The document provides information on various science topics including: - The structure of atoms and their components (electrons, neutrons, protons) - Biology as the study of living organisms, their structures, functions, and life cycles - Chemistry as the study of matter and how atoms interact and bond - The scientific process of making discoveries through observation and experimentation - Key science concepts such as energy, force, motion, and the states of matter

2.  The mass of an atom
consists of: Nucleus
› Electrons- negative charge
› Neutrons- neutral charge
› Protons- positive charge
 Nucleus is made
protons and
neutrons
 Electrons orbit the
Electrons
nucleus

3.  Biology is the study
of life and living
organisms.
› Plant and animal life
› Structure and functions of
living things
› Classification
› Life Cycles
› Origin and Evolution
through time
› Reproduction

4.  Chemistry refers to:  The study of matter.
 How atoms interact with
other atoms.
 How chemical bonds
are formed.
 The physical properties
of matter.
 Changes from one state
of matter to another (ex.
solid to gas).
 Matter is organized by
elements in the periodic
table (see picture to the
left).

5.  Discover is defined as „to
make known or visible‟.
Knowledge is
constructed when
students are provided
the opportunity to
discover the expected
content or lesson.
Science must be taught
as an active process-as
something we do.
Science experiments
allow for such discovery
to occur within the
classroom.

6.  States of energy:
› Kinetic-energy due to
motion
› Potential-stored energy
 Forms: › Activation-the energy
› Heat necessary to transfer or
convert potential
› Light energy into kinetic
› Solar radiation energy.
› Chemical  When kinetic energy is
› Electrical greatest, potential energy
is lowest.
› Magnetic
 Conservation of energy-
› Sound The total energy within a
› Mechanical closed system remains the
same. Energy can not be
created or destroyed, only
changed from one form to
another.

7.  Force-the action of  Newton‟s Law of motion
moving an object by › 1st law- an object at rest
pulling or pushing. will remain at rest unless
 When force is applied to acted upon by an
an object, work is unbalanced force.
accomplished. › 2nd law-acceleration is
produced when a force
acts on mass and the
greater the mass of the
object being
accelerated, the
greater the amount of
force needed to
accelerate that object.
› 3rd law- for every force,
there is an equal and
opposite force.

8.  Geology is the study of  Layers of the Earth:
solid Earth, the rocks of › Crust-the outer portion
which it is composed, of the Earth. It varies
and the processes by from 3 miles to 40 miles
which it evolves
. thick.
› Mantle-thickest layer of
the Earth. It is located
below the crust. It is
made of mostly rocks
and metals. Magma is
formed in this layer.
› Core-inner part of Earth.
Solid inner core consists
of iron and nickel and a
liquid outer core.

9.  Human body has many systems › Immune System-defends against
to help it function: foreign proteins and infectious
› Musculoskeletal System-The organisms.
human skeleton consists of
more than 200 bones held
together by connective tissues
called ligaments. Skeletal
muscles allow for movement of › Respiratory System-takes in
bones. (2) oxygen by expanding the lungs.
When the lungs contract,
› Nervous system- carbon dioxide is released. (3)
 Somatic-allows for voluntary
control of skeletal muscles
 Automatic-controls cardiac and
glandular functions (8) › Digestive and Excretory System-
food is processed to acquire
energy for the body. Waste that
is not used is excreted. (1)
› Circulatory System-process in
which the heart pumps blood
from the heart, through the
lungs where it picks up oxygen › Reproductive System- child
and distributes it to the rest of bearing system that occurs
the body. It then cycles back through meiosis.
through the heart. (9)

10.  Inquiry model known as the
learning cycle consist of three
phases: Engage
› Exploration
› Concept invention
› Application
 Evolved into the 5-E model
› Engage-gain student‟s
attention. Elaborate EVALUATION Explore
› Explore-Student-centered,
hands-on activity.
› Explain-students present and
share information with
classmates.
› Elaborate-students use the new
concept they learned as it is Explain
applied to new contexts.
› Evaluate-the teacher uses
authentic ways to measure
learning in each phase.

11.  A journal is a scientific tool
used to record data.
Observations result in
various findings that must
be recorded for use in
future experiments.
Scientists use a journal to
record sights, sounds,
smells, textures, speed,
mass, or temperature of
outcomes from
experiments. Scientists
might also use journals to
record predictions of
possible outcomes to refer
to after a test has been
conducted.

12.  Knowledge is defined
„as the acquaintance
with facts, truths, or
principles, as from
study or investigation‟.
It is best constructed
though hands-on
activities that engage
the mind and link to
new ideas to prior
knowledge. (4)

13.  Life cycle of plants begins with
a seed. Seeds begin to grow
roots which extend through
the soil. The roots allow for the
plant to gather water and
nutrients for the plant to
sprout. The leaves that grow
above the ground capture
energy from the sun and
convert it to chemical energy
through a process called
photosynthesis. A tree sprout
becomes a sapling as it
continues to grow. Once the
tree matures, it may produce
fruit or flowers that generate
more seeds. Seeds are then
planted into the soil to cause
the life cycle of another tree.
(10)

14.  Matter is defined as anything  Three different states of
that has mass or takes up matter:
space. › Solid-
 Properties of matter:
› Physical-Color, density,
hardness, and conductivity
› Thermal-sensitive to temp › Liquid-
changes
› Electrical- acts as a
conductor or nonconductor
of electrical current
› Chemical-chemical
properties of matter will › Gas-
react with properties of
different types of matter. It
will not react with the same
type of matter.

15.  The common basic needs of all
living things are air, water, food,
and shelter.
 Living organisms need nutrients,
the appropriate temperature,
and a balanced ecosystem to
survive and reproduce.
 The sun provides energy for
plants; plants are consumed by
animals, animals are consumed
by other animals. When animals
die, they become food sources
for plants.
 An ecosystem must be balanced
to exist. If it is disrupted by
nonnative species or removal of
organisms, animals and plants will
either die or they must adapt to
the change to survive.

16.  Observation is a key
part of how science it
developed. We study
and observe other
living things to learn
about their manner of
survival. We observe
how elements react to
each other to create
new man-made
elements. Such
creations might lead
to a cure for what are
now considered
incurable diseases.

17.  The moon completes a lunar  New moon (11)  Half moon (13)
orbit around Earth in about 28
days. The moon‟s visibility
from Earth is categorized in
phases based on how much
of the surface of the moon we
can see.
 Crescent moon
› New Moon- no moon can (12)  Gibbous Moon (14)
be seen in the sky.
› Crescent moon- the shape
of the moon is often
compared to a banana.
› Half moon-only half of the  Full Moon
moon is visible.
› Gibbous moon-3/4 of the
moon can be seen.
› Full moon- the whole moon
is visible.

18.  Questions can be the starting  “Who questions much, shall
point to a great discovery. learn much, and retain
Questions such as: much.”
› How does that work?  Francis Bacon (5)
› Is their life on other planets?
› Can plants grow in space?
› What life exists at the bottom
of the ocean?
are fueling missions around the
world to experiment and
discover answers. These
answers will be recorded and
distributed to fellow scientists
and people around the world.

19.  Single-celled organisms  In multi-celled organisms, cells
reproduce by mitosis. In this divided through a process called
process, a cell duplicates creating meiosis. In this process, the cell
another cell with the same DNA. divides twice causing the genetic
This process is also referred to as material to divide in half. When
asexual reproduction since no genetic materials from a male
exchange of genetic material and female species combine, the
occurs. Each offspring is identical DNA material from both cells join
to the parent cell. (15) creating a new life form. This
process is also referred to as
sexual reproduction. It requires
DNA from two organisms of the
same species to create a new
organism. (16)

20. › Inner planets:
 Mercury
 Venus
 Earth
 Mars
› Outer planets
 Jupiter
 Saturn
 Uranus
 Solar System consists of the stars, planets,  Neptune
dwarf planets, satellites, asteroids, › Dwarf planets
meteoroids, comets.  Pluto
 The sun is the star in our solar system which all  Ceres
planets revolve around.  Eris
 Planets are large bodies orbiting the sun.  Haumea
 Satellites are moons that orbit planets. Not all  Makemake
planets have moons.
 Dwarf planets are small bodies orbiting the
sun.
 Asteroids are small, dense objects or rocks
orbiting our sun.
 Meteoroids are fragments of rock in space,
most originating from the debris left behind by
comets.
 Comets are small icy objects traveling
through space in an elongated, elliptical orbit
around the sun.
Earth
 Earth rotates on an axis. It takes 24 hours to
complete one rotation.
 Earth completes one orbit around the sun in
365 ¼ days.
 One moon orbits Earth. It takes about 28 days
to complete one full orbit around the Earth.

21.  The TEKS require students to  Tools:
› Hand lenses
gather information using specific
› Computers
equipment and tools. Teachers › Balances
need to become familiar with › Cup and bowls
these tools and have them › Thermometers
available in their classrooms for › Clocks
› Meter sticks
student use. › Microscopes
› Safety goggles
› Compasses
› Calculators
› Hot plates
› Graduated cylinders
› Flasks
› Test tubes and holders
› Sound recorders
› Burners
› Timing devices
By the 5th grade, students will become familiar
with all of these tools and learn safe use within a
science lab.

22.  A synonym for
understanding is
comprehension. The
most effective method
to develop
understanding for the
student is to develop
their science thinking
skills. Table 4.1on
page 265 of the TExES
book lists all the steps
necessary to develop
understanding in the
field of science.

23.  Volcanoes are  http://www.youtube.
another factor that com/watch?v=uZp1
can cause changes dNybgfc
in the Earth‟s
surface. Watch the
short video about
volcanoes, by
clicking the link on
this page.

24.  Weathering is a factor that  Physical weathering:
causes changes to occur in › Freeze-thaw occurs
the Earth‟s surface. It occurs when water finds its way
into joints or crevices
when rock, soil, and minerals within a rock. When the
break down by natural, water freezes, it
chemical, and biological expands causing the
processes. rock to break. It also
occurs when water that
 Chemical weathering: contains salt crystals
› Acid formation-acid is enters a rock. When the
water evaporates, the
formed under various salt crystals remain.
conditions. In the event They expand and the
of acid rain, rain fall can rock breaks.
weather and create › Exfoliation happens in
chemical changes within places such as the
desert. Soil is exposed
the properties of the soil. to high temperatures
› Hydration-minerals in causing it to expand.
rock absorb water and When the temperature
cools, the soil contracts.
expand. The chemical Stress from the changes
composition of the rock in the soil causes the
can change altering the outer layer of the rock
rock‟s formation to peel off.
altogether.

25.  Experience: „a particular
instance of personally
encountering or
undergoing something‟.
 Experiments provide the
experience that a
student needs to
achieve success.
 Experiments provide the
experience that leads to
expert knowledge in a
subject… such as
science. (6)

26.  Yield is the amount
of product obtained
in a chemical
reaction. This is a
science term that
students begin to
learn in upper
elementary through
high school.(17)

27.  Zoology is study that
relates to the animal
kingdom. Zoologists
study the structure,
embryology,
evolution,
classification, and
distribution of all
animals, both living
and extinct.(7)

28. 1. http://www.childrenscolorado.org/w 11. http://earthsky.org/moon-phases/new-
ellness/info/kids/21825.aspx moon
2. http://physioworks.com.au/FAQRetrie 12. http://www.universetoday.com/60038/
ve.aspx?ID=38269 what-is-a-crescent-moon/
3. http://www.squidoo.com/anatomy- 13. http://www.danzfamily.com/archives/2
unit-study-materials 009/11/half_moon.php
4. http://dictionary.reference.com/bro 14. http://www.nwgis.com/greg/astimage.
wse/knowledge htm
5. http://quotationsbook.com/quote/33 15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis
365/ 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis
6. http://dictionary.reference.com/bro 17. http://www.pic2fly.com/Percent+Yield+
wse/experience Chemistry.html
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology
8. http://www.arthursclipart.org/human
body/humanbody/page_02.htm
9. http://www.factmonster.com/dk/enc
yclopedia/circulation.html
10. http://skyfurrow.webs.com/fouroaks.h
tm