sometimes arise between
proponents of each of these agendas about which one should be accorded priority.
According to the authors, these problems are especially acute in the developing world but
they also arise in the developed world.
The only way to address these potential conflicts is to understand and acknowledge their
existence. The authors state that those conflicts can best be minimized if both agendas
are taken seriously.

12. The Equity Perspective
The authors state that there are real conflicts between the proponents of the brown and the
green agendas as to which problems should receive priority and what are the strategies for
tackling the problems. However, they point out that it is important not to create a false
dichotomy since environmental improvements often serve both agendas.
Furthermore, the concept of ‘equity’ is at the heart of both agendas. The conflict then
boils down to the question of equity for whom?

13. Conceptualizing Sustainability
To explain this we can use Graham Haughton’s five interconnected equity principles to try to
understand the differences between the brown and the green agendas.
Haughton’s Five Equity Principles are
1. Intragenerational equity
2. Procedural equity
3. Intergenerational equity
4. Transfrontier equity
5. Interspecies equity
Haughton’sFiveEquityPrinciples

14. Brown Agenda based on
Haughton’s Equity Principles
The brown agenda focuses on the following two principles of equity: intragenerational equity,
and procedural equity.
• Intragenerational Equity addresses the need for all urban dwellers to have healthy and safe
living and working conditions and the corresponding infrastructure and services.
• Procedural Equity addresses the legal rights for all persons to have safe and healthy living,
and working environment, that they are treated fairly and that they can engage in a democratic
decision making process about the management of the urban centers in which they live.

15. Green Agenda based on
Haughton’s Five Equity Principles
The green agenda on the other hand is described as focusing on three of the principles of equity:
intergenerational equity, transfrontier equity, interspecies equity.
• Intergenerational Equity promotes the idea that urban development should not draw on
finite resource bases and degrade ecological systems in ways that compromise the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
• Transfrontier Equity prevents urban consumer and producers from transferring
environmental costs to other people and ecosystems.
• Interspecies Equity recognizes the rights of other species

16. Sustainable cities or sustainable urbanisation?
What should we follow.?

17. Thank you